Final Exam Flashcards
(220 cards)
1
Q
Hip Joint- Articulation/Nerve Supply
A
Head of femur with acetabulum of pelvis -Femoral, Obturator, Sciatic nerves
2
Q
Hip Joint- Ligaments
A
-Transverse Acetabular, Iliofemoral, Pubofemoral, Ischiofemoral, Capitis Femoris
3
Q
Transverse Acetabular Ligament
A
-Intrinsic -Converts acetabular notch into acetabular tunnel
4
Q
Iliofemoral Ligament
A
- Anterior inferior iliac spine to intertrochanteric line -Allows upright standing -When bending backward, anterior hip and abdominal muscles assist -When bending forward, gluteal, hamstring, and spinal muscles assist
- Extrinsic rope
5
Q
Pubofemoral Ligament
A
- Superior ramus of pubis to intertrochanteric line -Reinforces capsule -Prevents abduction
- Extrinsic rope
6
Q
Ischiofemoral Ligament
A
- Body of ischium to neck and greater trochanter of femur -Reinforces the capsule -Prevents hyperextension and abduction
- Extrinsic rope
7
Q
Capitis Femors Ligament
A
- Conduct blood vessels to head of femur
- Weak intrinsic
8
Q
Hip Joint- Clinical List
A
Developmental Dysplasia (congenital dislocation) -Acqured/traumatic dislocation
9
Q
Developmental Dysplasia- Details
A
- Hip joints are found to be normal at birth can be abnormal later. Majority of children with the condition have ligamentous laxity. Majority of infants were in breech position
- Symptoms-Pain, abnormal gait, unequal leg length, osteoarthritis, twisting of femur (femoral anteversion), contracture of hip muscles
10
Q
Acquired/ Traumatic Dislocation- Details
A
- Posterior dislocation most common, head of femur results on the ilium-tear capsular ligament, may compromise sciatic nerve
- Anterior dislocation, head of femur results in obturator foramen, may compromise obturator nerve
11
Q
Knee Joint-Articulation/Nerve Supply
A
Femur, Tibia, Patella -3 Separate joints become continuous to form the joint cavity (patella/femur, lateral condyles of femur/tibia, medial condyles of femur/tibia) -Articulating surfaces of tibial condyles called lateral and medial tibial plateaus
-Femoral, Obturator, Common fibular, tibial nerves
12
Q
Knee Joint- Ligaments
A
-Capsular (Extrinsic): Ligamentum Patella, Lateral (fibular) collateral, Medial (tibial) collateral, Oblique and arcuate popliteal
Intrinsic: Anterior Cruciate, Posterior Cruciate, Medial Meniscus, Lateral Meniscus, Coronary Ligaments, Transverse Ligament of the Knee
13
Q
Capsular Ligament- Details
A
-Several openings for bursase (subcutaneous prepatellar, subcutaneous infrapatellar, deep infrapatellar, suprapatellar)
14
Q
Ligamentum Patella- Details
A
-Apex of patella to tibial tubercle -Maintains alignment of patella relative to articular surface of femur
15
Q
Lateral (fibular) Collateral Ligament- Details
A
-Lateral epicondyle of femur to head of fibula -Extrinsic wall -Prevents lateral movement (abduction)
16
Q
Medial (tibial) Collateral Ligament- Details
A
-Medial epicondyle of femur to medial side of the tibia, just inferior to medial condyle -Extrinsic wall -Prevents medial movement (adduction)
17
Q
Oblique and Arcuate Popliteal Ligaments- Details
A
-Posterior aspect of joint - Extrinsic walls -Prevent hyperextension
18
Q
Anterior Cruciate Ligament- Details
A
Weaker of the two cruciate ligaments -lateral condyle of femur to anterior intercondylar area of tibia -Intrinsic rope -prevent anterior displacement of tibia
19
Q
Posterior Cruciate Ligament- Details
A
-Stronger of cruciate ligaments -Medial condyle of femur to intercondylar area of tibia -Intrinsic rope -Prevents posterior displacement of femur
20
Q
Menisci/Semilunar Cartilages- Details
A
-Good blood supply from birth to 18 months -vascular supply diminishes with age -Nutrition supplied by synovial fluid
