Final Exam Flashcards by ana conde

One of the major reasons Dendrogyra cylindricus is having a hard time is a combination of bleaching followed by diseased outbreaks.
True or False

False

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An ecosystem is the result of the:
A. Interaction among organisms and their environment
B. Dynamic interaction among organisms and their environment
C. Dynamic interactions among populations and their environment
D. Dynamic interactions among populations of different species and their environment.

D. Dynamic interactions among populations of different species and their environment.

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Which element explains diversity at ecological time scale?
A. migration at global scales
B. speciation at local scales
C. competitive interaction at local scales
D. connectivity at global scales

C. competitive interaction at local scales

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What is a good definition of ecological resilience?
A. The ability of system to absorb, resist or recover from disturbances or to adopt to change while continuing to maintain essential functions and process?
B. The ability of system to bounce back from a disturbance after being exposed to high and continuous levels of stress.
C. The ability of system absorb, resist or recover from disturbances or to adopt to change after being exposed to high and continuous levels of stress.

A. The ability of system to absorb, resist or recover from disturbances or to adopt to change while continuing to maintain essential functions and process?

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Which are the main Ecological service that can be economically evaluated?

Provisioning_________________ Food, medicnes, construction and materials

Regulating ________ protection of shorness, water quality maintained

Cultural_______ Tourism, spiritual beliefs

Supporting_____ Maintenance of basic life support system

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Scarine are characterized by their dental plates; they are important organisms shaping the structure of algal communities and provide clear areas for settlement for larvae.

True
False

True

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The sponge skeletal system is a mix of

mesophyl, slcerocytes and choanocytes

Spicules, sclerocytes and spongin

spicules, choanocytes and mesophyl

Choanocytes, spicules and archaeocytes

Spicules, sclerocytes and spongin

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Calcification process in reef corals involve the photosynthetic contribution of the symbiotic zooxanthellae and the function of the calicoblastic tissue. The calicodermis facilitates the production of bicarbonate that eventually interacts with calcium in the organic matrix depositing the aragaoniteskeleton.
True
False

True

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Bleaching is a coral response to stress, which are the known causes of bleaching?
A. high temperatures
B. High temperature, pollution, sedimentation, sewages, discharge
C. Climate change
D. overgrowth of sea stars , increase of diseases and decrease of Co2

B. High temperature, pollution, sedimentation, sewages, discharge

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Some fish, such as damselfishes are characterized as intense cultivators, they cultivate toxic and non-palatable algae to protect themselves from predators.

true
false

false

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Foraminifera are single cell protists that

can be used as paleoindicators of temperature and environmental conditions in geological time scales.

can be used as paleoindicators of salinity and pH conditions in geological time scales because they reproduce asexually and rapidly.

are classified based on the shape and size of their shells and type of life cycle because they only reproduce asexually

can be used as paleoindicators of temperature and environmental conditions in geological time scales

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Columnar corals, known as Dendrogyra cylindricus, is a very common species found in almost ALL reefs along the Florida Reef track.
A. true
B. false

B. false

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Which are the scales at which an ecosystem phase shift can have consequences and need to be understood.
A. Geological Scale
B. Ecological Scale
C. Physiological scale
D. Geomorphic Scale
E. All of the above

E. All of the above

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In which geological period the first biogenic reefs appeared, they were dominated by which type of organisms?
A. Cambrian- sponges and scleratins
B. Precambrian –cyanobacteria and other microbial life

B. Precambrian –cyanobacteria and other microbial life

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The Pleistocene was characterized by several glaciation that resulted in changes in the sea level. The study of changes through time conclude that

origination and extinction of species are the major responses of coral reef that results in modification of reef morphology, and the body of concepts, evidences and facts are known as the center of origin of diversity and abundance of coral reefs.

the differences can be explained by the fact that the Center for the origin of diversity is in the Indo-Pacific. The distance from the region to the Western Atlantic is too big and species have not have the time yet to move across the globe.

growth and die-off are the major responses of coral reef that results in modification of reef morphology, and the body of concepts, evidences and facts are known as the central coral reef theory.

glaciation and erosion are the major drivers of coral reef morphology, and the body of concepts, evidences and facts are known as the glaciation control theory.

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Which species is known to be a Key Stone species in the western Caribbean because it controls macroalgae abundance?

Diadema antillarum
Petrolisthes galathinus
Trididemnum solidum
All options are wrong

Diadema antillarum

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The Center of Origin theory is generally accepted by modern scientists to explain the present patterns of diversity of coral reefs in the planet.
True
False

False

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The largest massive extinction that affected all marine life in the planet was related to—- and occurred during the —–

A combination of elevated CO2 followed by cooling of the earth ——– during the Permian period

A combination of low levels CO2 and high levels of other gases in the atmosphere produced cooling of the earth ——– during the Cambrian period

A severe and prolonged cooling of the earth—— during the late Ordovcian

A combination of low levels of CO2 that decreased temperature in the tropics ——– during the Mesozoic period

A combination of elevated CO2 followed by cooling of the earth ——– during the Permian period

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Some local factors that threat coral reefs are fishing pressure, el Niño resulting in bleaching and increase in storms.
A. True
B. false

B. false

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Columnar corals, known as Dendrogyra cylindricus, is a very common species found in almost ALL reefs along the Florida Reef track.
True
False

False

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Parrot fish are abundant and have feeding habits related with their teeth characteristics

Example of excavator species is the scarine Sparisoma viride

Cthnochaetus striatus is an excavator belonging to the group of surgeonfish
Damselfish are the best excavator species of coral reefs

Only echinoderms are known to be good excavators in coral reef

Example of excavator species is the scarine Sparisoma viride

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Damselfish are the most divers group of fish that inhabit coral reefs. They have several roles including

browsers and scrapers
intense cultivators and active cultivators
scrapers and intense cultivators
carnivores and omnivores

intense cultivators and active cultivators

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A group of Annelids that is characterized by its broad spectrum of feeding habits is

