Final Exam Flashcards
(297 cards)
1
Q
Pride of Barbados/Poinciana/Bird of Paradise:
Name the Toxin
Name the Clinical Sign
A
Toxin: Tannic Acid
Clinical Signs: Constipation, Depression, Diarrhea
2
Q
Anemone and Ranunculus:
Name the Toxin
Name the Clinical Signs
A
Toxin: Protoanemonin
Clinical Signs: Severe GI Irritation and Dermatitis
3
Q
Treatment for Xylitol Toxicosis
A
Decontamination- Inducing Vomiting
50% Dextrose IV- Treat Hypoglycemia
*Activated Charcoal is not very Effective
4
Q
Plant that Causes:
Methemoglobinemia
Abortion
Hypocalcemia
Kidney Damage
Renal Failure in Ruminants
A
Pigweed
5
Q
Sources of which Industrial Toxin:
Gasoline
Kerosene
Lubricating Oils
Fuel Oils
Oil Spills
A
Petroleum
6
Q
Toxic Plant that accumulates Nitrate and Soluble Oxalate and an unknown toxin that commonly causes Renal Failure in Livestock
A
Pigweed (Amaranthus)
7
Q
The Primary Effect of Coral Snake Toxins
A
Neurotoxic
8
Q
Mechanism of action of which Plant Toxicosis:
A
Ptaquiloside
*Braken Fern
9
Q
Yew:
Name the Toxin
Name the Clinical Signs
A
Toxin: Taxine Alkaloids
Clinical Signs: Cardiotoxic and GI Signs
10
Q
Ethanol and Methanol Toxicosis cause CNS ______
A
Depression
*Ataxia progressing to CNS Depression
11
Q
Milkvetch:
Name the Toxin
Name the Clinical Signs
A
Toxin: Nitropropanol Glycoside
Clinical Signs: Respiratory and Neurological Signs
12
Q
Two plants that cause Quinones Toxicosis
A
St. Johns Wort (Hypericum Perforatum)
Buckwheat (Fagopyrum Esculentum)
*Cause Primary Photosensitization
13
Q
Peace Lily (Spathiphyllum):
Name the Toxin
Name the Clinical Signs
A
Toxin: Insoluble Calcium Oxalate
Clinical Signs: Irriation of the Oral Mucosa
14
Q
Illicit Drug that works on CB1 and CB2 Receptors. CB1 is widely distributed in the Brain and has effects on Memory, Perception and Control of Movement
A
Marijuana
15
Q
Three Main Organs Affected in Bufo Toad Intoxication
A
Heart
Blood Vessels
CNS
16
Q
Which Species is Most Sensitive to Phenolic Compounds
A
Cats
*Phenolic Compounds are Metabolized through Glucuronidation, which cats are Deficient in
17
Q
Mechanism of action of which Plant Toxicosis:
Cardiotoxic by Inhibiting Na/K ATPase
A
Cardiac Glycosides
18
Q
Lesions of ______:
Burns
Pulmonary Changes- Presence of Soot, Pulmonary Edema ect.
Cerebral Edema
A
Smoke Inhalation
19
Q
Species that is most susceptible to Marijuana Toxicosis
A
Dogs
20
Q
Toxicosis caused by Ingestion of Disinfectants, Antiseptics, Germicides, and Household Cleaners
A
Phenolic Compounds
21
Q
Lesions associated with which Household Toxicosis:
Ulceration and Necrosis of the GI Mucosa and Skin
Fatty Degeneration and Necrosis of Liver
Renal Tubular Degeneration and Necrosis
A
Phenolic Compounds
22
Q
Clinical signs of ______:
Cough
Dyspnea
Tachypnea (Rapid Breathing)
Wheezing
Tachycardia
Hypoxemia
A
Smoke Inhalation
*Many Clinical Signs- Also Include, Conjunctivitis, Drooling, hoarseness, Edema, Mucosal Ulcerations, Confusion, Ataxia, Surface Burns
23
Q
Castor Bean:
Name the Toxin
Name the Clinical Sign
A
Toxin: Lectins (Phytotoxin in Seeds)
Clinical Signs: Severe GI Signs, Bloody Diarrhea
24
Q
Sources of which Toxic Gas?
Decomposing Manure in confined Animal Houses
Burning Nylon/Plastic
Agricultural Fertilizers
A
Ammonia (NH3)
25
Most Susceptible Species to **Nitrate Poisoning**
**Ruminants (Mainly Cattle)**
_**\***Nitrate Reductase is Present in the Rumen Microflora and converts Nitrate to Nitrite, which is Toxic_
26
**Cocklebur:**
Name the Toxin
Name the Clinical Signs
**Toxin: Sulfated Glycoside**
**Clinical Signs: Liver Damage**
27
Treatment for **Cocaine Toxicosis**
**Inducing Vomiting**
**Gastric Lavage**
**Diazepam**- Control Seizures
28
**Physic Nut:**
Name the Toxin
Name the Clinical Signs
**Toxin: Diterpene Esters**
**Clinical Signs: Skin and Eye Irritation, GI Signs**
29
Which **Toxic Plant Toxin** is a Volatile Gas with a Characteristic Bitter Almond Odor?