21
Q
Menisci/Semilunar Cartilages- Functions
A
-Deepen articulating surfac, shock absorber, mechanoreceptor (type of proprioceptor) to increase positional sense of knee joint
22
Q
Medial Meniscus- Details
A
-“C” shaped and firmly attached to tibial collateral ligament -Less mobile on the surface of tibia
23
Q
Lateral Meniscus- Details
A
-Nearly circular in shape and smaller than medial meniscus -More freely movable on the surface of tibia
24
Q
Coronary Ligaments- Details
A
-Associated with menisci -Portion of the joint capsular ligament which attaches to the edge of the menisci and helps to hold them in place
25
Transverse Ligament of the Knee- Details
Joins the anterior edges of the medial and lateral menisci and allows them to work together
26
Movements of Knee Joint- Clinical Notes
Knees "lock" to provide better stability when standing. Popliteus muscle must unlock the knee by rotating the tibia medially to allow flexion
27
Knee Bursitis- List
- Prepatellar (Housemaid's) Bursitis
- Subcutaneous Infrapatellar Bursitis
- Suprapatellar Bursitis
28
Prepatellar (Housemaid's) Bursitis- Details
Caused by friction between skin and patella
29
Subcutaneous Infrapatellar Bursitis- Details
Caused by friction between skin and tibial tubercle
30
Suprapatellar Bursitis- Details
- Caused by bacteria from an abrasion or penetrating wound
- Due to bursa being continuous with synovial sheath, infection may spread to joint
31
Ligament Sprains-Details
-Very common -Unhappy Triad-Blow to the lateral aspect of the joint while it is in weight bearing that can cause damage to the medial collateral, anterior cruciate and medial meniscus
32
Damage to Medial Collateral Ligament- Details
-Most commonly injured ligament in joint -Can occur to lateral blow or rotational forces
33
Damage to Medial Meniscus- Details
-More vulnerable to injury than lateral meniscus -Symptoms- "Clicking," locking up, pain while ascending stairs -Osteoarthritis results from menisci damage and removal
34
Damage to Anterior Cruciate Ligament- Details
-Damaged in sports with twisting/jumping -Sign as injury occurs, pop and knee "gives out" -Results in positive anterior drawer test (tibia can be pulled excessively forward)
35
Damage to Posterior Cruciate Ligament- Details
-Less commonly injured than anterior cruciate -Results in positive posterior drawer test (tibia can be pulled excessively backward)
36
Knee Replacements- Details
- Replace diseased portions of femur/tibia
- Criteria-Pain can't be controlled or physically disabled
- Lifespan about 15-20 years
37
Tibia-Articulation
- Proximal- Condyle of femur and head of fibula
- Distal- Talus and distal end of fibula
38
Tibia- Ossification
-1 primary -3 secondary
39
Osgood-Schlatter's Disease
-Apophyseal injury (traction apophysitis) -Disruption of epiphyseal plate of tibial tuberosity due to running/jumping sports
40
Fibula-Articulation
Tibia and Talus
41
Fibula Ossification
1 primary, 2 secondary
42
Fractures of Tibia- Details
-Bumper fracture -Often damaged along medial aspect -Relatively poor blood supply leads to long recovery
43
Fracture of Fibula- Details
-Usually fractures proximal to lateral malleolus -May lead to common fibular nerve damage
44
Calcaneus- Articulation
- Superior-Talus
- Anterior-Cuboid
45
Calcaneal Tuberosity
46
Fibular Trochlea
47
Sustentaculum Tali
48
Calcaneal Sulcus
49
Talus-Articulation
-Superior-Tibia and Fibula -Inferior- Calcaneus -Anterior-Navicular
50
Subtalar Joint
Talus and Calcaneus
51
Talus- Head, Neck and Body
52
Os Trigonum
Secondary ossification of talus of lateral tubercle -Common in teenage soccer players/ballet dancers
53
Navicular Tuberosity
54
Cuboid
.
