Final Exam Flashcards
(40 cards)
Chomsky (Nativist) theory
language development happens too fast to fit within the constraints of a behaviorist explanation
- Reinforcing every child’s utterance would take too long
- Language is innate
Saffran (Social interactionist) theory
certain aspects of language development must be learned; learning mechanisms and constraints; learning ability and biases
Skinner (Behaviorist) theory
language is acquired through learning
Timeline for language development- Birth
categorical speech perception- all human sounds
-Infant head turning to sound change
Timeline for language development- 6 mo
Phonology (babbling)- all speech sounds
Semantics (segmenting speech stream)- word recognition “mom/dad”
Timeline for language development- 8 mo
Phonology- babble only native sounds
Timeline for language development- 10 to 12 mo
Loss of ability to perceive non-native sounds
Phonology- turn head to sound change
Holophrases (Syntax)- uttering one word but means more
Timeline for language development- 18 to 24 mo
Word spurt; infants learn many new words at one time- Semantics
Telephrase- 2 to 3 word sentences, “More candy!”
Critical period
5 yrs to puberty where language develops readily.
Evidence- Genie locked up from 18 mo to 13 yrs old. Could barely speak due to stunted language development. Language development never developed much beyond toddler level.
Recasts
repeat error back to child in correct form
Infant-directed speech
speak slower and higher and exaggerate speech sounds; Aids infants’ language development
Evidence- Infants listened longer to woman using IDS longer than same woman speaking normally to another adult.
Fast mapping
process of rapidly learning a new word simply from hearing the contrastive use of a familiar word and the unfamiliar word
Overregularizations
morphemes;
school cook = the luncher
“Analytic” reasoning and problem solving (System 2)
allocates attention to the effortful mental activities that demand it; choice and concentration; complex computations
“Experiential” reasoning and problem solving (System 1)
operates automatically and quickly, with little or no effort and no sense of voluntary control
Conjunction fallacy
judging the probability of a conjunction of events as greater than the probability of either event alone;
increased during elementary years
Example of conjunction fallacy
- Carol has several students that practice the piano everyday.
- Her students that practice the piano everyday are proficient.
- Of these two, the first is more likely. The amount of students that are proficient AND practice the piano is not the same as the probability that her students are either proficient OR practice the piano.
Representativeness heuristic
predicting the likelihood of an uncertain event by relying on info that represents salient characteristics of the sample rather than the true base rate
Example of representativeness heuristic
Assuming perky girl is a cheerleader and not in band when there are more girls in band than in cheerleading
Siegler’s Adaptive Strategy Choice Model
As kids age/have more experience, the associative strength would increase because the kids would be able to use retrieval to get the answer (from prior experience)
The ____ the associative strength, the more likely the child used retrieval.
higher
Children that use ____ are more confident than the children that use a backup strategy.
retrieval
Higher confidence criterion =
more likely to use other strategy than retrieval
Chall’s stages of reading development- Birth to 6 yrs
Prereading
identify letters, print name, read a few words
