Final Exam Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
subversion of innate immune response (bacteria)
A
- evasion of antimicrobial peptides
- impairment of tracheal clearance
- adhesion and penetration of epithelial barriers
- evasion of phagocytosis
- evasion of complement killing
2
Q
Different ways for bacteria to evade complement killing in innate immune response
A
- activate masking substance
- apply appropriate inhibitors of activation
- cover up target membrane attack complex
- inactivate complement chemotaxin c5a
- activate surface of plasminogen to plasmin and cleave c3b
3
Q
subversion of adaptive immunity (bacteria)
A
- antigenic variation
- apoptosis or lysis of lymphocytes
- inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation
- super antigens
- effects of cytokine expression
- subversion of T regulatory cells
- degradation of immunoglobulins
4
Q
immune evasion strategy by viruses
A
immune avoidance: -avoid exposure -location--intracellular; cell-cell spreading -immunosuppressive viral proteins immune escape: -point mutation -reassortment -recombination
5
Q
immune evasion by parasites
A
antigenic variation molecular mimicry conceal antigen site intracellular location immunosuppression
6
Q
Innate response
A
functions in normal host without prior exposure to invading microbes
7
Q
adaptive response
A
consists of antibody response (humoral) and lymphocyte (cell-mediated) response
-tailored to particular microbial infection and characterized by memory
8
Q
adaptive immunity
A
induced by exposure to an antigen, the response is specific for inducing antigens and immunologic memory is generated
9
Q
innate immunity
A
constitutional factors: genetics, age, metabolic factors, neuroendocrine, environment
natural barriers and normal flora: mechanical (flow of fluid), chemical (sebum, enzymes, lysosome), microbiological (normal flora)
10
Q
IFN (interferon) system - Antiviral defense
A
animal models
treatment with anti-IFN Ab
defective IFN response
abrogation of IFN-alpha/beta
11
Q
Cell type involved in defense against microbes
A
phagocytic cells
lymphocytes
Natural Killer cells
12
Q
phagocytic cells
A
polymorphonuclear neutrophils
mononuclear phagocytes
eosinophils
macrophages
13
Q
Lymphocytes
- B cells
- T cells
A
Antibody producing plasma cells
cell-mediated immune response
help B cells in antibody production
14
Q
Natural Killer cells (NK)
A
kill other rogue cells in non-specific manner
15
Q
Distinguishing infected self from uninfected self: innate immune system
A
pattern recognition receptors -TLRs -RLRs -Complement missing/altered self receptors (NK cells)
16
Q
distinguishing infected self from uninfected self: adaptive immune system
A
antigen presentation (MHC)
antibodies
T cell receptors
17
Q
Adaptive immunity
-Humoral
A
mediated by antibodies secreted by B cells and plasma cells
- Primary
- first time seeing pathogen
- utilize IgM
- weaker response
- takes time to build - Secondary
- shorter lag phase
- greater magnitiude
- class-switched IgG
18
Q
Adaptive immunity
-Cell-mediated
A
inside of the cell, memory specific
-mediated by T-cells and cytokines
~CD8+ T cell function as cytotoxic T lymphocyte (MHC I restricted)
~CD4+ TH1 cells and activated macrophages function DTH (macrophages, NK, neutrophil, eosinophils) (MHC II restricted)
19
Q
Major Histocompatibility complex (MHC)
A
MHC I : on all nucleated cells, +APCs T cell-mediated toxicity
MHC II : only B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells; T cell-mediated helper
20
Q
Epitopes
A
Antigen determinants
21
Q
Paratopes
A
antibodys
BCRs
TCRs
22
Q
Endogenous Ag
A
intracellular pathogen
synthesized in cytosol and degraded by proteasomes in cytosolic pathway
MHC I
23
Q
Exogenous Ag
A
processed in endosomes
macrophages engulfs and degrades bacterium, producing peptide
-peptides bound by MHC II then peptides transported by MHC II to surface
–TH1 cell recognizes complex of peptide antigen with MHC II and activate macrophages
24
Q
Steps of infection
A
- pathogen adhere to epithelium
- skin wound lets pathogen penetrate
- local infection, innate immunity
- dendritic cells take infection to lymph node and stimulate adaptive immunity
- effector cells and molecules of adaptive immunity travel to infected tissue
25
Dendritic cells
- best APC to activate T cells
| - critical bridge between innate and adaptive immune responses
26
TH1 cells
Helpers for CM1
| -activate cell-mediated immunity by producing cytokines
27
TH2 cells
produce cytokines that promote antibody production
| -helpers for B cells
28
Macrophages
- activate via PRRs binding PAMPs
- activateL IFN gamma from TH1 T cells in DTH reaction
- -critical for control of intra vesicular bacteria
29
Prevention of infectious disease: primary
avoid occurrence of infectious disease
| -health promotion and specific protection
30
prevention of infectious disease: secondary
primary failed and you want to minimize damage after disease has occurred
31
prevention of infectious disease: teriary
primary and secondary failed
- rehab
- livable life goal
32
External farm biosecurity
measure taken to prevent infectious disease from entering or leaving farm
33
Internal farm biosecurity