55
Cuneiform Bones
56
Ossification of Tarsal Bones- Order
Calcaneus (only tarsal bone with secondary center), Talus, Cuboid, 1st cuneiform, 2nd cuneiform, 3rd cuneiform, Navicular
57
Fracture of Talus
-Occur in neck during severe dorsifexion -Blood supply may be compromised (avascular necrosis) of head of talus
58
Fracture of Calcaneus
-Occur from hard fall on tuberosity -May disrupt subtalar joint
59
Stress Fracture-Details
- Hairline fractures appear without soft tissue damage
- Commonly found on; shaft of tibia, metatarsal 2-4, navicular bone -2 types; Sudden increase in level of activity, and pathological (result of osteoporosis, drugs, etc)
60
Fascia of the Leg (Crural Fascia)
- Superior and inferior extensor retinacula (Anterior)
- Fibular retinaculum (Lateral)
- Flexor retinaculum (posterior)
61
Interosseous Membrane- Functions
-Serves as an attachment for muscles -Stabilizes the tibia and fibula
62
Medial Longitudinal Arch
63
Lateral longitudinal Arch
64
Transverse Arch
65
Tibialis Anterior- Origins
-Shaft of tibia -Interosseous membrane
66
Tibialis Anterior- Insertions
-Medial cuneiform -First Metatarsal
67
Tibialis Anterior- Actions
-Dorsiflex foot -Inversion of foot -Supports the medial longitudinal arch
68
Tibialis Anterior- Nerve Supply
Deep Fibular
69
Extensor Digitorum Longus- Origins
-Lateral condyle of tibia -Shaft of tibia -Interosseous Membrane
70
Extensor Digitorum Longus- Insertion
Distal phalanges 2-5
71
Extensor Digitorum Longus- Actions
-Dorsiflex foot -Extension of digits 2-5
72
Extensor Digitorum Longus- Nerve Supply
Deep Fibular
73
Fibularis Tertius- Origin
Shaft of fibula
74
Fibularis Tertius- Insertion
5th metatarsal
75
Fibularis Tertius- Actions
-Dorsiflex foot -Eversion of foot
76
Fibularis Tertius- Nerve Supply
Deep Fibular
77
Extensor Hallucis Longus- Origins
-Shaft of fibula -Interosseous membrane
78
Extensor Hallucis Longus- Insertion
Distal phalanx 1
79
Extensor Hallucis Longus- Actions
-Extend digit 1 -Dorsiflex foot
80
Extensor Hallucis Longus- Nerve Supply
Deep Fibular
81
External Compartment Syndrome (ECS)
-Increased pressure within myofascial compartment leads to ischemia -Ant/deep post muscles swell and are painful/tender -Causes-Sudden increases in intensity and duration of exercise, more time spent on hard surfaces, shoes
82
Shin Splints
-Pain along medial aspect of tibia -AKA medial tibial stress syndrome MTSS
83
Common Fibular Nerve- Details
-Fibers from L4-S2 -Divides to superficial and deep fibular nerve -branches- Sural communicating (joins sural branch of tibial), Lateral sural cutaneous, articular -Most commonly injured nerve in lower extremity
84
Common Fibular Nerve-Common causes of Injuries
-Plaster casts -Fractures at proximal end of fibula -Prolonged kneeling/squatting -Prolonged kneeling with cross legs -Stretched when knee joint is injured
85
Result of Injury to Common Fibular Nerve
-All anterior and lateral leg muscle may be involved -Loss of dorsal flexion of the foot causing foot drop -Loss of eversion of the foot -Loss of extension of the toes -Diminished foot inversion -Loss of sensation over the dorsum of the foot and lateral aspect of the leg
86
Deep Fibular Nerve- Details
-Fibers from L4-S1 -Terminates via medial and lateral branch -Branches-Muscular-ant compartment of leg and dorsum of foot, articular-inferior tibiofibular/ankle joint, cutaneous-skin at the webspace between 1st/2nd digits
87
Deep Fibular Nerve- Clinical Notes
Ski Boot Syndrome- motor –Loss of dorsiflexion of foot and extension of toes, diminished inversion of foot Sensory- Loss of sensation to skin in the webspace between digits one and two
88
Anterior Tibial Artery
-Terminal branch of popliteal artery -Passes through interosseous membrane -Becomes dorsal pedis artery
89
Fibularis Longus- Origin
Shaft and head of the fibula
90