**Cyanide**
30
Clinical Signs of which Industrial Toxin:
**_Aspiration Pneumonia_**
_Shivering_
_Incoordination/Ataxia_
_Abnormal Lung Sounds_
_Smell of Oil or Kerosene_
**Petroleum**
31
**Narcissus:**
Name the Toxin
Name the Clinical Signs
**Toxin: Lycorine Alkaloid**
**Clinical Signs: Severe Vomiting and Diarrhea**
32
**Chinese Lantern:**
Name the Toxin
Name the Clinical Signs
**Toxin: Solanine and Solanidine Alkaloids**
**Clinical Signs: Vomiting, Diarrhea**
33
Best Specimen to take for **Cyanide Poisoning** after Death of the Animal
**Brain and Heart**
34
**Coffeeweed, Senna:**
Name the Toxin
Name the Clinical signs
**Toxin: Anthraquinone and Unknown Toxin**
**Clinical Signs: Diarrhea, Skeletal muscle Myopathy**
35
**Christmas Candle:**
Name the Toxin
Name the Clinical Signs
**Toxin: Diterpene Esters**
**Clinical Signs- Eye and Skin Irritation and Allergy**
36
Lesions from which Industrial Toxicosis:
_Dental Lesions- Severe in Developing Teeth_
_Bone Lesions_
**Fluoride**
37
Mechanism of Action of which **Plant Toxicosis:**
Hypocalcemia and Precipitation of Insoluble Calcium Oxalates in Soft Tissues and Kidney Damage
**Soluble Oxalate**
38
Soot if Finely Carbonaceous Particulate Matter suspended in the Gases and Hot Air of Smoke. _____ Adheres Highly to Soot
**Sulfur Dioxide**
39
**Oak Tree:**
Name the Toxin
Name the Clinical Signs
**Toxin: Tannic Acid**
**Clinical Signs: Constipation, Depression, Diarrhea**
40
Characteristic Odor associated with **Cyanide Poisoning**
**Bitter Almond**
_**\***Cyanide is a Volatile Gas_
41
Mechanism of Action of which **Plant Toxicosis**:
Competitive Blockade of the Nicotinic Receptors at Muscle Endplate
**Diterpene Alkaloids**
42
Treatment for **Detergent Toxicosis**
**Nonionic- Rinse with Copious Water**
**Anionic- Water/Milk for Ingestion, Activated Charcoal**
**Cationic- Water, Milk, Egg Whites or Activated Charcoal**
43
Which I_llicit Drug_ undergoes **Enterohepatic Recirculation**
**Marijuana**
**\***Enterohepatic Circulation- Therefore need multiple Doses of Activated Charcoal
44
Main Clinical Signs associated with **Insoluble Calcium Oxalate Toxicosis**
**Irritation and Pain of the Oral Mucosa**
\*Insoluble Calcium Oxalates are not absorbed, therefore they only have Local Mechanical Effects
45
\_\_\_\_\_ of the **Smoke Inhalation** Toxin is the most important Determinant of Respiratory Injury
**Solubility**
46
**Dumbcane:**
_Toxin Present_
_Clinical Signs_
**Dumbcane (Dieffenbachia)**
**Toxin Present: Insoluble Calcium Oxalate**
**Clinical Signs- Irriation of Lips and Mouth**
47
**Senecio, Ragwort:**
Name the Toxin
Name the Clinical Signs
**Toxin: Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids**
**Clinical Signs: Hepatotoxic- Photosensitization and Encephalopathy**
48
True/False: Activated Charcoal is not effective in adsorbing **Marine Toad (Bufo) Toxins**
**False**
49
**Benzodiazepines** may cause CNS Stimulation and are NOT Recommended for Treatment of \_\_\_\_\_
**Amphetamine Toxicosis**
50
**Monstera, Swiss Cheese Plant:**
_Name the Toxin_
_Name the Clinical Signs_
**Toxin: Insoluble Calcium Oxalate**
**Clinical Signs: Irritation of Mouth and Lips**
51
Lesions of which **Plant Toxicosis:**
Congestion in Various Organs
_Brown-Chocolate Color Blood_
**Nitrate/Nitrite Poisoning**
**\***Brown-Chocolate color of Blood due to Methemoglobin
52
**Devils Trumpet/Angels Trumpet:**
Name the Toxin
Name the Clinical Signs
**Toxin: Tropane Alkaloid (Atropine)**
**Clinical Signs: Mydriasis, Dry Mouth, Tachycardia, Hypertension, Hallucinations Seizures**
53
**Phenolic Compounds** are Metabolized mainly in the liver via \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
**Glucuronidation**
54
**Milkweed:**
Name the Toxin
Name the Clinical Signs
**Toxin: Cardiac Glycosides**
**Clinical Signs: Severe GI signs, Dilated Pupils, Convulsions**
55
Treatment for **Nitrate/Nitrite Poisoning**
**Methylene Blue 1% IV**- Converts Methemoglobin back into Hemoglobin
**Supportive Treatment-** Activated Charcoal, Ruminal Lavage
\*_Animals normally die before treatment because death is RAPID_
56
**Black Nightshade (Solanum Niger):**
Name the Toxin
Name the Clinical Signs
**Toxin: Solanine and Solanidine Alkaloids**
**Clinical Signs: Vomiting, Mydriasis**
**\***Berries are Toxic when they are Green
57
_Name the Plant_
_What Toxins are Present?_
_Clinical Signs?_
**Johnson Grass**
**Toxins: Nitrate and Cyanide**
**Clinical Signs: Respiratory Signs**
**\***_Side Note: Sudan Grass ALSO contains Nitrate and Cyanide_
58
Plant that causes these Clinical Signs in Horses
**Yellow Starthistle**
59
**Caladium (Caladium Tricolor):**
_Toxin_
_Clinical Signs_
**Caladium (Caladium Tricolor)**
**Toxin- Insoluble Calcium Oxalate**
**Clinical Sign- Irritation of Lips and Mouth**
60
**Cocoa and Coffee:**
Name the Toxin
Name the Clinical Signs
**Toxin: Xanthine Alkaloids**
**Clinical Signs: Vomiting, Salivation, Colic, Diarrhea, CNS Stimulation, Convulsive Seizures**
61
Mineral that causes Signs of **Copper Deficiency** including:
Watery Diarrhea
Anemia
Dipigmentation
Demyelination
**Molybdenum**
**\***Treatment for Molybdenum Toxicosis- Copper
62
Which Industrial Toxin is mainly stored in **Bones and Teeth** of Cattle
**Fluoride**
63
**Christmas Kallanchoe:**
Name the Toxin
Name the Clinical Signs
**Toxin: Cardiac Glycoside**
**Clinical Signs: Severe GI Signs**
64
**Autumn Crocus/Meadow Saffron:**
Name the Toxin
Name the Clinical Signs
**Toxin: Colchicine**
**Clinical Signs: GI Signs, Cardiovascular Signs (Arrhythmias), Respiratory Signs, Renal Failure, Hepatic Failure**
65
Which Plant toxicosis cause Severe **Liver Damage and Liver Necrosis**
**Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids**
**\***Hepatotoxic
66
Two Plants that commonly Cause **Soluble Oxalate Poisoning**
**Halogeton**
**Greasewood**
67
Specimen of Choice for **Nitrate Poisnoing** in _Animals that have Died_
**Ocular Fluid**
68
**Ponderosa Pine (Pinus Ponderosa):**
_Name the Toxin_
_Name the Clinical Signs_
**Toxin: Isocupressic Acid**
**Clinical Signs: Abortion in Cattle**
69
Lesions for which **Toxic Gas** Toxicosis:
_Blood is Bright Red_
Brain Edema, Hemorrhage and Necrosis on Necropsy
**Carbon Monoxide**
70
Clinical Signs of which Toxicity:
**Methylxanthine Toxicity**
**\***Death may occur due to Cardiac Arrhythmias, Respiratory Failure, or Terminal Seizures
_\*Methylxanthine- CNS Stimulation (Seizures), Massively High Heart Rates and Arrhythmias_
71
Treatment for **Carbon Monoxide Toxicity**
**Oxygen Administered with Positive Pressure**
_\*Recovery may or may not occur_
72
True/False: Human Urine Tests for **Marijuana** are not Effective in Dogs
**True**
73
Mechanism of action of which **Toxic Gas?**
_Combines with Hemoglobin to form Carboxyhemoglobin which cannot Carry Oxygen. Carboxyhemoglobin interferes with release of Oxygen carried by Normal Hemoglobin_
**Carbon Monoxide**
**\***Binds with Hemoglobin and Dispaces Oxygen and prevents Oxygen from Binding
74
Mechanism of Action of which **Plant Toxicosis:**
Plant cells have Needle Shaped Calcium Oxalate Crystals that Penetrate the Oral Mucosa, Tongue and Throat causing Irritation
**Insoluble Calcium Oxalate**
75
True/False: **Ethanol** is:
_Widely Distributed in the CNS_
_Metabolized by Hepatic Alcohol Dehydrogenase to Acetaldehyde_
**True**
76
**Alsike Clover and Red Clover:**
Name the Clinical Signs
**Hepatotoxicity and Secondary Photosensitization in Horses Only**
77
Chronic ____ Poisoning causes Hemolytic Crisis in Sheep
**Copper**
78
Mechanism of action of which Plant Toxicosis:
**Thiaminase**
79
Clinical Signs of which **Illicit Drug**?