measures taken to stop the spread of a disease within the farm
34
biosecurity measures
- purchasing policy
- dirty and clean road
- vehicles entering and leaving farm
- people/visitors
- fodder and water
- equipment
- housing and management
- vermin and bird control
- monitoring animal health
- disposal of carcass (burying, composting, burning)
35
decontamination
Sterilization
Disinfection
Antisepsis
36
sterilization
kills everything
37
disinfection
less effective
| eliminate many
38
antisepsis
application of liquid antimicrobial chemical to skin or living tissue to inhibit or destroy microorganisms
39
Veterinary standard precautions
1. hand hygiene
2. personal protective equipment
3. physical restraints
4. sharps safety
5. surgery care and precautions
6. decontamination and disposal of waster
7. vaccine for zoonotic disease
40
Breaking the chain of infection
1. reservoir neutralization
2. reducing contact potential
3. protection of portal of entry
4. increasing host resistance
41
reservoir neutralization
test and slaughter
mass therapy
environment manipulation
42
increasing host resistance
- chemoprophylaxis
- immunization
- -where: endemic areas
- -when: season
- -who: population at risk
- -why: loss caused by disease greater than cost of immunization
43
parasitic diseases
taenia solium
| giardia
44
taenia solium
porcine cysticercosis
human taeniasis
human cysticercosis
neurocysticercosis
Reservoir: primary-people intermediate-pigs
transmission: eat under cooked pork, contaminated feed for pigs
Prevention: meat inspection, cook properly
hygiene, sewage management, target reservoir
45
Giardiasis
Reservoir: many species
Transmission: consuming cysts, water most common, surface contamination of food
Prevention: water treatment, sewage treatment, wash or peel veggies and fruits
46
Viral diseases
rabies
| hantavirus
47
Rabies
All reservoirs are vector but not all vectors are reservoirs
-surveillance
~reduce animal reservoir: vaccination of domestic and wild animal and control feral animal populations
~reduce human risk: post-exposure procedures, vaccinate at risk individuals, education to reduce exposure risk
48
hantavirus
rodents are the reservoir and usually asymptomatic
Transmission: aerosol and bite
fever, chills, myalgia, headache
49
Bacterial diseases
Anthrax
| brucellosis
50
Anthrax
spore forming bacterium
affect most mammal species
cattle mainly
Post-mortem signs: blood not clotted, spores in blood on microscopy, rapid bloating, lack of rigor mortis, blood from orifices
51
Brucellosis
1. brucella melitensis: most pathogenic for people
2. brucella abortus: more pathogenic in people
Transmission: ingestion, mucous membrane exposure, or percutaneous inoculation
Prevent: eliminate animal reservoir
52
Vector Borne diseases
Borreliosis
| West nile disease
53
Borreliosis
two groups: lyme disease type from hard ticks and relapsing fever type from soft ticks
avoid contact with ticks, tick repellants
54
west nile
maintained in a moquito-bird-mosquito cycle
Transmission: bite of infected mosquito
or blood borne infection, lab exposure and breast milk
most people are symptomatic
55
serovar
strain within a species with distincitive antigenic properties; further characterization of species
56
symbiosis
neutral, antagonistic or synergistic relationship between two dissimilar organisms living in close association with each other
57
mutualism
mutually beneficial relationship between two species (+/+)
58
commensalism
(+/0) relationship between two species in which one is benefited and the other is not affected
59
parasitism
(+/-) relationship between two species in which one benefits (parasite) from the other (host)
60
transient flora
microbial flora only temporarily occupying a given niche
61
niche
place of an organism within its community
62
microbial flora of the normal animal body
```
skin
respiratory tract (nose, nasopharynx, mouth, oropharynx)
eye and outer ear
intestinal
genitourinary tract
```
63
gram +
purple
64
gram -
pink/red
65
role of normal flora
common source of infection
immune stimulation
keeping out invaders
role in nutrition and metabolism
66
factors that control the growth of microorganisms
nutrient availability
physico/environmental parameters
competition
host immune system
67
fastidious
organism that has complex nutritional requirements
68
vector
a carrier, animal that transfers an infectious agent from one host to another
-arthropod
69
carrier
symptomless individual who is host to a pathogenic microorganism with the potential to pass pathogen to others
70
pathogenicity
quality of producing a disease or the ability to produce pathogenic changes or disease
71
virulence
measure of pathogenicity
| how severe the disease is
72
epidemic
disease occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in access of normal expectancy
73
endemic
present in a population or geographic area at all times
74
pandemic
widespread epidemic distributes or occurring widely throughout a region, country, continent or globally
75
viruses can cross the blood brain barrier using what cells
monocytes
76
tropism
the specificity/affinity of a virus for a particular host tissue
77
pantropic viruses
can replicate in more than one host organ/tissue
78
teratogenic viruses
