Final Exam Flashcards
Define public health
Public health is a role of local, state, and national governments to assure conditions in which people can be healthy.
Public health is concerned with
improving health or preventing illness in a population, and it is usually implemented by a government or a group accountable to a community.
*Responsibility for PH is shared between government, health professionals, and community members.
Population health
refers to a process of addressing the entire range of factors that determine health and is concerned with the entire population, not just ill or high-risk individuals
basic concepts of public health
- focus on disease prevention and health promotion
- all members of a population have a basic need for health
- external environment affects individual’s health
role of pharmacy in public health
- access to medications
- assuring safe and effective medications
- safely using/discarding medications
Ex: Pharmacy students disposing of medications for patients at a health fair.
definition of health promotion
Health Promotion- occurs before exposure while individuals are health (to improve overall health, reduce risks, and increase resistance if exposed) and targets entire populations
definition of disease prevention
Disease Prevention- reduce the risk that individuals will be exposed to a disease or condition that produce a disease; related to exposure and risk factors and targets at-risk individuals
Compare public health, clinical prevention, and clinical treatment
Public Health focuses on health promotion and disease prevention for the POPULATION and interventions that create conditions that promote health.
Clinical Prevention focuses on health promotion and disease prevention for at risk individuals and individual intervention s to undertake activities that will promote health or prevent disease.
Clinical Treatment focuses on at risk individual disease diagnosis and disease treatment for health restoration as well as individual interventions to undertake activities that will modify the disease process or alleviate pain
current pharmacist roles in public health
- provide education (clinical prevention) Ex: medications, disease states, lifestyle issues
- provide educational programs Ex: drug abuse, smoking cessation, diabetes management
- provide counseling on health promotion products Ex: sunscreens, dental hygiene, vitamins
- provide immunizations and health screenings
Pharmacists have responsibilities in PH related to:
- medications and their use Ex: access to medications when there is no 24 hour pharmacy
- above average knowledge and training in health Ex: understanding how fluoride in water reduce cavities
- residents of the community Ex: because they live in the community they know that there are lots of stray dogs around
10 major public health achievements in the 20th century
In the US from 1900-1999
- immunizations
- motor-vehicle safety
- safer workplaces
- control of infectious diseases
- decrease in deaths from coronary heart disease and stroke
- safer and healthier foods
- healthier mothers and babies
- family planning
- fluoridation of drinking water
- recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard
10 major public health achievements in the 21st century
In the US from 2001-2010 (21st century)
- vaccine-preventable diseases
- prevention and control of infectious diseases
- tobacco control
- maternal and infant health
- motor vehicle safety
- CV disease prevention
- occupational safety
- cancer prevention
- childhood lead poisoning prevention
- public health preparedness and response
Compare concerns from history to 21st century
Throughout history, primary concerns of PH were: supplying adequate nutritious and safe food, safe water, safe housing, and controlling infectious disease.
In the 21st century, same concerns still exist due to increased population levels AND additionally, lack of water, climate change, and chronic disease are issues.
core functions of public health in relation to the community
3 main PH function:
- assessment (monitor health, and diagnose/investigate)
- policy development (inform educate and empower, mobilize community partnerships, and develop policies)
- quality assurance (enforce laws, link to/provide care, assure competent workforce, and evaluate)
identify the essential public health services and its focus on community health.
10 essential U.S. PH Services
(DR E DILEMMA)
1. Diagnose and investigate- Health problems and health hazards in the community
2.Research- For new insights and innovative solutions to health-problems
3.Evaluate-Effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-based health services
4.Develop policies and plans- That support individual and community health efforts
5.Inform, educate and empower- People about health issues
6.Link- People to needed personal health services and assure the provision of healthcare when otherwise unavailable
7.Enforce- Laws and requirements that protect health and ensure safety
8.Monitor- Health status to identify and solve community health problems
9.Mobilize- Community partnerships and action to identify and solve health problems
10.Assure- Competent public and personal health care workforce
role of government in public health
HHS (Department of Health and Human Services) *Primary federal agency for PH
Roles:
- sets national priorities for health and PH
- interacts with international partners to promote health
- monitors health of the nation
- supports and funds programs and research
(SIMS)
what the CDC is and what it is responsible for
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (leading national public health institute) is a federal agency under HHS that develops and applies disease control and prevention. The main focuses are infectious disease food borne pathogens environmental health occupational safety and health health promotion injury prevention educational activities designed to improve the health of United States citizens.
WHO and what it does
World Health Organization:
the directing and coordinating authority for health within the United Nations system.
Function:
-provide leadership on important health matters
-partner with other public or private organizations as needed
-shape the research agenda and ensure new knowledge is disseminated
-develop standards, set norms, and monitor implementation
-promote policy options that are ethical and evidence-based
-provide technical support and expertise
-monitor and assess trends in health
-promote change and support the development of its own sustainable institutional capacity
what APHA is and does
American Public Health Association
- support the influx of more pharmacists trained in public health
- urging Congress to have the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services recognize pharmacists as healthcare providers to function in PH capacities and be eligible for reimbursement in such capacities
ecological framework behind public health
Concerned with the environment surrounding the individual as well as the characteristics or behavior of the individual Environment includes: -social surroundings -physical surroundings of the community -state -nation -world (global)
definition of health determinants
The conditions or factors associated with health are known as health determinants.
Depends on the:
-Interaction of the person with their environment
-Internal factors
-External factors
Interaction of person with their environment
Positive interactions result in health or maintenance of health. Negative interactions result in disability and disease
Internal factors
characteristics of the individual (May be inherited or learned, May be physical, social, psychological, or behavioral)
External factors
characteristics of the community where the individual lives and works
(May be physical, social, economic etc.)
Levels of Health Determinants
Health determinants within an ecological framework will be used to guide the discussion of health promotion
- Individual
- Community
- State/National
- Global
Individual Level
(An individual person)
- Physical characteristics
- Socioeconomic status
- Educational attainment
- Psychological Factors
- Behaviors
Community Level
- Economics
- Food Supplies
- Water and sanitation
- Housing
- Physical environment
- Social environment
- Education & social services
- Local government
- Primary Care
State/National Level
- Communication networks
- Government
- Public Health System
- Health insurance and health systems
Global Level
- Communications
- Public health organizations
- Violence
- Global Climate Change
Examples of health determinant levels
Individual-level of education
Community-availability and accessibility of primary health care services
State-laws promulgated by the state legislature to improve health
National-availability of grant programs to improve local services
Global-availability of organizations that can coordinate global responses
5 determinants of health on the individual level
physical
Physical:
- genetic susceptibility to breast cancer
- immunity against specific diseases
- low physical fitness increases back injury risk
5 determinants of health on the individual level
socioeconomic status:SES
SES:
- poverty has been identifies as “greatest single killer’ by WHO
- Lack of economic resources is related to other factors that affect health (ex. adequate nutrition)
5 determinants of health on the individual level
educational attainment
- maternal educational level is strongly related to children’s health
- increased education is related to behaviors that improve health (ex. smoking cessation)
5 determinants of health on the individual level
physiological factors
- childhood abuse or neglect increases likelihood of poor health as an adult
- stress is associated with diseases including cardiovascular disease, cancer, or other chronic diseases