**Cocaine**
80
Toxicity caused by Ingestion of **Cacao Beans and Chocolate Products**
**Methylxanthine Toxicity**
81
Acute _____ poisoning is directly responsible for more deaths in closed animal facilities than any other gas
**Hydrogen Sulfide**
82
**Horsetail:**
Name the Toxin
Name the Clinical Signs
**Toxin: Thiaminase**
**Clinical Signs- Thiamine Deficiency- Neuronal Damage in Horses**
83
Chronic _____ Toxicosis will cause Hoof and Hair Abnormailites
**Selenium**
84
**Nitrate is Reduced by Rumen Microflora to Nitrite**, which is Converted to \_\_\_\_\_, and converted into Amino Acids and Microbial Proteins
**Ammonia**
**\***The rate of conversion of Nitrite to ammonia is slower than the rate of converstion of Nitrate to Nitrite
**\*Toxicity is due to NITRITE**- Lipid Soluble and can cross Membranes
85
**Chinese Evergreen:**
_Name the Toxin_
_Name the Clinical Signs_
**Toxin: Insoluble Calcium Oxalate**
**Clinical Signs: Irritation of Lips and Mouth**
86
**Methylxanthines** are readily absorbed from the GIT and are widely distributed throughout the body, including the CNS. They are Metabolized in the liver and Undergo \_\_\_\_\_
**Enterohepatic Recycling**
87
Three Specific Treatments for **Cyanide Poisoning**
**Sodium Nitrite 20% IV**
**Sodium Thiosulfate 20% IV**
**Sodium Thiosulfate Orally**
**\***All of these are treatments that can be used
88
Lesions associated with which **Plant Toxicosis:**
_Plant Present in Rumen_
_Petechial Hemorrhage in the GI Mucosa_
**_Mouth and Esophagus filled with Blood-Tinged Froth_**
**_Oxalate Crystals in Renal Tubules_**
**Soluble Oxalate Poisoning**
89
**Rhubarb and Beets** can cause what type of Toxicosis?
**Soluble Oxalate**
90
Treatment for **Petroleum Toxicity**
**Removal of Oil from Body Surfaces by Soap and Water**
**Activated Charcoal**
_**\***Emetics and Gastric Lavage are CONTRAINDICATED due to Tracheal and Mucosal Ulceration_
91
Treatment for **Snake Bite Intoxication**
**First Aid Measures**
92
**St. Johnswort:**
_Name the Toxin_
_Name the Clinical Signs_
**Toxin: Quinones**
**Clinical Sign: Primary Photosentitization- Erythema, Prutitis, Edema and Necrosis of Skin**
93
Which **Illicit Drug** is:
_Highly Lipid Soluble_
_Rapidly Absorbed by Ingestion or Inhalation_
_Binds Extensively to Plasma Proteins (99%)_
_Widely Distributed all over the Body including CNS_
**Marijuana**
94
Test Kit that can be used to Diagnose **Cyanide Poisoning**
**Sodium Picrate Paper Test**
95
This is **Chokecherry (Prunus):**
Which Toxin is Present in this Plant?
**Cyanide**
96
Lesions of which **Toxic Gas** Toxicity:
_Blood is Dark (Black) and may not Clot_
_Tissue Dark or Greenish Purple_
_Carcass has Odor of Sewage (Rotten Eggs)_
_GI Contents may be Black_
**Hydrogen Sulfide**
97
Three Classifications of **Combustion Products** associated with Fire
**Simple Asphyxiants-** Inert Gases that Displace Oxygen in Air
**Chemical Asphyxiants-** Prevent Uptake of Oxygen
**Irritants-** Chemically Reactive on Mucous Membranes
98
Which Toxicosis:
_Stimulates Insulin Release_
_Causes Hypoglycemia in Canines_
**Xylitol**
99
True/False: **Cocaine** is:
_Highly Lipid Soluble_
_Crosses the Blood Brain Barrier and Alveolar Capillaries_
**True**
100
_Rattlesnake Vaccine_ for Dogs protects against Rattlesnake Species Venom, Including Copperhead Bites, in North America except for \_\_\_\_\_
**Mojave Rattlesnake**
101
**Moldy, Damaged Sweet Clover:**
Name the Toxin
Name the Clinical Signs
**Toxin: Coumarin Glycosides**
**Clinical Signs: Hemorrhage**
102
**Calla Lily (Zantedeschia Aeithiopica)**
_Name the Toxin_
_Name the Clinical Signs_
**Toxin: Insoluble Calcium Oxalate**
**Clinical Signs: Irritation to Oral Mucosa**
103
Toxicosis caused when by Ingestion of Ethanol containing Beverages, Fermented Bread Dough, or Rotten Fruits
**Ethanol Toxicosis**
104
_Name the Plant_
_What is the Toxic Effect?_
_What are the Toxins?_
**Pigweed**
**Toxins- Soluble Oxalate, Nitrate, Unknown Toxin**
**Toxic Effects- Hypocalcemia, Methemoglobinemia, Renal Failure, Abortion**
105
**Cyanide** in the presence of Thiosulfate is metabolized by the Serum and Liver Sulfurtransferase to \_\_\_\_\_, which is Relatively Less Toxic and is excreted in Urine
**Thiocyanate**
_**\***Acutely it does not cause any problem, but chronically can cause Antithyroid Effect_
106
Sources of which **Industrial Toxin**:
_Forages and Pastures can be Contaminated_
_Natural Waters_
_Feed and Mineral Supplements_
**Fluoride**
_**\***Fluoride is a normal Constituent of Forages and plants that grow in Flouride Rich Soil_
107
Two Poisnonous **Snakes** from North America
**Pit Vipers (Crotalidae)-** Rattlesnakes, Copperheads
## Footnote
**Coral Snakes (Elapidae)**
108
Clinical Signs associated with Which Toxicosis:
_Weakness/Ataxia_
_Seizures_
_Liver Failure_
**Xylitol**
_Hypoglycemia- Causes Weakness, Ataxia and Seizures_
_Dogs suffering from Liver Failure may not show signs of Hypoglycemia_
109
Toxicity caused by Accidental Exposure to Household Products and Swimming Pool Products that Contain **Sodium Hypochlorite**
**Bleach Toxicity**
110
Best Specimen for Laboratory Diagnosis of **Fluoride Toxicity**
**Bone**
111
Chronic ____ Toxicity leads to **Neuronal Degeneration** and Demyelination in the Spinal Cord in Brain
**Cyanide**
112
More than 80% of Fire-Related Deaths are from \_\_\_\_\_\_
**Smoke Inhalation**
**\***Younger animals are more likely to present for smoke inhalation but recover
113
Clinical Signs of which **Toxic Gas**:
_Red Mucous Membranes_
_Coughing and Nasal Discharge_
_Decreased Growth Rate_
_Dyspnea_
**Ammonia**
114
True/False: Bites by **Coral Snakes** are Rare and 60% of bites are nonenvenomating
