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GEOG1350 - Earth: Hazards and Global Change > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Wildfires move uphill faster than they move down a slope.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

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2
Q

Wildfires and ENSO are linked in some places.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

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3
Q

Fires are part of a natural process.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

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4
Q

Where do most impact sites on Earth occur?

A

In the ocean.

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5
Q

The components of the climate system include:

a. Earth, wind, fire
b. ice, land surface, ocean, atmosphere, vegetation
c. hydrosphere, atmosphere, anthrosphere, lithosphere, biosphere, hemisphere
d. water, vegetation, air, fire, rocks

A

b. ice, land surface, ocean, atmosphere, vegetation

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6
Q

What component of the climate system responds the fastest?

a. ocean surface
b. deep ocean
c. atmosphere
d. impossible to determine

A

c. atmosphere

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7
Q

Positive feedback is a process where the response results in the initial condition being _________.

A

enhanced

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8
Q

Negative feedback is a process where by the response to an initial forcing or condition results in a __________ or __________ of the original condition.

A

reducing, inhibiting

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9
Q

The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

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10
Q

What are Hadley Cells?

a. Pockets of circulating air in the atmosphere, there are several types randomly around the planet.
b. An area of high atmospheric pressure characterized by rotating airflow.
c. Patterns of atmosphere circulation, centered on either side of the equator, where air rises (creating low pressure and moist conditions) and air descends around 30 deg (north or south) of the equator (creating a high pressure and dry conditions).
d. Patterns of atmosphere circulation, centered on either side of the equator, where air rises (creating high pressure and dry conditions) and air descends around 30 deg (north or south) of the equator (creating a low pressure and moist conditions).

A

c. Patterns of atmosphere circulation, centered on either side of the equator, where air rises (creating low pressure and moist conditions) and air descends around 30 deg (north or south) of the equator (creating a high pressure and dry conditions).

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11
Q

What are the ingredients for a fire?

A

Fuel, heat, and oxygen

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12
Q

The phases in a fire include:

A

Pre-heating, combustion, and extinction

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13
Q

The components of the atmosphere can be characterized by the following:

A

Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere

Temperature varies in each layer with altitude

Composed mostly of oxygen and nitrogen

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14
Q

Which of the following statements is true with respect to air temperature and water vapour

a. Warmer air has a greater water vapour capacity
b. Colder air has a greater water vapour capacity
c. Warm air has lower air pressure

A

a. Warmer air has a greater water vapour capacity

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15
Q

Due to coriolis force, objects moving in the Southern Hemisphere are deflected to the ________, and objects moving in the Northern Hemisphere are deflected to the ________.

A

left, right

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16
Q

Select the statement that best describes the relationship between the Earth’s axial tilt and seasonality:

a. The greater the tilt angle, the more extreme the seasonal differences.
b. The greater the tilt angle, the warmer the climate.
c. The greater the tilt angle, seasons are more similar.
d. The greater the tilt angle, the colder the climate.

A

a. The greater the tilt angle, the more extreme the seasonal differences.

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17
Q

What are 3 processes that result in atmospheric lifting?

A

Barrier, convergent, frontal

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18
Q

Conditions along a cold front include several of the following. Select the answer that is not typical of cold front conditions.

a. Rapid lifting and cooling of air masses
b. Thunderstorms
c. Nimbostratus clouds
d. Heavy precipitation

A

c. Nimbostratus clouds

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19
Q

In the norther hemisphere, mid-latitude cyclones (also called extratropical cyclones), rotate ________.

A

counterclockwise

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20
Q

What best describes the stages of development and progression of a low pressure system over North America?

A

Contrasting air masses moving along a stationary front, wave develops and cyclonic circulation established, occlusion develops and is established before the cyclone dissipates.

21
Q

Tornados develop almost at the point where the ________ edge of the cold front meets the ________ edge of the warm front.

A

leading, trailing

22
Q

Why do hurricanes typically move from east to west in the Atlantic?

A

Surface winds are moving east to west, due to Hadley Cell circulation and coriolis effect.

23
Q

Why was Hurricane Katrina particularly devastating to the city of New Orleans?

