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Preventive Dentistry > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What part of the tooth is alive?

A

dentin and pulp cavity

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2
Q

What surrounds the root of the tooth?

A

cementum

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3
Q

What is the duct of the Parotid Gland?

A

Stensen’s Duct

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4
Q

What is the duct of the Sublingual Gland?

A

Excretory Duct

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5
Q

What is the duct of the Submandibular Gland?

A

Wharton’s Duct

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6
Q

Produce a serous, watery secretion (25% total saliva)

A

Parotid Gland

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7
Q

Produce a mixed serous and mucous secretion (70% total saliva)

A

Submandibular Gland

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8
Q

Secrete a saliva that is predominantly mucous in character (5% total saliva)

A

Sublingual Gland

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9
Q

Mucous (slime) is a … called…

A

saccharide glycoprotein called mucin

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10
Q

Mucous has … qualities: it contains lysozyme and immunoglobulin’s.

A

antiseptic qualities

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11
Q

With its antiseptic molecules and slime, it traps fungi, bacteria and viruses and prevents infections?

A

Mucous

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12
Q

The parotid gland produces purely serous saliva, that contains the enzyme ….

A

amylase

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13
Q

What percent of saliva is water?

A

99.5%

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14
Q

Perform more than one function

A

Multifunctional

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15
Q

Performing similar functions to different extents

A

Redundant

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16
Q

Performing both good and bad functions

A

Amphifunctional

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17
Q

Functional relationship between molecules

A

Complexing

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18
Q

What are the Multifunctional glycoproteins?

A

Amylases, Mucins, & Statherins

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19
Q

What are the Amphifunctionol glycoproteins?

A

Amylases, Statherins

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20
Q

Amylases are amphifunctional; in solution they facilitate clearance of viridian’s streptococci (bugs for caries process), but they also have a detrimental property, which is…

A

When absorbed to the tooth surface, they can promote adherence of these bacteria and digest starch and produce lactic acid

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21
Q

What when absorbed to the enamel surface as acquired pellicle, promotes the attachment of cariogenic microorganisms?

A

Statherins

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22
Q

What are the two types of complexing?

A

homotypic & heterotypic

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23
Q

What complexes are necessary for lubrication and viscoelastic properties?

A

homotypic: Mucins

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24
Q

Heterotypic complexes of Mucins with … concentrate these antimicrobials at tissue interfaces.

A

sIgA, lysozyme, & cystatins

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25
Q

What Nervous System is in charge of Salivary Control?

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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26
Q

What are the 5 salivary functions?

A
  1. Lubrication & Protection
  2. Buffering Action and Clearance
  3. Maintenance of Tooth Integrity
  4. Antibacterial Activity
  5. Taste & Digestion
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27
Q

What has the primary role in formation of acquired pellicle; forms a protective coating about hard and sift tissues; concentrates anti-microbial molecules at mucosal interface?

A

Mucins

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28
Q

What is the major buffer in stimulated saliva?

A

Carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer

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29
Q

What is the main action of bicarbonate?

A

To neutralize acids produced by bacteria when they digest sugars in the mouth or acids from the stomach.

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30
Q

What depends largely on the salivary flow rate?

A

Concentration of the bicarbonate ion

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31
Q

What determines saliva pH?

A

bicarbonate

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32
Q

The higher the bicarbonate concentration, the … the saliva pH? (fights to keep saliva above the critical pH)

A

higher

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33
Q

A high bicarbonate concentration is linked to a high …

A

flow rate in stimulated saliva (to keep saliva pH neutral so that the risk of erosion of tooth structure is low)

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34
Q

What buffer is active in unstimulated saliva?

A

Phosphate Buffer

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35
Q

Supersaturation of calcium phosphates maintain …

A

enamel integrity

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36
Q

What prevents precipitation or crystallization of supersaturated calcium phosphate in ductal saliva?

A

Statherins

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37
Q

Iron-binding glycoproteins secreted by the serous cells of the major and minor salivary glands.

A

Lactoferrin

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38
Q

Attacks cell walls of bacteria and hydrolyzes the cell wall.

A

Lysozymes

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39
Q

Produced in the acinar cells of the parotid and submandibular glands but not in the minor salivary glands

A

Salivary peroxidase

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40
Q

S-IgA acts as an antibacterial agent by …

A

aggregating bacteria

41
Q

Dryness of the mouth, having a varied etiology, resulting from diminished or arrested salivary secretion; most cases are multi-factorial, related to drug use, head and neck radiation or other systemic conditions; not due to the normal aging process.

A

Xerostomia

42
Q

Salivary stimulants such as Salagen and Evoxac, mimic …

A

Parasympathetic Stimulation

43
Q

Enamel’s primary mineral is …

A

hydroxyapatite; a crystalline calcium phosphate

44
Q

Acidic dissolution to the mineral phase of HAP

A

Demineralization

45
Q

Precipitation (addition) to the mineral phase of HAP

A

Remineralization

46
Q

What is the driving force for dissolution and precipitation of HAP?

A

pH of the environment

47
Q

At what pH is saliva and plaque fluids are supersaturated with calcium and phosphate in respects to HAP (tooth)

A

neutral pH

48
Q

At what pH does calcium and phosphate acid dissolution occur to maintain saturation?

A

at low pH (4.5-5.5)

49
Q

What glycoproteins are in the acquired enamel pellicle?

A

amylases, mucins, statherins

50
Q

What is the active antimicrobial in OTC Oral Rinses?

A

thymol

51
Q

A naturally occurring, low-calorie sugar substitute with anticariogenic properties.