**True**
115
**Carbon Monoxide**
116
**Greasewood (Sarcobatus Vermiculatus)** is a Toxic Plant that commonly causes which Toxicity?
**Soluble Oxalate Toxicity**
117
**Enzyme** that converts Nitrate To Nitrite, that can occur either in the Plant or after absorption of Nitrate in the Blood
**Nitrate Reductase**
**\***_Lethal Synthesis- Nitrite is Toxic_
118
Lesions associated with which Toxicosis:
_Congestion of GI Mucosa_
_Congestion of Liver, Kidney, and Lungs_
**Ethanol/Methanol**
**\***_Diagnosis based on Clinical Signs, History and Blood Alcohol Levels_
119
**Monkshood:**
Name the Toxin
Name the Clinical Signs
**Toxin: Diterpene Alkaloids**
**Clinical Signs: Sudden Death in Cattle, Cardiac Arrhythmias**
120
Mechanism of Action of which **Toxic Plant Toxicity:**
Combines with Calcium Ion to Form Calcium Oxalate. This leads to **Hypocalcemia and Tetany** in Acute Cases or affects Bone and Milk Production in Lower Levels
**Soluble Oxalate Poisoning**
_**\***Calcium Oxalate Crystals in the Kidney Tubules cause Kidney Damage_
121
Combustion Product that is in an **Oxygen-Deprived Environment**
**Simple Asphyxiants**
122
**Ethanol** is Metabolized to \_\_\_\_\_\_, which is a _Vasodilator and Induces Vomiting_
**Acetaldehyde**
123
Which Toxicosis can be caused by Ingestion of Onion, Garlic, Shallots, Chives, and Leeks that causes **Hemolytic Anemia**
**Propyl Disulfide**
124
**Flamingo Plant (Anthurium)**
_Name the Toxin_
_Name the Clinical Signs_
**Toxin- Insoluble Calcium Oxalate**
**Clinical Signs- Irritation of Oral mucosa, Tongue and Throat**
125
**Rattlebox:**
Name the Toxin
Name teh Clinical Signs
**Toxin: Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid**
**Clinical Signs: Hepatotoxic- Photosensitization and Encephalopathy**
126
**Acute** ____ Toxicity is characterized as a disease that causes _Respiratory Insufficiency_ due to inability of the tissues to use Oxygen
**Cyanide**
_**\***The Cells are unable to use Oxygen- Histotoxic Anoxia_
127
**Alfalfa:**
Name the Toxin
Name the Clinical Signs
**Toxin: Phytoestrogens**
**Clinical Signs: Infertility in Males and Females**
_**\***Alfalfa can cause Selenium Toxicosis, Nitrate Poisoning, Phytoestrogen Toxicosis, and Triterpenoid Saponins_
128
Mechanism of Action of which Plant Toxicosis:
Bind to Estrogen Receptors causing Infertility in Females and Males
**Phytoestrogens**
129
Mechanism of action of which **Toxic Gas?**
_Direct Irritation of Mucous Membranes_
**_Increased Susceptibility to Respiratory Infections due to Continuous Irritation_**
_Decreased Growth of young Animals_
_Pulmonary Edema and Lung Congestion_
**Ammonia**
130
Specific Treatment for **Methemoglobinemia**
**Methylene Blue 1% IV**
131
\_\_\_\_\_\_ Accumulating Plants
**Nitrate**
_\*Pigweed is very common- Pigweed has High levels of Nitrate and Soluble Oxalates_
_\*Keep in mind that a plant may have more than one toxin_
132
Clinical Signs of what Plant Toxicosis in Cattle:
**Nitrate/Nitrite Poisoning**
133
**Lobelia:**
Name the Toxin
Name the Clinical Signs
**Toxin: Pyridine Alkaloids**
**Clinical Signs: Vomiting, Diarrhea, Salivation**
134
Mechanism of Action of which Plant Toxicosis:
**Dimethyl Disulfide**
\*Mustard
135
Lesions associated with which **Illicit Drug Toxicosis**:
_Myocardial Degeneration_
_Subendocardial and Epicardial Hemorrhage_
_Pericardial Effusion_
**Cocaine Toxicosis**
136
**Cocaine** has a direct effect on the \_\_\_\_\_, leading to _Tachycardia and Tachyarrhythmias_
**Myocardium**
137
What Species is the Most Susceptible to **Bufo Toad Intoxication**
**Dogs**
**\***Mainly in the Evening- Most Toads are Nocturnal
138
Illicit Drug used for treatment of Nausea associated with Anticancer Chemotherapy, Glaucoma and Multiple Scelerosis that may be Accidently Ingested by Pets
**Marijuana Toxicosis**
139
Two Main Toxic Plants that contain **Cyanide**
**Wild Cherry/Chokecherry (Prunus)**
**Sudan Grass/Johnson Grass**
**\***Contain Cyanogenic Glycosides that can Liberate Toixc amounts of Cyanide (HCN)
140
Plant Toxicosis that causes:
_Hoof Seperation_
_Loss of Hoof_
_Loss of Hair_
**Ergot**
141
True/False: During Treatment of **Snake Bites,** Control pain by continous IV Infusion of _Morphine_ during the first 24 hours
**False**
**\***Control pain by Continuous IV of **_Fentany_**l during the first 24 Hours
_\*Morphine should be avoided because of Histamine Release_
142
Toxicity caused by Ingestion of **Sugar Free Gum, Candy,** Diabetic Products, and Dental Care Products
**Xylitol**
143
Treatment for **Fluoride Toxicity**
**No Known way to Mobilize Fluoride from Bone**
**Supportive Treatment**
144
Plant that Causes **Hemolytic Anemia, Hemoglobineamia and Heinz Body Formation in Horses**
**Wilted Red Maple**
145
Mechanism of action of which **Plant Toxicosis:**
Vasoconstriction and Decreased Uterine Blood flow that Stimulates Release of Fetal Cortisol and Abortion
**Isocupressic Acid**
146
\_\_\_\_\_ Detergents are the Most Toxic and can cause Damage at 1% Concentration
**Cationic**
147
Which Toxicant Denatures and Precipitates Cellular Proteins leading to Direct Irritation causing **Coagulative Necrosis**
**Phenolic Compounds**
148
**Ammonia** is Soluble in Water and Readily Reacts with Hydroxyl Ions in Moist Mucous Membranes to form \_\_\_\_\_, which is Irritant and Caustic
**Ammonium Hydroxide**
_**\***Ammonia is converted to a strong irritant on mucous membranes_
149
Clinical Signs of Which Toxicosis:
_Oropharyngeal, GI and Respiratory Irritation_
_Smell of Chlorine_
**Bleach Toxicosis**
150
_Contraindication_ during Treatment of **Phenolic Compounds**
**Emetics or Gastric Lavage**
_**\***Contraindicated for Phenolic Toxicity Treatment due to Mucosal Damage of the GI Tract_
151
Mechanism of Action of which Acute **Plant Toxicity:**
Excess Toxin binds with Ferric Iron and Cupric Copper of the Mitochondrial _Cytochrome Oxidase_ that blocks electron Transport and inhibits the Cells to Utilize the Available Oxygen resuling in **Histotoxic Anoxia**
**Cyanide**
152
**Sago Palm:**
Name the Toxin
Name the Clinical Signs
**Toxin: Cycasin Glycoside**
**Clinical Signs: GI Signs, Liver Damage, and Neurotoxic**
153
**Tobacco (Nicotiana Tabacum):**
Name the Toxin
Name the Toxic Principle
Name the Clinical Signs
**Toxin: Piperidine Alkaloids and Pyridine Alkaloids**
**Toxic Principle- Nicotine**
**Clinical Signs: Ataxia, Incoordination, Birth Defects, Vomiting, and Diarrhea**
154
**Antivenin** Available for Dogs that is Recommended in Moderate and Severe Snake Envenomation and animals showing Systemic Signs
**Polyvalent Crotalid Antivenin**
**\***Administer as soon as possible- Expensive
**\***May Cause Allergic Reactions- Treat with Epinephrine
155
Clinical S_igns of which **Illicit Drug Toxicity:**_
_Hyperactivity_
_Restlessness_
_Circling_
_Tremors_
_Seizures_
_Hypersalivation_
**Amphetamines**
156
True/False: **Amphetamines** are:
_Highly Lipid Soluble_
_Widely Distributed in the CNS_
**True**
_**\***Amphetamines cause CNS Effects_
157
Match these **Smoke Inhalation** **Irritants** to their Pathology:
A. High Water Solubility
B. Intermediate Water Solubility
C. Poor Water Solubility
1. Pulmonary Parenchymal Injury- Alveolar
2. Upper and Lower Airway Injury
3. Upper Airway Injury
**High Water Solubility- Upper Airway Injury**
**Intermediate Water Solubility- Upper and Lower Airway Injury**
**Poor Water Solubility- Pulmonary Parenchymal Injury-Alveoli**
158
Which of these Factors favors Plant **Nitrate** Accumulation?