Fibularis Longus- Insertions
-Medial cuneiform -First metatarsal
91
Fibularis Longus- Actions
- Eversion of foot
- Plantarflex foot
- Support lateral longitudinal and transverse arch
92
Fibularis Longus- Nerve Supply
Superficial fibular nerve
93
Fibularis Brevis- Origin
-Shaft of fibula
94
Fibularis Brevis- Insertion
Fifth metatarsal
95
Fibularis Brevis- Actions
- Eversion of foot
- Plantarflex foot
- Support lateral longitudinal arch
96
Fibularis Brevis-Nerve Supply
Superficial Fibular Nerve
97
Superficial Fibular Nerve- Details
Fibers from L4, L5, S1
- Motor-fibularis longus and brevis
- Cutaneous- skin of the distal part of the anterior leg and the dorsum of the foot
98
Vascular Supply of Lateral Leg
-No vessels in lateral compartment, supply from anterior tibial artery and fibular branch of posterior tibial artery
99
Gastrocnemius- Origin
Lateral and medial epicondyles of femur
100
Gastrocnemius- Insertion
Tuberosity of calcaneus
101
Fabella
Sesamoid bone imbedded in lateral head of gastrocnemius that articulates with the lateral condyle of the femur
102
Soleus- Origin
- Soleal line of tibia
- Head and shaft of fibula
103
Soleus- Insertion
Tuberosity of calcneus
104
Gastrocnemius/Soleus- Actions
- Plantarfelx foot
- Invert foot
- Stabilize andkle joint
105
Gastrocnemius/Soleus- Never Supply
Tibial Nerve
106
Calf Muscles- Clinical List
- Achilles Tendonitis
- Rupture of Achilles tendon
- Calcaneal tendon reflex
- Wearing high healed shoes
107
Achilles Tendonitis
- Due to microscipic tears
- Repetitive activities with plantarflexion
- Contributing factors: Inappropriate footwear, sudden increases/changes in acivity levels, running on steeply inclined terrain
108
Rupture of Tendon Calcaneus
- Often occurs in people with chronic tendonitis
- Audible snap and intense pain
- Difficulty plantarflexing foot
109
Calcaneal Tendon Reflex
Precussion hammer strikes achilles tendon and foot plantarflexes, tests S1 and S2
110
Wearing High Heeled Shoes
Contracture develops over time while wearing shoes
111
Plantaris- Origin
Lateral supracondylar line (ridge) of femur
112
Plantaris- Insertion
Tuberosity of calcaneus
113
Plantaris- Actions
Invert foot
Plantarflex foot
114
Plantaris- Nerve Supply
Tibial Nerve
115
Popliteus- Origin
Lateral Epicondyle of femur
116
Popliteus- Insertion
Shaft of tibia
117
Popliteus- Actions
- Medially rotates the tibia
- Stabilize the knee joint by preventing hyperextension
118
Popliteus- Nerve Supply
Tibial
119
Flexor Digitorum Longus- Origin
Shaft of the tibia
120
Flexor Digitorum Longus- Insertion
Distal phalanges of digits 2-5
121
Flexor Digitorum Longus- Actions
- Flex digits 2-5
- plantarflex foot
- Support medial and lateral longitudinal arches of the foot
122
Flexor Digitorum Longus- Nerve Supply
Tibial
123
Flexor Hallucis Longus- Origins
- Shaft of the fibula
- interosseous membrane
124
Flexor Hallucis Longus- Insertion
Distal phalanx of digit one
125
Flexor Hallucis Longus- Actions
- Flex Digit 1
- Plantarflex foot
- Invert foot
- Support medial longitudinal arch of foot
126
Flexor Hallucis Longus- Nerve Supply
Tibial
127
Tibialis Posterior- Origins
- Shaft of fibula and tibia
- Interosseous membrane
128
Tibialis Posterior- Insertion
- Navicular
- Cuneiforms
- Cubiod
- 2-4 metatarsals
129
Tibialis Posterior- Actions
- Invert foot
- Plantarflex foot
- Support medial longitudinal arch
130
Tibialis Posterior- Nerve Supply
Tibial
131
Tibial Nerve- Details
- Branches from L4-S3
- Divides into medial/lateral plantar nerves
- Motor Supply-Posterior Leg muscles
- Cutaneous- Sural and medial calcaneal branches-posterior leg, lateral plantar and calcaneal tuberosity surfaces
- Articular supply-Knee and Ankle joints
132
Damage to Tibial Nerve- Clinical Notes
- Damage uncommon due to location but symptoms include; Unable to flex toes, weakened plantarflexion, weakened inversion of foot
