Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
What part of the tooth is alive?
A
dentin and pulp cavity
2
Q
What surrounds the root of the tooth?
A
cementum
3
Q
What is the duct of the Parotid Gland?
A
Stensen’s Duct
4
Q
What is the duct of the Sublingual Gland?
A
Excretory Duct
5
Q
What is the duct of the Submandibular Gland?
A
Wharton’s Duct
6
Q
Produce a serous, watery secretion (25% total saliva)
A
Parotid Gland
7
Q
Produce a mixed serous and mucous secretion (70% total saliva)
A
Submandibular Gland
8
Q
Secrete a saliva that is predominantly mucous in character (5% total saliva)
A
Sublingual Gland
9
Q
Mucous (slime) is a … called…
A
saccharide glycoprotein called mucin
10
Q
Mucous has … qualities: it contains lysozyme and immunoglobulin’s.
A
antiseptic qualities
11
Q
With its antiseptic molecules and slime, it traps fungi, bacteria and viruses and prevents infections?
A
Mucous
12
Q
The parotid gland produces purely serous saliva, that contains the enzyme ….
A
amylase
13
Q
What percent of saliva is water?
A
99.5%
14
Q
Perform more than one function
A
Multifunctional
15
Q
Performing similar functions to different extents
A
Redundant
16
Q
Performing both good and bad functions
A
Amphifunctional
17
Q
Functional relationship between molecules
A
Complexing
18
Q
What are the Multifunctional glycoproteins?
A
Amylases, Mucins, & Statherins
19
Q
What are the Amphifunctionol glycoproteins?
A
Amylases, Statherins
20
Q
Amylases are amphifunctional; in solution they facilitate clearance of viridian’s streptococci (bugs for caries process), but they also have a detrimental property, which is…
A
When absorbed to the tooth surface, they can promote adherence of these bacteria and digest starch and produce lactic acid
21
Q
What when absorbed to the enamel surface as acquired pellicle, promotes the attachment of cariogenic microorganisms?
A
Statherins
22
Q
What are the two types of complexing?
A
homotypic & heterotypic
23
Q
What complexes are necessary for lubrication and viscoelastic properties?
A
homotypic: Mucins
24
Q
Heterotypic complexes of Mucins with … concentrate these antimicrobials at tissue interfaces.
A
sIgA, lysozyme, & cystatins
25
What Nervous System is in charge of Salivary Control?
Autonomic Nervous System
26
What are the 5 salivary functions?
1. Lubrication & Protection
2. Buffering Action and Clearance
3. Maintenance of Tooth Integrity
4. Antibacterial Activity
5. Taste & Digestion
27
What has the primary role in formation of acquired pellicle; forms a protective coating about hard and sift tissues; concentrates anti-microbial molecules at mucosal interface?
Mucins
28
What is the major buffer in stimulated saliva?
Carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer
29
What is the main action of bicarbonate?
To neutralize acids produced by bacteria when they digest sugars in the mouth or acids from the stomach.
30
What depends largely on the salivary flow rate?
Concentration of the bicarbonate ion
31
What determines saliva pH?
bicarbonate
32
The higher the bicarbonate concentration, the ... the saliva pH? (fights to keep saliva above the critical pH)
higher
33
A high bicarbonate concentration is linked to a high ...
flow rate in stimulated saliva (to keep saliva pH neutral so that the risk of erosion of tooth structure is low)
34
What buffer is active in unstimulated saliva?
Phosphate Buffer
35
Supersaturation of calcium phosphates maintain ...
enamel integrity
36
What prevents precipitation or crystallization of supersaturated calcium phosphate in ductal saliva?
Statherins
37
Iron-binding glycoproteins secreted by the serous cells of the major and minor salivary glands.
Lactoferrin
38
Attacks cell walls of bacteria and hydrolyzes the cell wall.
Lysozymes
39
Produced in the acinar cells of the parotid and submandibular glands but not in the minor salivary glands
Salivary peroxidase
40
S-IgA acts as an antibacterial agent by ...
aggregating bacteria
41
Dryness of the mouth, having a varied etiology, resulting from diminished or arrested salivary secretion; most cases are multi-factorial, related to drug use, head and neck radiation or other systemic conditions; not due to the normal aging process.
Xerostomia
42
Salivary stimulants such as Salagen and Evoxac, mimic ...
Parasympathetic Stimulation
43
Enamel's primary mineral is ...
hydroxyapatite; a crystalline calcium phosphate
44
Acidic dissolution to the mineral phase of HAP
Demineralization
45
Precipitation (addition) to the mineral phase of HAP
Remineralization
46
What is the driving force for dissolution and precipitation of HAP?
pH of the environment
47
At what pH is saliva and plaque fluids are supersaturated with calcium and phosphate in respects to HAP (tooth)
neutral pH
48
At what pH does calcium and phosphate acid dissolution occur to maintain saturation?
at low pH (4.5-5.5)
49
What glycoproteins are in the acquired enamel pellicle?
amylases, mucins, statherins
50
What is the active antimicrobial in OTC Oral Rinses?
thymol
51
A naturally occurring, low-calorie sugar substitute with anticariogenic properties.