A. Plant Species
B. High Nitrate Soil
C. Rains or Moisture
D. Decreased Light
E. Use of Pheonxy Acetic Acid Herbicides
**All of the Above**
_\*Edible Plants accumulate Nitrate- Sweet Clover, Alfalfa, Wheat, Corn_
_\*Soil Conditions that Enhance Nitrate Uptake- Rains, Acid Soil ect. there are several environmental factors that can increase Nitrate Accumulation in the Soil_
_\*Decreased Light Reduces activity of Nitrate Reductase_
159
**Azalea:**
Name the Toxin
Name the Clinical Signs
**Toxin: Grayanotoxins**
**Clinical Signs: Excessive Salivation, Vomiting, Diarrhea**
160
Source of which **Toxic Gas**:
**_Fires_**
_Propane Powered Equipment/Space Heaters_
_Automobile Exhaust in Confined Spaces_
**Carbon Monoxide**
**\***Odorless and Colorless
161
**Cationic Detergents** are commonly Quaternary _____ Compounds that contain Halogen, such as Fabric Softners, Liquid Potpourri, and Sanitizers
**Ammonium**
162
Plants of the ____ Family can cause **Renal Failure only in Cats**
**Lily**
163
Mechanism of Action of which Plant Toxicosis:
**Gossypol**
164
Toxicity caused Accidental Ingestion or Dermal Exposure to:
_General Home Cleaners_
_Liquid Potpourris_
**Detergents**
165
Three Organs affected by **Phenolic Toxicosis**
**Hepatotoxic**
**Nephrotoxic**
**Neurotoxic**
**\***Can see these systemic changes within 12-24 hours
166
**Toxic Gas** Characterized by an Irritant Odor (Chlorine-Like) with Yellow Haze in the Air
**Nitrogen Oxide**
**\***Forms Nitric Acid upon contact with Mucous Membranes
167
_Clinical Signs_ of which Household Toxicosis:
**_Coagulative Necrosis_**
_**Chemical Burns-** White Plaques/Ulcerations_
_Eschar Formation_
_Intense Pain Followed by Anesthesia_
_Ataxia, Weakness, Seizures_
**Phenolic Compound Toxicity**
_\*Neurotoxic- Ataxia, weakness, Tremors, Seizures_
_Hepatotoxic- Icterus, Hemolysis_
_Nephrotoxic- Methemoglobinemia_
168
Treatment for **Soluble Oxalate Poisoning**
**Usually of Little Value once Clinical Signs appear**
**Activated Charcaol**
169
**Locoweeds:**
Name the Toxin
Name the Clinical Signs
**Toxin: Indolizidine Alkaloids**
**Clinical Signs: Neuronal Signs- Ataxia, Circling, Incoordination**
_\*More common in Horses_
170
The Primary Effect of **Snake Bite Intoxication**
**Hypocoagulation**
171
Treatment for **Ammonia Toxicity**
**Removal of the Source of Ammonia (NH3)**
**Soothing Ointments applied to the eyes and Antibiotics may Prevent Secondary Infections**
172
**Ethanol and Methanol** Poisoning causes Irritation to the Mucous Membranes. **Ethanol** inhibits \_\_\_\_\_, making the patient Urinate
**Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)**
173
True/False: Both Crude Oil and Refined **Petroleum** Products are Irritant to the Mucous Membranes and Skin
**True**
174
**Cocaine** is a CNS _____ and Symphathomimetic that _Blocks the Reuptake of Norepinephrine, Dopamine, and Serotonin_
**Stimulant**
175
Treatment for **Ethanol/Methanol Toxicosis**
**Supportive Care-** Fluids, Monitor Body Temperature
**_No Specific Antidote- Ethanol Toxicosis_**
**_Ethanol and Fomepizole- Antidote for Methanol Toxicosis_**
**\***Emetics if recently ingested- though absorption from GIT is very Rapid- 15 min.
_\*Activated Charcoal is generally not Effective_
176
Lesions associated with Which Toxicity:
_Petechial Ecchymotic or GI Hemorrhages_
_Severe Hepatocyte Loss or Atrophy and Hepatic Necrosis_
**Xylitol**
177
These Three Toxic Plants Contain \_\_\_\_\_:
_Milkweeds_
_Marijuana_
_Chinaberry_
**Resins**
178
**Crown of Thorns:**
Name the Toxin
Name the Clinical Signs
**Toxin: Diterpene Esters**
**Clinical Signs: Eye and Skin Irritation**
179
Clinical Signs of which **Illicit Drug:**
_Vomiting_
**_CNS Depression_**
_Ataxia_
_Incoordination_
_Tremor_
_Weakness_
**Marijuana**
180
This is a **Sunflower:**
What Toxin is Present?
Clinical Signs Associated?