- Not total loss due to fibularis longus/brevis being able to plantarflex and tibialis anterior beign able to invert foot
133
Posterior Tibial Artery- Details
- Divides into medial/lateral plantar arteries in plantar surface
- Fibular Artery- Most important branch- Supplies muscles in deep posterior/lateral comparments and fibula
134
Peripheral Arterial Disease
| (Intermittent Claudication)
- Narrowing of posterior tibial artery/branches
- Absence/diminished pulse may signify this condition
- May have signs of leg cramping after walking
- High chance of heart attack due to plaque build up throughout the body
135
Superior (proximal) Tibiofibular Joint- Articulation
Head of fibula with fibular articular facet (on lateral condyle of tibia)
136
Superior (proximal) Tibiofibular Joint- Classification and Nerve Supply
- Plane Gliding
- Common fibular Nerve
137
Superior (proximal) Tibiofibular Joint- Ligament List
- Anterior and Posterior Tibiofibular
- Interosseous Membrane
138
Inferior (proximal) Tibiofibular Joint- Articulation
Fibular notch of tibia and lateral malleolar facet of tibia
139
Inferior (proximal) Tibiofibular Joint- Classification and Nerve Supply
- Syndesmosis
- Deep fibular and Tibial nerves
140
Inferior (proximal) Tibiofibular Joint- Ligament List
- Anterior and Poster Tibiofibular
- Interosseous Membrane
141
Ankle Joint (Talocrural)- Articulation
-Distal end of tibia, lateral malleolar fossa of fibula, and body of talus
142
Ankle Joint (Talocrural)- Classification and Nerve Supply
- Ginglymus
- Deep Fibular and Tibial Nerves
143
Mortise
Term used to describe the articulating surfaces of tibia, fibula, and talus
144
Ankle Joint (Talocrural)- Ligament List
Deltoid (medial) Ligament-4 parts-Anterior tibiotalar, tibionavicular, tibiocalcaneal, posterior tibiotalar
Lateral Ligaments-3 parts- Anterior talofibular, calcaneofibular, posterior talofibular
145
Sprained Ankle
- Most frequently injured joint
- Anterior talofibular most commonly damaged ligament, calcaneofibular may be injured too
- Inversion type of injury
146
Pott's Fracture (Fracture Dislocation of the Ankle)
- Occurs when foot is forcibly everted
- Foot caught or held tight while leg continues to internally rotate
- Results in: Tearing of deltoid ligament, Avulsion fracture of medial malleolus, Fracture of shaft of tibia, fracture of lateral malleolus
147
Function of the Feet
- Support body weight
- Provides leverage for locomotion
- Serves as a spring to absorb shock
148
Retinacula of the foot- List
- Superior and inferior extensor retinacula
- Fibular retinaculum
- Flexor retinaculum
149
Superior and Inferior Extensor Retinacula- Details
Anterior aspect of ankle, holds tendons of anterior leg muscles, anterior tibial vessels and deep fibular nerve in place
150
Fibular Retinculum-Details
Holds tendons of lateral leg muscles and motor branches of superficial fibular nerve in place
151
Flexor Retinaculum- Details
Medial aspect of ankle, holds tendons of deep posterior leg muscles, posterior tibial blood vessels, and tibial nerves in place
152
Plantar Aponeurosis- Functions
- Holds parts of the foot together
- Help protect the plantar surface of the foot from injury
- Helps support the longitudinal arches
153
Plantar Fascitis
- Overuse injury of plantar aponeurosis, becomes stretched and tiny tears develop in aponeurosis
- Pain most obvious during first step in the morning
154
Extensor Digitorum Brevis- Origin
Calcaneus
155
Extensor Digitorum Brevis- Insertion
Tendons of extensor digitorum longus of digits 2-4
156
Extensor Digitorum Brevis- Action
Extend digits 2-4
157
Extensor Digitorum Brevis- Nerve Supply
Deep Fibular Nerve
158
Extensor Hallucis Brevis- Origin
Calcaneus
159
Extensor Hallucis Brevis- Insertion
Proximal Phalanx of digit 1
160