A

Xylitol

52
Q

Short term consumption of xylitol is associated with decreased …

A

Streptococcus mutants levels in saliva and plaque

53
Q

Explain how xylitol works.

A
  1. Bacteria are unable to produce lactic acid in the presence of xylitol and as a result the plaque pH does not decrease; prevents demineralization.
  2. Hardens the lining of cavities making untreated cavities less sensitive
  3. Increases salivary flow which optimizes the pH level
54
Q

The causality of dental caries is multifactorial, you must have what three things to get caries.

A
  1. Susceptible tooth surface
  2. Cariogenic bacteria
  3. Sustainable carbohydrate diet
55
Q

Produce acid

A

acidogenic

56
Q

tolerate and continue acid production at low pH

A

acidduric

57
Q

Clearance patterns of dietary substrate and anticaries agents (fluorides) vary in different locations in the mouth depending on:

A
  1. rate of salivary flow
  2. proximity to major salivary gland ducts
  3. anatomic considerations
58
Q

What surface is the highest caries risk?

A

occlusal surfaces of molars

59
Q

What surfaces are the lowest caries risk?

A

lingual surfaces of mandibular incisors

60
Q

Explain when cavitation occurs.

A

When an advancing subsurface lesion is allowed to continue causing the outer enamel layer to become weak and/or unsupported and it breaks away.

61
Q

Swallowing fluoride in water or prescribed dietary supplements while teeth are developing/before eruption

A

Systemic Fluoride

62
Q

Bathe tooth surface after eruption

A

Topical Fluoride

63
Q

When do you acquire systemic fluoride?

A

During mineralization stage of tooth development; fluoride is deposited after enamel matrix has been laid, incorporated as FAP.

64
Q

Fluoride is incorporated in enamel beginning at the …

A

DEJ

65
Q

Even at low concentrations in saliva, fluoride drives the thermodynamic equilibrium for …

A

remineralization by calcium and phosphate from saliva.

66
Q

What are the three mechanisms of action of fluoride?

A
  1. Interferes with microorganisms (reduces ability of plaque organisms to form acid)
  2. Reduced solubility of enamel (HAP -> FAP)
  3. Seals dentinal tubules to alleviate pain from hypersensitivity
67
Q

Why is Sodium Monofluorophosphate OTC Tooth Paste bad for pets with reduced salivary flow?

A

it requires an enzymatic activation by a salivary enzyme to release the fluoride.

68
Q

What OTC toothpaste component is used to prevent water loss in the toothpaste?

A

Humectants

69
Q

What toothpaste ingredients helps reduce gingivitis?

A

Stannous Fluoride and Triclosan

70
Q

Topical Fluoride treatment is least effective on what surfaces?

A

Occlusal

71
Q

The art or act of identifying a disease from its signs and symptoms.

A

Caries diagnosis

72
Q

A measure of the method’s ability to correctly identify all surfaces damaged by caries

A

Sensitivity

73
Q

The measure of correctly identified all sound surfaces

A

Specificity

74
Q

The probability to develop dental decay or experience a health-status change contributing to caries development over a specific period.

A

Risk for caries

75
Q

The functional unit of the salivary gland is called a

A

Salivon

76
Q

It contains a single layer of cells arranged in a grape-like structure called the

A

acinus

77
Q

The acinus is surrounded by contractile cells called … that can aid in the expulsion of the freshly secreted saliva.

A

myoepithelial cells

78
Q

After the acinus cluster produces the original salivary product, it is modified by what cells?

A

ductal cells

79
Q

Take from the potential saliva and put back into the blood

A

Reabsorption

80
Q

Take from blood and put into the potential saliva

A

Secretion

81
Q

Which substances are secreted from the blood into the salivary fluid by the acing cells?

A

Na, K, Cl, HCO, H2O

82
Q

Which ions are reabsorbed by the ductal cells into the blood?

A

Na, Cl

83
Q

Which ions are secreted by the ductal cells into the saliva?

A

K, HCO

84
Q

The ductal cells are impermeable to this molecule?

A

H2O

85
Q

Basolateral side of epithelium faces …

A

blood

86
Q

Apical side of epithelium faces …

A

potential saliva

87
Q

In what cells can ion transport occur in a transcellular or paracellular fashion?

A

Acinar cells

88
Q

In acinar cells primary active transport (Na/K pump) occurs on what side of the epithelium?

A

Basolateral

89
Q

In acinar cells Simple Diffusion occurs on what side of the epithelium?

A

Apical

90
Q

The final saliva product produced by the acinar cells is … to the plasma.

A

Isotonic

91
Q

The final saliva product produced by the ductal cells is … to plasma

A

hypotonic

92
Q

Reabsorption of sodium/chloride is … than the secretion of potassium/bicarbonate.

A

greater

93
Q

With an increase in salivary flow rate past the ductal cells the final concentration of sodium would …

A

increase

94
Q

With an increase in salivary flow rate past the ductal cells the final concentration of chloride would …

A

increase

95
Q

With an increase in salivary flow rate past the ductal cells the final concentration of potassium would …

A

decrease

96
Q

With an increase in salivary flow rate past the ductal cells the final concentration of Bicarbonate would …

A

increase

97
Q

What is the main controller of saliva concentration?

A

Parasympathetic Division

98
Q

The SNS may … mucous secretions, while also decreasing … secretions due to vasoconstrictions

A

Stimulate mucous; decrease serous

99
Q

What glycoproteins are involved in Lubrication and Protection?

A

Mucins, Amylases, & Statherins

Preventive Dentistry (2 decks)

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