**Toxin- Nitrate**
**Clinical Signs- Methemoglobinemia, Respiratory Signs**
181
**Fishtail Palm (Caryota Mitis):**
_Name the Toxin_
_Name the Clinical Signs_
**Toxin: Insoluble Calcium Oxalates**
**Clinical Signs: Irritation of Lips and Mouth**
182
Source of which **Toxic Gas?**
_Liberated from the **Decomposition of Urine and Feces** in Underfloor Waste Pits, Deep Litter, Manure Packs and Sewage_
_Liquid Manure Holding Pits for Swine_
**Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)**
**\***When _Liquid Manure Holding pits_ are Agitated during Cleaning then Hydrogen Sulfide is Released
183
**Larkspur:**
Name the Toxin
Name the Clinical Signs
**Toxin: Diterpene Alkaloids**
**Clinical Signs: Sudden Death in Cattle**
184
**Petroleum** Products with ____ Boiling Points, Low Viscosity and Low Surface Tension generally have more Pneumotoxic Potential
**Low**
_**\***Petroleum Products with LOW Boiling Points are More Toxic than Product with High Boiling Points_
185
Which **Toxic Gas** is Readily absorbed through the Lungs and GIT and is converted to _Alkali Sulfides_ in the Blood, turning the Blood Black
**Hydrogen Sulfide**
186
Four parts of the United States you can find **Cane/Marine Toad (Bufo Marinus)**
**Florida**
**South Texas**
**Hawaii**
**Puerto Rico**
187
**Bleach Toxicity** is Dependent on the Products ______ Ion Concentration and resulting pH
**Hypochlorite**
**\***Bleach Toxicity is not Dependent on Ingested Dose/Quantity
188
**Horsebrush:**
Name the Toxin
Name the Clinical Signs
**Toxin: Tetradymol**
**Clinical Signs: Hepatic Photosensitization, Liver Damage, Anorexia, Depression**
_**\***Sheep are the Most susceptible_
189
Mechanism of Action of which **Toxic Gas:**
_Direct Irritation of Mucous Membranes_
_Lung Damage_
_Death is from Hypoxia_
**Nitrogen Oxide**
190
Species that is Most Susceptible to **Petroleum Toxicity**
**Cattle**
**\***_Small Animals are most Frequently Poisoned with Refined Petroleum Products_
191
Avocado causes _____ in Goats, Horses, Rabbits, and Caged Birds
**Cardiotoxicity**
192
Treatment for **Hydrogen Sulfide** Toxicosis
**Removal of the Source of H2S**
**Sodium Nitrite-** Reactivates Cytochrome Oxidase
**Oxygen Therapy and Supportive Treatment**
193
Toxicity caused by Accidental Ingestion of **Caffeine, Coffee Beans, Tea Leaves, and Soda**
**Methylxanthines**
194
Treatment for **Thiaminase Toxicity**
**Thiamine IV**
195
**Halogeton (Halogeton Glomeratus)** Causes what Type of Toxicity?
**Soluble Oxalate Toxicity**
196
Clinical Signs of which **Toxic Gas** Toxicity:
_Coma/Sudden Death_
_Hypoxia_
_Drowsiness_
_Incoordination_
**Carbon Monoxide**
197
Two Plants that cause **Thiaminase Poisoning,** that Destroys Thiamine and produces signs of Thiamine (Vitamin B) Deficiency
**Horsetail**
**Braken Fern**
198
Rate the Following from **Lowest to Highest Toxicity:**
Anionic Detergents
Cationic Detergents
Nonionic Detergents
**Nonionic Detergents- Least Toxic**
**Anionic Detergents- Moderately Toxic**
**Cationic Detergents- Most Toxic**
199
Treatment for **Smoke Inhalation**
**Prompt Removal of Smoke Environment**
**Oxygen Support**
**Ventilation**
\*Avoid Steroids, Cough Suppressants and Opioids
200
Most Poisonous Part of the Plant in **Soluble Oxalate Poisoning**
**Leaf**
201
When the Rate of Nitrate to Nitrite is reduced, the Continuation of Nitrate Uptake from the Soil will lead to accumulation of ____ in the Plant
**Nitrate**
_**\***Nitrate Poisoning is due to plants that can accumulate Nitrate from Soil_
202
Species that is Most Susceptible to **Soluble Oxalate Poisoning**
**Sheep**
203
Part of the Plant that contains the **Highest Concentration** of **Nitrate**
**Stalks**
**\***Closest to the Ground
204
Highest Concentration of **Cyanide** is present in which portion of the Plant?
**Seeds**
205
**Precatory Bean:**
Name the Toxin
Name the Clinical Sign
**Toxin: Lectin (Phytotoxin)**
**Clinical Signs: Severe GI Signs, Blood Diarrhea, Convulsions**
206
Unripe _Eggplants and Tomato_ cause which **Plant Toxicosis**
**Solanine and Solanidine Alkaloids**
207
**Xylitol** is a Potent Promotor of _____ Release in Dogs resulting in Hypoglycemia
**Insulin**
208
Treatment of **Amphetamine Toxicosis**
**Induction of Emesis**
**Activated Charcoal**
**Pentobarbital and Propofol**- CNS Depressants to control the CNS Stimulation
209
True/False: Nitrate is 10x's more toxic than Nitrite
**False**
210
Ingesting of Fresh ____ Shavings from the Heartwood Tree that Causes **Laminitis**
**Black Walnut**
211
Plant Toxin that Interacts with Two Molecules of Hemoglobin resulting in Oxidation of Ferrous Iron to Ferric and **conversion of Hemoblobin to Methemoglobin, which cannot Carry Oxygen**
**Nitrite**
**\***Clinical Signs of Anoxia develop if Methemoglobin is 20-40%
212
Treatment for **Marijuana Toxicosis**
**Signs usually Resolve without Treatment**
**Induction of Emesis**
**Repeated Doses of Activated Charcoal**
213
**Jimsonweed:**
Name the Toxin
Name the Clinical Signs
**Toxin: Tropane Alkaloids (Atropine)**
**Clinical Signs: Mydriasis, Dry Mouth, Tachycardia, Hallucination, Excitation**
214
**Day Blooming Jessamine:**
Name the Toxin
Name the Clinical Signs
**Toxin: Calinogenic Glycoside**
**Clinical Signs: Hypercalcemia, Calcification of Tissue causing Lameness**
215
**Chinaberry:**
Name the Toxin
Name the Clinical Signs
**Toxin: Meliatoxins**
**Clinical Signs: GI Signs, CNS and Peripheral Neuronal Signs**
216
Clinical Signs associated with which Household Toxicity:
**Ethanol/Methanol Toxicosis**
**\***Chronic Toxicosis can lead to _Kidney and Liver Damage_
217
**Wild Cotton (Gossypium)**
Name the Toxin
Name the Clinical signs
**Toxin: Gossypol**
**Clinical Signs: Cardiotoxic, Respiratory Signs, Male Infertility**
218
Species that is Most Susceptible to **Cyanide Poisnoing**
**Ruminants (Cattle)**
219
**Croton:**
Name the Toxin
Name the Clinical Signs
**Toxin: Diterpene Esters**
**Clinical Signs: Eye and Skin Irritation**
220
**Fluoride** has a Strong Affinity for \_\_\_\_\_
**Calcium**
221
**Sorrel and Soursop:**
_Name the Toxin_
_Name the Clinical Signs_
**Toxin: Soluble Oxalates**
**Clinical Signs: Hypocalcemia, Tetany, Recumbancy, Large Doses may cause Renal Failure**
222
Which Species is the most _Susceptible and Sensitive_ to **Snake Bite Toxicities**
**Dogs**
**\***Dogs are the most Susceptible- Cats and Horses are also Susceptible
223
\_\_\_\_\_ are a Combination of Enzymatic and Nonenzymatic proteins and Amino Acids
**Snake Venoms**
224
True/False: _Not all Snake Bites are envenomatous_, nonenvenomatous bites have mild local signs, no systemic signs, and normal laboratory findings
**True**
**\***Local Tissue Reactions include Puncture wounds, Fang Marks, Bleeding, Edema, _Swelling_, Petechiation
225
Which of the following is **Least** likely a Clinical Sign of Marine Toad (Bufo Marinus) Intoxicaiton
A. Slow onset Clinical Signs (2-3 days)
B. Foaming of the Mouth
C. Seizures
D. Tachycardia or Bradycardia
**Slow onset of Clinical Signs**
226
Species that is most susceptible to **Methylxanthine Toxicity**
Dogs
227
**Aloe:**
Name the Toxin
Name the Clinical Signs
**Toxin: Anthraquinones**
**Clinical Signs: Diarrhea**
228
5 Types of **Petroleum Products** and their Effects
