Final Exam

Question 1

Largest volume of water?

Answer 1

Urinary system

Question 2

Retroperitoneal?

Answer 2

Behind peritoneum

Question 3

Other portion of kidney?

Answer 3

Renal cortex

Question 4

Funnel shaped basin forming upper ends of ureters?

Answer 4

Renal pelvis

Question 5

Path of blood cell through kidney?

Answer 5

Glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, renal vein

Question 6

Found in renal medulla?

Answer 6

Distal convoluted tubule

Question 7

Not part of nephron?

Answer 7

Lomerulus

Question 8

Part of nephron that drains into loop?

Answer 8

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 9

Juxtaglomerular aparatus consists of cells?

Answer 9

Distal convoluted tubules and afferent arteriole

Question 10

Juxtaglomerular apparatus synthesizes?

Answer 10

Renin

Question 11

Tubular secretion?

Answer 11

Active process that moves substances from the blood into the nephron?

Question 12

Blood pressure?

Answer 12

Drives materials out of glomerulus into the glomerular capsule

Question 13

Substances are reabsorbed from the distal convoluted tubule into?

Answer 13

Peritubular capillaries

Question 14

ADH increases?

Answer 14

Water reabsorption in the collecting duct

Question 15

Micturition is an action of?

Answer 15

The urinary system

Question 16

Urine normally contains?

Answer 16

Urea

Question 17

Presence of WBC in urine is?

Answer 17

Pyuria

Question 18

Nephrectomy is?

Answer 18

Removal of the kidney

Question 19

Cysto is ?

Answer 19

Sac

Question 20

Pt is on low sodium diet to assist in treatment for hypertension. Which indicates understanding?

Answer 20

I use fruits and veges and should give up table salt.

Question 21

Purpose of electrolytes in body?

Answer 21

All of the above.
Form hydrochloric acid in gastric juices, regulates water balance in body, regulates water and electrolyte contents within cells.

Question 22

Patient potassium level is 6 mEq/L. Nurse pages MD and waits for call back. What should she do in the meantime?

Answer 22

Attach patient to a cardiac monitor

Question 23

Pt with PNA & dyspnea. Lab data is pH 7.30; PaCO2 50mm Hg; HCO3 22mEq; SpO2 90%?

Answer 23

Respiratory Acidosis

Question 24

Expect with respiratory acidosis?

Answer 24

Muscle weakness

Question 25

Order of effectiveness for 3 systems to keep pH normal?

Answer 25

blood buffers, lungs, kidneys

Question 26

Third spaced fluid?

Answer 26

Ascites

Question 27

Clinical manifestations of hypoglycemia include?

Answer 27

All of the above: decreased urine output; dry mucous membranes; orthostatic BP.

Question 28

Lab report of pt with excessive diarrhea: pH is 7.30; PaCO2 32; HCO3 15; What is pt's state?

Answer 28

Metabolic acidosis.

Question 29

Sodium is a major electrolyte in?

Answer 29

Extracellular fluid compartment

Question 30

Sequence of blood flow in order through nephron?

Answer 30

1. Reabsorption in loop of Henle 2. Efferent arteriole 3. Filtration in glomerulus 4. Reabsorption in proximal convoluted tubule 5. Afferent arteriole 6. Secretion in distal convoluted tubule

Question 31

You have labeled a glucose molecule with a fluorescent marker so that you can follow its path through the kidney. You observe your glucose molecule in the renal artery and in the glomerular (Bowman) capsule, but you do not detect it in the collecting duct or in the urine. Trace the path of this glucose molecule as it enters and leaves the kidney, describing the processes by which it moves between the blood and the nephron.

Answer 31

The glucose molecule passed through the renal artery, the afferent arteriole, and subsequently the glomerulus. It was filtered into the glomerular capsule of the nephron. At some point, it was reabsorbed from the nephron into the blood through the peritubular capillaries and eventually left the kidney through the renal vein.

Question 32

Mr. S is consuming a wide variety of medications. Due to a nasty drug interaction, the secretion of both antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone is suddenly increased. How will these two hormones modify water and sodium reuptake by the kidney and the volume of Mr. S's urine output?

Answer 32

Aldosterone increases sodium and water uptake. Antidiuretic hormone increases the water permeability of the distal tubule and collecting duct, thereby concentrating the urine. An increase in both of these hormones will thus increase both sodium reabsorption and water reabsorption. The presence of ADH will also cause the urine to become concentrated, resulting in a very low urine output.

Question 33

Two nursing considerations for older pt re: fluid, electrolyte and acid base balance?

Answer 33

``` Fluid intake modifications † Dietary changes † Parenteral fluid, electrolyte, and blood replacement † Other appropriate measures such as: „ Administering prescribed medications and oxygen „ Providing skin care and oral hygiene „ Positioning the client appropriately „ Scheduling rest periods ```

Question 34

Clinical significance of serum potassium of 3.4mEq? Normal range?

Answer 34

The normal potassium level in the blood is 3.5-5.0 milliEquivalents per liter (mEq/L). Potassium levels below 3.4 meq/L is too low. Potassium is a chemical (electrolyte) that is critical to the proper functioning of nerve and muscles cells, particularly heart muscle cells.

Question 35

Contributing factors for low potassium?

Answer 35

Use of water pills (diuretics), diarrhea, and chronic laxative abuse are the most common causes of low potassium levels.

Question 36

Low potassium level is called? At least 2 common signs/symptoms associated with it?

Answer 36

Hypokalemia. muscle weakness, muscle aches, | muscle cramps, and heart palpitations (irregular heartbeats).

Question 37

Two nursing interventions for imbalance?

Answer 37

Diet therapy: 1) Increase potassium in the diet. Used only in mild deficits or prevention of deficits. (Twenty inches of bananas yields 20 mEqs of potassium.) 2) Give salt substitute that contains potassium for prevention ``` Drug therapy: 1) IV fluids with KCl · Should be on a pump · Will cause vein irritation and phlebitis · Never given IV push · No more than 20 mEqs/hr 2) Oral KCl ``` Other nursing interventions 1) Monitor manifestations 2) Assess for complications

Question 38

Clinical significance of serum sodium of 127 meq? Normal range?

Answer 38

Normal serum sodium levels are between approximately 135 and 145 mEq/liter (135 - 145 mmol/L). Hyponatremia is generally defined as a serum sodium level of less than 135 mEq/L and is considered severe when the serum sodium level is below 125 mEq/L.

Question 39

What is low sodium levels called? What are 2 signs symptoms associated with output?

Answer 39

Hyponatremia. headache, confusion or altered mental state, seizures, and decreased consciousness which can proceed to coma and death. Other possible symptoms include: restlessness, muscle spasms or cramps, weakness, and tiredness. Nausea and vomiting may accompany any of the symptoms.

Question 40

Nurse is monitoring I & O. What should be counted as part of output?

Answer 40

The patient's diet and use of diuretics must also be considered.