Xylitol
52
Short term consumption of xylitol is associated with decreased ...
Streptococcus mutants levels in saliva and plaque
53
Explain how xylitol works.
1. Bacteria are unable to produce lactic acid in the presence of xylitol and as a result the plaque pH does not decrease; prevents demineralization.
2. Hardens the lining of cavities making untreated cavities less sensitive
3. Increases salivary flow which optimizes the pH level
54
The causality of dental caries is multifactorial, you must have what three things to get caries.
1. Susceptible tooth surface
2. Cariogenic bacteria
3. Sustainable carbohydrate diet
55
Produce acid
acidogenic
56
tolerate and continue acid production at low pH
acidduric
57
Clearance patterns of dietary substrate and anticaries agents (fluorides) vary in different locations in the mouth depending on:
1. rate of salivary flow
2. proximity to major salivary gland ducts
3. anatomic considerations
58
What surface is the highest caries risk?
occlusal surfaces of molars
59
What surfaces are the lowest caries risk?
lingual surfaces of mandibular incisors
60
Explain when cavitation occurs.
When an advancing subsurface lesion is allowed to continue causing the outer enamel layer to become weak and/or unsupported and it breaks away.
61
Swallowing fluoride in water or prescribed dietary supplements while teeth are developing/before eruption
Systemic Fluoride
62
Bathe tooth surface after eruption
Topical Fluoride
63
When do you acquire systemic fluoride?
During mineralization stage of tooth development; fluoride is deposited after enamel matrix has been laid, incorporated as FAP.
64
Fluoride is incorporated in enamel beginning at the ...
DEJ
65
Even at low concentrations in saliva, fluoride drives the thermodynamic equilibrium for ...
remineralization by calcium and phosphate from saliva.
66
What are the three mechanisms of action of fluoride?
1. Interferes with microorganisms (reduces ability of plaque organisms to form acid)
2. Reduced solubility of enamel (HAP -> FAP)
3. Seals dentinal tubules to alleviate pain from hypersensitivity
67
Why is Sodium Monofluorophosphate OTC Tooth Paste bad for pets with reduced salivary flow?
it requires an enzymatic activation by a salivary enzyme to release the fluoride.
68
What OTC toothpaste component is used to prevent water loss in the toothpaste?
Humectants
69
What toothpaste ingredients helps reduce gingivitis?
Stannous Fluoride and Triclosan
70
Topical Fluoride treatment is least effective on what surfaces?
Occlusal
71
The art or act of identifying a disease from its signs and symptoms.
Caries diagnosis
72
A measure of the method's ability to correctly identify all surfaces damaged by caries
Sensitivity
73
The measure of correctly identified all sound surfaces
Specificity
74
The probability to develop dental decay or experience a health-status change contributing to caries development over a specific period.
Risk for caries
75
The functional unit of the salivary gland is called a
Salivon
76
It contains a single layer of cells arranged in a grape-like structure called the
acinus
77
The acinus is surrounded by contractile cells called ... that can aid in the expulsion of the freshly secreted saliva.
myoepithelial cells
78
After the acinus cluster produces the original salivary product, it is modified by what cells?
ductal cells
79
Take from the potential saliva and put back into the blood
Reabsorption
80
Take from blood and put into the potential saliva
Secretion
81
Which substances are secreted from the blood into the salivary fluid by the acing cells?
Na, K, Cl, HCO, H2O
82
Which ions are reabsorbed by the ductal cells into the blood?
Na, Cl
83
Which ions are secreted by the ductal cells into the saliva?
K, HCO
84
The ductal cells are impermeable to this molecule?
H2O
85
Basolateral side of epithelium faces ...
blood
86
Apical side of epithelium faces ...
potential saliva
87
In what cells can ion transport occur in a transcellular or paracellular fashion?
Acinar cells
88
In acinar cells primary active transport (Na/K pump) occurs on what side of the epithelium?
Basolateral
89
In acinar cells Simple Diffusion occurs on what side of the epithelium?
Apical
90
The final saliva product produced by the acinar cells is ... to the plasma.
Isotonic
91
The final saliva product produced by the ductal cells is ... to plasma
hypotonic
92
Reabsorption of sodium/chloride is ... than the secretion of potassium/bicarbonate.
greater
93
With an increase in salivary flow rate past the ductal cells the final concentration of sodium would ...
increase
94
With an increase in salivary flow rate past the ductal cells the final concentration of chloride would ...
increase
95
With an increase in salivary flow rate past the ductal cells the final concentration of potassium would ...
decrease
96
With an increase in salivary flow rate past the ductal cells the final concentration of Bicarbonate would ...
increase
97
What is the main controller of saliva concentration?
Parasympathetic Division
98
The SNS may ... mucous secretions, while also decreasing ... secretions due to vasoconstrictions
Stimulate mucous; decrease serous
99
What glycoproteins are involved in Lubrication and Protection?
Mucins, Amylases, & Statherins