**Crude Oil**- Sweet is more Lethal
**Short Chain Aliphatic**- Low Toxicity but are Very Volatile
**Long Chain Aliphatic -** Aspiration Pneumonia
**Chlorinated Hydrocarbons**- Neurotoxic
**Aromatic Hydrocarbons**- Bone Marrow Suppression
\*All except for Crude Oil are considered "Refined Petroleum Products"
229
Mechanism of Action of which Industrial Toxicant:
_Aspiration Pneumonia_
_Chemical Pneumonitis_
_Death is due to Hypoxia_
_CNS Depression_
_Bone Marrow Suppression_
**Petroleum**
\*Vomiting Resulting in Aspiration Pneumonia
\*Death is Due to Hypoxia or Possible Toxemia from Bacterial Infection in the Lungs
230
Which Toxicity has this Mechanism of Action:
_**Phosphodiesterase Inhibition** and Competitive **Inhibition of Adenosine Receptors** leading to CNS Stimulation and Seizures_
**Methylxanthine Toxicity**
231
Mechanism of Action of which **Toxic Gas:**
_Inhibition of Cellular Respiration by Inhibiting Cytochrome Oxidate_
_Stimulates Chemoreceptors of the Carotid Body **Interfering with Respiratory Drive**_
**Hydrogen Sulfide**
_**\***Leads to Apnea and the Patient normally Dies from asphyxiation_
232
**Glory Lily:**
Name the Toxin
Name the Clinical Signs
**Toxin: Colchicine**
**Clinical Signs: GI Signs, Cardiovascular Signs (Arrhythmias), Respiratory Signs, Renal Failure, Hepatic Failure**
233
**Phenolic Compounds** are Readily Absorbed from the GIT and are \_\_\_\_\_\_, leading to Damage in the GIT
**Caustic**
234
**Poison Hemlock, Spotted Hemlock:**
Name the Toxin
Name the Clinical Signs
**Toxin: Piperidine Alkaloids**
**Clinical Signs: Ataxia, Incoordination and Birth Defects**
235
Metabolite of **Cyanide** Poisoning that has **Antithyroid Effect**
**Thiocyanate**
236
Contraindication during Treatment of **Cationic Detergent Toxicosis**
**Emesis and Gastric Lavage**
237
**Lantana, Yellow Sage:**
Name the Toxin
Name the Clinical Sign
**Toxin: Triterpene Acids in Unripe Berries**
**Clinical Signs: GI Signs, Liver Damage**
_**\***Liver Damage can lead to Photosensitization_
238
Only Species that is Susceptible to **Xylitol Toxicosis**
**Dogs**
**\***Low Doses can cause Hypoglycemia
239
**Braken Fern:**
Name the Toxin
Name the Clinical Signs
**Toxin: Ptaquiloside Glycoside**
**Clinical Sign: Aplastic Anemia, Tumors in the Upper GI Tract and Retinal Degeneration in Sheep**
240
Mechanism of Action of which **Toxic Gas**:
_Irritation of Mucous Membranes_
_Reflex Bronchoconstriction_
_Lung Damage_
_Death due to Hypoxia_
**Sulfur Oxide**
241
Four **Bufo (Toad) Toxins**
**Bufotenine**
**Bufagenins**
**Bufotoxins**
**Indole Alkylamines**
_**\***Bufotenine and Indole have Hallucinogenic Effects_
_\*Bufagenins and Bufotoxins are Cardioactive Steroids, similar to Digitalis_
242
Clinical Signs of which **Toxic Gas** Toxicity?
_Sudden Collapse_
_Dyspnea (Trouble Breathing)_
_Anoxic Convulsions_
_Rapid Death_
**Hydrogen Sulfide**
243
**English Holly and English Ivy:**
Name the Toxin
Name the Clinical Signs
**Toxin: Triterpenoid Saponins**
**Clinical Signs: Salivation, Vomiting, Diarrhea**
244
Sources of which **Toxic Gas** Toxicity:
_Silo Filler's Disease_
_Gases are Produced by Incomplete Reduction of Nitrates during the Fermentation Process in Silos_
**Nitrogen Oxide**
245
Treatment for **Phenolic Compound Toxicosis**
**Decontamination- Milk, Egg Whites followed by Activated Charcoal**
**Supportive Care**- Fluid Therapy
\*Skin should be rapidly decontaminated with Polyethylene Glycol and rinsed thoroughly
246
Treatment of **Bleach Toxicosis**
**Milk or Water**
**Wash Dermal Exposure with Soap/Water**
247
Lesions associated with which **Industrial Toxin:**
**_Aspiration Pneumonia_**
_Ulceration in the Tracheal Mucosa_
_Oil found in the Bronchi or GI Tract_
**Petroleum**
_**\***Laboratory Diagnosis- Detection of Oil in the GI Tract_
248
Which **Plant Toxicosis** leads to Neuromuscular Blockade that prevents Fetal Movement and results in Birth Defects
**Piperidine Alkaloids**
249
**Buckwheat:**
Name the Toxin
Name the Clinical Signs
**Toxin: Quinones**
**Clinical Signs: Primary Photosensitization- Erythema, Pruritis, Edema and Necorsis of Skin**
250
True/False: The FDA does not require **Xylitol** to be listed as an active Ingredient in Products
**True**
**\***Caution when using Human oral Hygeine Products extra-label in Canines- Ex. Infant Toothpaste with 35% Xylitol
251
Cyanogenic Plants contain _____ that can liberate Toxic amount of **Cyanide** (HCN)
**Cyanogenic Glycosides**
**\***_Most common cause of Cyanide Poisoning- Ingestion of Plants that have Cyanogenic Glycosides_
252
Mechanism of Action of which **Plant Toxicosis**:
_Primary Photosensitization_
**Quinones**
**\***Photodynamic Substance comes directly from the Plant
253
What part of the Plant is most toxic for **Lycorine Toxicosis**
**Bulb**
254
What type of Blood Sample would you expect to get from an animal with **Cyanide Poisoning**
**Cherry Red Blood**
255
Mechanism of Action of which **Plant Toxicosis:**
Antagonism of Vitamin K by Inhibiting Vitamin K Epoxide Reductase resulting in Deficiency of Coagulation Factors II, VII, IX, and X
**Coumarin Glycosides**
256
Most Susceptible Species to **Fluoride Toxicosis**
**Dairy Cattle**
257
\_\_\_\_\_ Rich Diets Decrease **Soluble Oxalate Toxicity** by Forming Insoluble Calcium Oxalate which is not Absorbed
**Calcium**
258
Treatment of **Nitrogen Oxide** Gas toxicosis
**Supportive Treatment- Fresh Air, Oxygen**
**Methylene Blue IV for Methemoglobinemia**
259
**Oleander:**
Name the Toxin
Name the Clinical Signs
**Toxin: Cardiac Glycoside**
**Clinical Signs: Severe GI Signs, Bradycardia, Arrhythmias**
_**\***Small amount can kill an animal_
260
True/False: Snake Bites in **Vaccinated dogs** should be considered as a Medical Emergency and may need Antivenin
**True**
261
**Porthos, Devils Ivy:**
_Name the Toxin_
_Name the Clinical Signs_
**Toxin: Insoluble Calcium Oxalate**
**Clinical Signs: Irritation of Lips and Mouth**
262
Qualitative Test for **Nitrate** in Forages, Rumen Contents, and Water
**Diphenylamine Test**
263
Specific Treatment for **Coumarin Glycoside Toxicosis**
**Emergency - Blood Transfusion**
**Non- Emergency- Vitamin K 1 (Specific Antidote)**
264
**Lechuguilla, Agave:**
Name the Toxin
Name the Clinical Signs
**Toxin: Steroidal Saponins**
**Clinical Signs: Liver Damage and Hepatogenic Photosensitization**
265
Lesions of which **Plant Toxicosis:**
_Mucous Membranes are Bright Red_
_Blood is Cherry Red_
_Smell of Bitter Almond_
**Cyanide**
266
Livestock that are Most Susceptible to **Ammonia Toxicity**
**Swine**
**Poultry**
267
**Petroleum** Oils may contain _Cholinated Napthalenes_ and can cause Bovine Skin \_\_\_\_\_
**Hyperkeratosis**
**\***Thickening of the Stratum Corneum
268
**Philodendron (Philodendon):**
_Name the Toxin_
_Name the Clinical Signs_
**Toxin: Sodium Calcium Oxalate**
**Clinical Signs: Irritation of Lips and Mouth**
269
**Foxglove (Digitalis Purpurea):**
Name the Toxin
Name the Clinical Signs
**Toxin: Cardiac Glycoside**
**Clinical Signs: Severe GI Signs, Bradycardia, Arrhythmias**
270
\_\_\_\_\_ is Absorbed fro the soil by the plant and is converted to Nitrite (NO2). Nitrate is converted to Ammonia, which is converted to Amino Acids and then to Vegetable Protein.
