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BIOB 160 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

What is DNA polymerase made of?

A

amino acids

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2
Q

Which end does DNA polymerase add new nucleotides to?

A

3’

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3
Q

Does DNA polymerase require a promoter for initiation?

A

no

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4
Q

How many chromosomes will a gamete have compared to a somatic cell?

A

1/2

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5
Q

What is a somatic cell?

A

sex cell

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6
Q

Genes are likely important for how many steps in a pathway?

A

1 gene for each step

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7
Q

What is RNA polymerase made of?

A

amino acids

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8
Q

What is DNA ligase made of?

A

amino acids

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9
Q

What are restriction enzymes made of?

A

amino acids

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10
Q

Some properties of ribosomes

A
  • site for protein synthesis
  • site for translation of an mRNA molecule
  • NOT made of DNA
  • typically found outside nucleus
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11
Q

A mutation occurred that caused a specific gene to be transcribed at a faster rate than is normal. The mutation is likely to have occurred in a ____

A

enchancer

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12
Q

RNA processing includes

A
  • addition of a poly-A tail
  • addition of a 5’ cap
  • removal of introns
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13
Q

What physical interactions are important in gene expression (translation and transcription)?

A

mRNA:ribosome
RNA polymerase:promoter
enhancer: transcription factor (activator)
tRNA: amino acid

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14
Q

What are violations to the Hardy-Weinburg Equilibrium?

A 
mutations
non-random mating
natural selection
migration
genetic drift
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15
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

cell suicide

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16
Q

What is epistasis?

A

The alleles at one locus determine the effect of alleles at a different locus

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17
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

bottlenecking event

occurs when a small pop size exists for a short time (a few generations) which leads to allele frequency change

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18
Q

What are the three thing our body naturally does to protect against cancer

A

DNA Repair
Apoptosis
Telomers shorten with each cell division until they can no longer divide

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19
Q

What kind of mutations change expression of a gene?

A

promoter or enhancer mutations

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20
Q

What doe viruses consist of?

A

capsid (coat protein)
glycoprotein
nucleic acid (DNAor RNA)

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21
Q

What do transcription factors (activators) do?

A

Allows for cordinated control of genes that all need to be on the same tissue
Controls enhancers

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22
Q

What are the steps of making a protein and which occur in the nuclueus?

A 
DNA > unpackaging > transcription 
pre-MRNA >processing
mRNA > transport
(All above in nucleus)
> translation
Degredation and proteins> folding> transport
Degreatoin and proteins
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23
Q

Somatic vs. Germline mutations

A

Somatic- aging/cancer

Germline- passed to progeny

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24
Q

What are okazaki fragments?

A

primers are added to 5’ template (lagging strand)

now DNA polymerase can add short sections (on 3’ end)