Extensor Hallucis Brevis- Action
Extend digit 1
161
Extensor Hallucis Brevis- Nerve Supply
Deep Fibular Nerve
162
Abductor Digiti Minimi- Origin
Calcaneus
163
Abductor Digiti Minimi- Insertion
Proximal Phalanx of digit 5
164
Abductor Digiti Minimi- Actions
Abduct digit 5, Support lateral longitudinal arch
165
Abductor Digiti Minimi- Nerve Supply
Lateral Plantar
166
Abductor Hallucis- Origin
Calcaneus
167
Abductor Hallucis- Insertion
Proximal Phalanx of digit 1
168
Abductor Hallucis- Action
Abduct digit 1, support medial longitudinal arch
169
Abductor Hallucis- Nerve Supply
Medial Plantar
170
Flexor digitorum Brevis- Origin
Calcaneus
171
Flexor digitorum Brevis- Insertion
Middle phalanges of digits 2-5
172
Flexor digitorum Brevis- Actions
Flex digits 2-5, Support medial and lateral longitudinal arch
173
Flexor digitorum Brevis- Nerve Supply
Medial Plantar
174
Lumbricals- Origin
Tendons of flexor digitorum longus
175
Lumbricals- Insertions
- Tendons of the extensor digitorum longus
- Proximal phalanx of digits 2-5
176
Lumbricals- Actions
- Flex MP joint of digits 2-5
- Extend IP joint of digits 2-5
177
Lumbricals- Nerve Supply
1st lumbrical by medial plantar nerve, 2nd-4th lumbrical by lateral plantar nerve
178
Quadratus Plantae- Origin
Calcaneus
179
Quadratus Plantae- Insertion
Tendon of flexor digitorum longus
180
Quadratus Plantae- Action
Flex digits 2-5
181
Quadratus Plantae- Nerve Supply
Lateral plantar
182
Adductor Hallucis- Origin
Oblique-2-4 metatarsals, tendon of fibularis longus
Transverse- Plantar ligaments of lateral MP joints
183
Adductor Hallucis- Insertion
Proximal Phalanx of digit 1
184
Adductor Hallucis- Actions
Adducts digit 1, Flex digit 1, supports transverse arch
185
Adductor Hallucis- Nerve Supply
Lateral Plantar
186
Flexor Digiti Minimi- Origins
Cuboid, 5th Metatarsal, tendon of fibularis longus
187
Flexor Digiti Minimi- Insertion
Proximal phalanx of digit 5
188
Flexor Digiti Minimi- Action
Flex Digit 5
189
Flexor Digiti Minimi- Nerve Supply
Lateral Plantar
190
Flexor Hallucis Brevis- Origin
Cuboid, cuneiforms
191
Flexor Hallucis Brevis- Insertion
Proximal phalanx of digit 1
192
Flexor Hallucis Brevis- Actions
Flex digit 1, support medial longitudinal arch
193
Flexor Hallucis Brevis- Nerve Supply
Medial Plantar
194
Layer 4 of the foot
Interosseous muscles, tendons of fibularis longus and tibialis posterior muscles
-Supplied by Lateral plantar nerve
195
Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome (Jogger's Foot)
- Tibial and/or medial plantar nerve compressed as they pass through flexor retinaculum
- Symptoms-paresthesia/numbness
- Causes-Trauma, hypertrophy of dep posterior leg muscles, individuals with flat feet
196
Plantar Nerve Reflex
L4, L5, S1, S2
- Lateral aspect of plantar foot is stroked with blunt object from calcaneus crossing to digit one
- Expected response to test is flexion of all digits
- Positive response (bad sign) if babinski response occurs after 2 years of age
197
Babinski Response
- Digit 1 extends and 2-5 abduct to plantar nerve reflex
- Signifies pathology of nervous system after 2 years of age, but normal in infants
198
Morton's Neuroma (Intermetatarsal or Interdigital Neuroma)
- Plantar nerves are compressed between heads of metatarsals and transverse metatarsal ligaments
- Common between 3rd-4th digits
- Symptoms-Dull cramping or burning sensation
- Common to runners/dancers with tight fitting shoes
199
Vascular Supply of Foot- Details
- Posterior tibial artery divides into medial/plantar artery
- Vessels form plantar arterial arch
- Dorsum of foot supplied by dorsal pedis artery
200
Joints of the foot- List & Details
- Subtalar (talocalcaneal)
- Calcaneocuboid
- Talonavicular
- E/Inversion occurs between these joints, other joints in the foot aren't important, little to no movement occurs between them.