A

There was a lack of preparedness and failure to respond to issues rapidly.

24
Q

What is the best definition of FEMA’s current role?

A

Recovery and rebuilding assistance following domestic disasters.

25
Q

Wind chill is an index that takes into consideration the _________ and ________, often reported as a _________.

A

air temperature, wind speed, temperature

26
Q

What conditions are required for freezing rain to occur?

A
  • Ground surface temperature close to or at freezing
  • ample moisture source
  • warm air over a thin layer of cold air
27
Q

From the following, which impacts the most people?

a. Floods
b. Heat waves/droughts
c. Blizzards
d. Hurricanes

A

b. Heat waves/droughts

28
Q

Compared to now, which is warmer?

a. Lower Cambrian
b. Upper Devonian
c. Upper Cretaceous
d. We are currently in the warmest period ever

A

c. Upper Cretaceous

29
Q

The Polar Position Hypothesis is best summarized as:

A

The theory that the ice-house episodes of climate occurred because land masses were positioned over the poles.

30
Q

Describe Milankovitch’s theories about climate variability:

A

Milankovitch studied changes in eccentricity, obliquity, and precession, to reveal that solar radiation receipts vary over time, and thus influence climate.

31
Q

The 20th century has been the warmest on record

a. True
b. False

A

b. False

32
Q

Chemical weathering and the removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is:

a. Considered to be one of the mechanisms that control LARGE scale climate variability (over millions of years).
b. Considered one of the key aspects of the Polar Position Hypothesis.
c. A plausible explanation for the mass extinction event that took place between the Triassic and the Cretaceous.
d. An example of a positive feedback - the more chemical weathering, the more global warming.

A

a. Considered to be one of the mechanisms that control LARGE scale climate variability (over millions of years).

33
Q

Explain why positive and negative feedback are key aspects in understanding global climate dynamics.

A

Feedbacks within the climate system explain part of the reason why we vary between hot-house and ice-house climate regimes.

34
Q

During the last glacial maximum, seal level was ________ lower, ________.

A

~110 meters lower, globally

35
Q

Rank the carbon reservoirs on the planet from largest to smallest.

A

Rock and sediments, entire ocean, soils, pre-industrial atmosphere

36
Q

When was the Little Ice Age?

A

Between 200 and 600 years ago

37
Q

What was the approximate concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere during the last glacial maximum?

A

~190ppm

38
Q

What was the approximate concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere during the last interglacial period?

A

~280ppm

39
Q

What is the approximate concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere today?

A

~400ppm

40
Q

Define recurrence intervals:

A

The average amount of time between events of similar magnitude in a given location. For example, the number of years between megathrust type earthquakes (M9 or greater) off the coast of B.C. is 300-600 years.

41
Q

Which Canadian province is at the highest risk associated with tornadoes?

A

Ontario

42
Q

What is the major difference between an asteroid and a meteorite?

A

Meteorites survive the Earth’s atmosphere to collide with the Earth’s surface, asteroids orbit the sun.

43
Q

What is the largest known extinction event?

A

The Permian - multiple causes and likely 3 phases to the mass extinction

44
Q

Of the following space bodies, which is the largest?

a. Pluto’s orbit
b. Oort Cloud
c. Kuiper’s Belt
d. Hailey’s Comet

A

b. Oort Cloud

45
Q

The rich nickel-copper deposit that has led to the development of mining in the Sudbury region, is because the meteorite was made of mostly nickel and copper.

a. True
b. False

A

b. False - the impact itself produced rocks (Sudbury Igneous Complex) that is rich in these minerals

46
Q

What are hazards that are linked to extraterrestrial impacts and air bursts?

A
  • Wildfires
  • Tsunamis
  • Landslides
  • Possibly volcanic eruptions
  • Earthquakes
47
Q

The Earth has fewer impact craters than the moon

a. True
b. False

A

a. True - one of the reasons is because Earth’s atmosphere destroys a lot of smaller meteoroids and comets before they strike the surface.

48
Q

As the size of the NEO that intersect with Earth’s orbit increases, the number of them decreases.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

GEOG1350 - Earth: Hazards and Global Change (1 decks)

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