cause developmental defects of embryo or fetus after in-utero infection
79
LPS
from gram negative bacteria
amphophilic molecule found in outer bacterial membrane
receptor on macrophages
Lipid A is the toxic portion
80
Exotoxins
delivered to eukaryotic cell by secretion into surrounding environment or direct injection into cell
1. enzymatic activity
2. proteolytic break down of host proteins
3. membrane disrupting toxins-pore formation
4. toxins against IgA and host cytoskeleton
81
types of adhesins
polypeptides (proteins) or polysaccharides
protein adhesins can be fimbrial or afinbrial
-gram negative use fibriae
82
invasins
extracellular or intracellular
extra-uses enzymes which break down cell integrity of host allowing invasion of tissue
inra- obligate or facultative
83
sigma factors
mechanism of virulence regulation
protein subunits of RNA polymerases which control transcription
-bacteria use to control gene expression of virulence factors
84
horizontal gene transfer
molecular evolution of novel pathogens
85
donor to recipient
blocks of DNA which contain large mobile genetic components
86
pathogenicity islands
contain virulence factors like adhesins, invasins, toxins
87
different mechanisms bacteria use to resist antibiotics
- modification of antibiotic target sites
- alteration of antibiotic uptake
- inactivation of antibiotics
- can occur by deliberate gene transfer or spontaneous mutations
88
Protozoa
single celled, nucleated
multiply in hosts
classified by mode of locomotion by pseudopodia, flagella, cilia, gliding movements
89
helminths
worm like animal showing differentiation, metazoans
| do not likely multiply in host
90
nematode
round worm
free-living
sexes separate
91
cestode
```
tape worm
contain a scolex, flat body
strobila with proglottids
flat worms
-segmented
```
92
trematode
fluke
flat worms look like a leaf
oral and ventral suckers
genetically independent
93
arthropods
arachnids (ticks, mites- 4 pairs of legs) and insects
-flies, fleas, lice, hemiptera (bed bugs) 3 pairs of legs
mosquito
94
ectoparasite
lives on the host
| causes infestation
95
endoparasite
lives in the host
| causes infections
96
definitive host
harbors adult stage of the parasite
97
intermediate host
harbors the larval stage of the parasite
98
incidental host
an unusual host, unneccessary for the maintenance of the parasite in nature
99
routes of parasite entry
- ingestion
- skin
- transplacental
- transmammary
- arthropod bite
- sexual contact
100
diagnostic tools/methods for parasites
host species
site of infection
size of parasite
101
As vets you should understand what about parasites
- taxonomic classification; scientific and common name
- host; zoonotic
- ID
- life cycle
- site of infection
- pathogenesis and lesions
- clinical signs
- diagnosis
- treatment and prevention
102
serology
detection of viral antigen or host antibody against virus
103
virus replication
```
attachment
penetration
uncoating
synthesis of viral nucleic acid and protein
assembly and maturation
release in large numbers
```
104
vertical transmission
infection that is transferred from mother to embryo or fetus after parturition
105
ELISA
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
1. direct
2. indirect
3. capture (sandwich)
106
PCR
polymerase chain reaction
107
electrophoresis
separated in electrophoretic field
negatively charged molecule--positive end mobility
depends on: size and structure
108
Restriction fragment length polymorphism
RFLP
requires restriction enzymes: cute DNA at or near specific recognition nucelotide sequences
--sticky end with overhang
--blunt end
example would be for forensic analysis and parent ID
109
hybridization
denatured, single-stranded DNA
- Dot
- in situ
- southern
- northern
- microarray
110
probe
- fragment of nucleic acids
- labeled, radiosotope, enzyme
- high degree of specificity
111
nucleic acid amplification
- signal: bDNA assays, hybrid capture assays
- target: enzyme mediated process to synthesize copies of targeted nucleic acid (PCR) & isothermal amplification like LAMP
- --high sensitivity and false positives
112
PCR primers
distance between the primer binding sites determines the size of the PCR product
-determine the specificity
113
Real-Time or Quantitative PCR
probe or dye to generate a fluorescent signal from the product
signal an exponential curve with a lag phase and a stationary phase
114
LAMP
```
loop-mediated isothermal amplification
no thermal cycler needed
quick, sensitivity higher than PCR
visible results
complicated design
```
115
silent mutation
mutations without apparent effect
| -base change in DNA, no change in AA
116
Missense mutation
change in codon--change in AA--change in protein function
117
Nonsense mutation
change in coding codon to a termination codon, resulting premature termination
118
frameshift mutations
inserting or deleting number of bp other than a multiple of 3
119
transformation
acquisition of new genetic markers by incorportation of added DNA
120
conjunction
mating between two bacteria involving transfer of genetic material
121
transduction
transfer of bacterial gene from one to another by a phage
122
transposition
movement of a transposon to a new site in the genome