201
Plantar Calcaneonavicular Ligament (Spring Ligament)
- Very strong, running from sustentaculum tali to navicular tuberosity
- Supports medial longitudinal arch
202
Long Plantar Ligament
- Plantar surface of calcaneus to cuboid and base of 3-5 metatarsal
- Supports medial longitudinal arch
203
Plantar Calcaneocuboid (short plantar) Ligament
- Calcaneus to cuboid, located between plantar calcaneonavicular and long plantar ligaments
- Helps maintain medial longitudinal arch
204
Hallux Valgus
- Lateral deviation of first MP joint (first toe overlaps under/over second toe)
- Caused by wearing footwear that is too small
- New bone and bursae develops where foot is rubbing the shoe
- Cause of bunions (inflammation of new bursae) and corns (thickening of keratin)
205
Hallux Rigidis
Sesmoid bone is displaced due to Hallux Valgus causing first and second metatarsals to "lock"
206
Hammer Toe
- Deformity of 2nd/3rd digits due to poorly fitted shoes or hallux valgus
- Hyperextended digits at MP joint and DIP/PIP joints flexed
207
Turf Toe
Hyperextension of MP joint of digit one due to damage to plantar capsular ligament
208
Club Foot (Talipes Equinovarus)
- Only present at birth
- Structural foot defomity of the talus leading to shortening and contracture of muscles/ligaments
- Genetic code of inheritance established
209
Arches of the Foot- Details
In order to carry out functions of the foot, the foot must be: Strong to bear weight, flexible to absorb shock, adaptable to surfaces, act as strong levers to propel locomotion
210
Medial longitudinal Arch- Bones
Calcaneus, Talus, Navicular, Medial Cuneiform, 1st and 2nd metatarsals
211
Lateral longitudinal Arch- Bones
Calcaneus, cuboid, 4th and 5th metatarsals
212
Transverse Arch- Bones
Base of metatarsals, cuboid, and cuneiforms
213
Factors in Maintaining the Arches of the Foot
- Shape of artuclated bones
- Plantar aponeurosis
- Long plantar ligament
- Plantar calcaneocuboid (short plantar) ligament
- Plantar Calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament
214
Dynamic Supports Involved in Maintaining the Arches of the Foot
Longitudinal Arch-Flexor Hallucis and Flexor digitorum longus
-Transverse Arch- Fibularis Longus and tibialis posterior
215
Pes Rectus
- Normal foot with normal arches
- Normal foot print
216
Pes Planus
- Flat foot due to inadequacy in structures concerning longitudinal arch
- Low/No arch
- Flat feet normal until age 2/3 due to adipose deposits in neonates
217
Flexible Flat foot
- Normal with no load bearing, flat with load
- Due to loose/degenerative ligaments
218
Rigid Flat Foot
- Lacks arch even when non-load bearing
- due to bone deformities, possible fusion of tarsal bones
219
Acquired Flat Foot (Fallen Arches)
- Secondary consequence of damage to ligament or atrophy of muscle
- Common in older individuals due to weight gain/arthritis
220
Pes Cavus
Medial longitudinal arch is unduly high
- "Clawfoot" used to describe
- Due to muscle imbalance from conditions such as polio