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25
What are the finishing touches of DNA replication?
RNA primer replaced by DNA (DNA polymerase) | Okazaki fragments joined (DNA ligase)
26
What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
sugar phosphate base
27
What happens in metaphase I vs. metaphase II?
Metaphase I- homologous chromosome pairs separate | Metaphase II- sister chromatids separate (like mitosis)
28
Meiosis begins with and ends with? (in terms of ns)
2n=4 (2 pairs homologous chromosomes, diploid) | n=2 (each gamete has 2 chromatids, haploid w/ unreplicated chromosomes)
29
Important properties of water
cohesion (transport in plants and high surface tension) moderation of temp (humidity regulates temp) insulation of bodies of water by floating ice (less dense than water 4degrees C) solvent of life (versitile solvent)
30
Carbohydrates
sugars and their polymers monosaccharides and polysaccharides gycosidic linkages
31
monosaccharides
simple sugars used for fuel
32
disaccharides
most common sugar used as food | joined by gylcosidic linkages
33
polysaccharides
- storage and structure - starch and glycogen (storage in plants and animals) - cellulose (structure in plants) - chitin (structure, exoskeletons)
34
Lipids
-do not have polymers (composed of fatty acids and triacylglycerols) -hydrophobic -ester linkages
35
Fats
composed of a single gylcerol and 3 fatty acids
36
phospholipids
composed of a single glycerol and 2 fatty acids. phosphate group instead of a third fatty acid
37
proteins roles
enzymes, structural, transport, hormones, receptors, motor proteins, defense proteins
38
polypeptides
polymers of amino acids
39
protein
monomer: amino acids polymer: polypeptides peptide bond linkage
40
amino acids
both carboxyl and amino group
41
Nucleic acids
monomer:nucleotides polymer:polynucleotides phosphodiester linkages
42
What are life's 3 Domains?
Bacteria-most diverse and widespread prokaryotes Archaea- prokaryotes- earth's extreme environments Eukarya-protists, plantae, fungi, animalia
43
catabolic pathways
breakdown complex molecules into simpler compounds | release energy
44
anabolic pathways
build complicated molecules from simpler ones | consume energy
45
1st law of thermo
energy can be transferred and transformed but it cannot be created nor destroyed
46
2nd law of thermo
spontaneous changes that do NOT require outside energy increases the entropy or disorder, of the universe
47
exergonic reactions in metabolism
proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous
48
endergonic reactions in metabolism
absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is not spontaneous
49
what kinds of work does a cell do?
mechanical transport chemical
50
What is ATP?
adenosine triphosphate - cell's energy shuttle - provides energy for cellular functions - composed of 3 phosphate groups, ribose and adenine
51
How is energy released from ATP?
Terminal phosphate bond is broken. - requires water - results in adenosine diphophate (ADP), and inorganic phosphate and water
52
What is an activation barrier? Enzymes function?
The initial amt of energy needed to start a chemical reaction -Catalyze reactions by lowering this barrier
53
What is an active site?
The region on the enzyme where the substrate binds
54
What is a substrate?
the reactant an enzyme acts on
55
Fermentation
The partial degredation of sugars w/o oxygen
56
Cellular respiration
the most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway - consumes oxygen and glucose - yields ATP
57
oxidation
a substance loses e- or is oxidized (substrate gets more +)
58
reduction
a substane gains e- or is reduced (gets more -)
59
What are the three stages of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle Oxidative phosphoryaltion
60
What is entropy?
disorder
61
What is glycolysis?
splitting of sugar - breaks down glucose into pyruvate - occurs in cytoplasm - ATP produced by substrate level-phosphorylation
62
What does the citric acid cycle do?
completes the breakdown of glucose - takes place in the matrix of the mitochondrion - ATP produced by substrate-level phosphoylation
63
What happens in oxidative phosphorylation?
driven by the e- transport chain and chemiosomosis | -produces majority of ATP( about 32-32 ATPs) (by oxidative phosphorylation)
64
What is ATP synthase?
the enzyme that actually makes ATP
65
What is chemiosmosis?
an energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy in the form of an H+ gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work
66
What percentaage of energy in a glucose molecule is transferred to ATP during cellular respiration?
40%
67
ribosomes
particles made of ribosomal RNA and protein | -carry out protein synthesis
68
Endoplasmic reticulum
regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell Smooth- lacks ribosome Rough- contains ribosomes
69
nucleus
instructions are housed in nucleus
70
golgi apparatus
shipping and recieving center
71
lysosome
digestive compartments
72
vacuoles
diverse maintenence compartments
73
mitochondria and chloroplasts
site of cellular respiration and photosyntheis
74
chloroplasts
capture light energy
75
Six major functions of membrane proteins
``` Transport Enzymatic activity Signal transduction Cell-cell recognition Intercellular joining attatchment to the cytoskeleton and ECM ```
76
Passive transport
the diffusion of a substance across a membrane w/ no energy investment
77
isotonic
``` the concentration of solutes is the same inside and outside the cell Plant cells (flaccid) ```
78
hypertonic
the concentration of solutes in a solution is greater than it is inside the cell cell will lose water plant cells (plasmolyzed)
79
hypotonic
The concentration of solutes in a solution is less than it is inside the cell cell will gain water plant cells (turgid=normal)
80
Exocytosis
transport vesicles migrate to the plasma membrane, fuse w/ it and release their content
81
endocytosis
cell takes in macromolecules by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane
82
3 processes of cell signaling
reception transduction response
83
Bonding two amino acids requires?
Removal of a water molecule
84
What enzyme transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein?
protein kinase
85
What type of signaling releases a signal molecule into the environment with a number of cells in the immediate vicinity responding?
panacrine
86
Buffers shift pH by?
donating H+ to a solution when they have been depleted and | accepting H+ when they are in excess
87
Cholesterol's role in plasma membrane in some animals
enables the membrane to stay fluid more easily when the cell temp drops
88
Plants convert energy from sun to
pe of chemical bonds
89
structure of a secondary protein?
hydrogen bonds
90
ions diffuse down
electrochemical gradients
91
catabolic pahtways
are not spontaneous-need enzymic catalysts break down complex molecules are usually coupled w/ anabolic pathways to which they supply ATP -exergonic

BIOB 160 (4 decks)

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