**Nirate (NO3)**
**\***Nitrate reductase converts Nitrate to Nitrite
271
Which Species is the most Susceptible to **Cocaine Toxicosis**
**Dogs**
272
Lesions associated with which **Toxic Gas**:
_Pulmonary Edema_
_Emphysema_
_Inflammation of Bronchioles_
**_Methohemoglobinemia_**
**Nitrogen Oxide**
273
True/False: Long Exposure to a few ppm of **Nitrogen Oxide** can LOWER Resistance to Respiratory Infections
**True**
274
Treatment for **Bufo Toad Intoxication**
**_Flushing Mouth with Running Water- Important!_**
**_Activated Charcoal_**
**Atropine**- Treat Bradycardia
**Diazepam**- Treat Seizures
275
Which Toxic Gas has a **Chlorine-like Odor** and when Mixed with Water forms Nitric Acid or Nitric Oxide
**Nitrogen Oxide**
276
**Corticosteroids and NSAIDs**, such as aspirin, are not Recommended in the Treatment of \_\_\_\_\_
**Snake Venom Toxicosis**
277
**Carbon Monoxide** Toxicity death is due to \_\_\_\_\_
**Hypoxia**
278
**Candelabra Cactus:**
Name the Toxin
Name the Clinical Signs
**Toxin: Diterpene Esters**
**Clinical Signs: Eye and Skin Irritation and Allergy**
279
Which of the following is the **Least** Likely clinical sign of Marine Toad (**Bufo Marinus**) Intoxication
A. Foaming at the Mouth
B. Seizures
C. Tachycardia or Bradycardia
D. Hemolysis
E. Hyperthemia
**Hemolysis**
**\***First Signs of Irritation lead to Hypersalivation (Foaming) and Brick-Red mucous membranes
280
Clinical Signs of which **Household Toxicosis:**
_NonIonic/Anionic- Nausea and Vomiting/Diarrhea_
_Cationic- Severe GI Signs, Shock and Collapse, Systemic Signs_
**Detergents**
281
True/False: Young Plants have **Higher Nitrate** than Mature Plants
**True**
**\***Usually Immature plants have high levels of the toxic principle
282
Clinical Signs of which Industrial Toxicosis:
_Bony Exostoses Seen or Felt on Legs_
_Spontaneous Fractures_
_Teeth have Mottling and Patchy Loss of Dentine_
_Brown Color around Teeth_
**Fluoride**
283
Combustion Product that **Changes the Carrying Capacity of Hemoglobin**
**Chemical Asphyxiants**
**\***Ex. Carbon Monoxide- Most serious agent with Smoke Inhalation
284
Clinical Signs of which **Plant Toxicosis**:
_Severe Colic_
_Muscle Weakness_
_Head and Neck pulled to One Side in Sheep_
_Renal Failure_
**Soluble Oxalate**
285
Mechanism of Action of Which Industrial Toxicosis:
_Damage to Ameloblasts and Odondoblasts during Tooth Development_
_Brown or Black Discoloration of the Defective Enamel on Teeth_
_Delaying Mineralizatio of Bone_
**Fluoride**
286
When _____ is combined with Acid or Ammonia Solutions causes Release of **Chloramine Gas** and Hypochlorous Acid
**Bleaches**
_**\***Chlorine or Chlormaine Gas cause Severe Respiratory and Eye Irritation. Concentrated Solutions of Bleach are highly corrosive to Mucous Membranes_
287
Source of which **Toxic Gas:**
_Fossil Fuel Combustion at Power Plants_
_Industrial Pollutants_
**Sulfur Oxide**
288
Clinical Signs of which Acute **Plant Toxicity:**
_Extremely Rapid Onset/Death without Clinical Signs_
_Tachypnea_
_Apparent Anxiety_
_Severe Panting_
_Gasping for Air_
_Mucosal Irritation-Salivation_
**Cyanide**
_**\***Respiratory Insufficiency_
_\*Animals take about 4-5 minutes to die from Onset of Clinical Signs_
289
Treatment for **Methylxanthine Toxicity**
**Decontamination- Induce Vomiting within 2-6 Hours**
**Activated Charcoal- Repeated Doses due to Enterohepatic Recirculation**
**Fluid Therapy-** Prevents Dehydration
290
**Toxic Gas** with these Properties:
_Odor of Rotten Eggs_
_Reacts with Silver, Iron, Lead and other Metals to form Black or Dark-Colored Compounds (Blood and GIT)_
**Hydrogen Sulfide**
291
Urinary \_\_\_\_\_, such as Ammonium Chloride, will Enhance Renal Excretion of **Amphetamines**
**Acidifiers**
_**\***Ampthetamines are Weak Bases_
292
\_\_\_\_\_ (Toad Toxin) is a Schedule 1 Substance because it has **Hallucinogenic Effects**
**Bufotenine**
293
Drugs used to Treat _Attention Deficity Disorders (ADD), Obesity, and Narcolepsy_ in Humans that may be consumed by Pets
**Amphetamines**
**\***Source: Accidental Ingestion
294
Which _Plant Toxin_ crosses the Placenta and enters Fetal Erythrocytes leading to **Abortion** due to _Methemoglobinemia_
**Nitrite**
295
Perservative Added to Samples of:
_Cyanide Poisoning_
_Nitrate Poisoning_
_Urea Poisoning_
**Mercuric Chloride**
296
Crotalidae are known as ______ because of the _Temperature Sensitive pits between the eyes and the nostrils_
**Pit Vipers**
297
**Amphetamines** are CNS \_\_\_\_\_, and Block the Reuptake of Norepinephrine and Dopamine
**Stimulants**