Polychaetes
Tunicates
Sipunculans
All of those groups have broad spectrum of feeding habits

Polychaetes

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Reefs are typically dived into distinct zones some of the most common are:

spur and groove, flat reef, crest reef, and fringing reef

fore reef, deep outer fore reef, back reef, crest

fringing reef, atoll, spur and groove, barrier reef

reef crest, fore reef, back reef and reef flat

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Which factors are important during recruitment for the formation of the robust reproductive population and maintenance of high A. All of the alternatives provided are wrong because food is not important during recruitment process. B. Appropriate habitat, food, and substrata C. Appropriate substrata, food and reproductive adults. D. Appropriate flux of larvae and post larvae, high abundance of mature adults and food

B. Appropriate habitat, food, and substrata

``` What groups do Corals belong ? A. Protista B. Eumetazoa C. parazoa D.Fungi ```

B. Eumetazoa

``` Coral reefs live in the tropics which includes? A. warm tropical climate B. Low latitudes C. High solar insolation D. Warm water currents E. all of the above ```

E. all of the above

Reefs are know to live in oligotrophic waters, characterized by war, clear rich in nutrients. True False

False

Species diversity is measured by? A. change in diversity across an environment gradient B. species or genetic richness C. Richness in ecological roles or functional D. species of genetic changes along an environment.

B. species or genetic richness

This is a relationship: What is the biggest secret for a great relationship? A. communication and ___ amounts of quality B. Give and take in equality C. communication independent of giving and taking.

A. communication and ___ amounts of quality

The bases for mineral deposition in organisms is ? A. a scaffold formed by an organic matrix of polymers that facilitate ion concentration B. a matrix of basis nucleic acid that facilitate

A. a scaffold formed by an organic matrix of polymers that facilitate ion concentration

What is a species? A. Group of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from the other such groups B. Individuals that can interbreed and that are reproductively isolated from other such individuals. C. Groups of interbreeding natural populations that are physically isolated from other such groups.

A. Group of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from the other such groups

A pathway by which chemical element or molecules move through both biotic and abiotic compartments of the planet? A. True B. False

A. True

Which are the major synergistic effect companies that coral reefs presently are facing? A. increase in temperature , declines in water quality and increase in CO2 combines results in coral bleaching , reducing calcification and proliferation of disease producing a phase shift towards coral depauperated system. B. Increase in disease, proliferation of microalgae and decrease of calcification result in a loss of fish and a phase shift towards a coral dominated system. C. loss of ecological forces such as tolerance resistance and adaptation. D. loss of functional redundancy, diversity and species richness

A. increase in temperature , declines in water quality and increase in CO2 combines results in coral bleaching , reducing calcification and proliferation of disease producing a phase shift towards coral depauperated system.

General classification of Corals

eukarya, animalia, eumetaoza, radial symmetry and cnidarian

Life histories can be defined for species with opportunistic, periodic and equilibrium strategies opportunistic species are characterized by species small to medium in adult size, low reproductive output and grow slowly. A. True B. False

B. False

Compensation depth: A. Depth at which productivity is at its highest B. Depth which respiration equal production

B. Depth which respiration equal production

``` What are two major effects: A nitrogen B. biodiversity C. A and B are correct D. none of the above ```

C. A and B are correct

The loss of connectivity reduces the gamete exchange, and larval dispersal reducing population genetic diversity. True False

True

As a result of climate change some coral reefs are growing in low alkalinity waters, like those in Panama, showing lower cementation rates than those living in high alkalinity areas. A. True B. False

A. True

Is bleaching a disturbance or a stressor? A. Disturbance B. A Stressor

A. Disturbance

What is a coral? Is it Eukaryota, metazoan, Radial symmetry | A. True B. False

A. True

Reef connectivity can refer to the flux of different biological attributes. An example is Exchange of propagules between locations Exchanges of propagules between species Flux of propagules between species Flux of genetic propagule

Exchange of propagules between locations

Three important events are related with the loss of structure and resilience in Jamaica between 1975 and 1990. Two abiotic and die –off keystone species caused the rapid spread of a disease resulted in the loss of structure and fish resulting a proliferation of macro algae. A.True B. False

A.True

Scarine fish are a type of durophagous species because they have a powerful oral jaws used to bite hard preys such as echinoderms agree disagree

disagree

Biodiversity is the description of the number of species found in one time independent of space. True False

False

Marine reserves are working as a conservation tool in marine ecosystems. Sometimes having large reserves is very difficult. An alternative is the establishment of networks. Some times these reserves can provide higher levels of habitat diversity, and offer significantly higher level of protection that a single reserve. Answers: True False

True

Two species with identical needs for the same limiting resources can not exist unless? A. they decrease their density by reducing growth, fertility or survivorship B. they are able to selectively increase their population abundance C. they increase their density by reducing growth fertility of survivor ship. D. they increase one species density by reducing growth, fertility or survivorship of the second.

A. they decrease their density by reducing growth, fertility or survivorship

White Band Diseases is the results of a very well known bacteria that invaded coral reefs in the late 1970s' causing mortality in almost 99 % of all coral species in the Caribbean. A. True B. False

B. False

How is the energy of the sun captured and transformed in biological activity? A. Through heat accumulated in water B. Through photosynthetic activity of primary producers C. Through incidence of sun and activation of water molecules in the ocean D. A and B are correct

B. Through photosynthetic activity of primary producers

What is a primary producer? A. organisms that produce in organic compounds from organic compounds B. Organisms that produce biomass from inorganic compound C. Organism that produce organic compound from organic compounds

B. Organisms that produce biomass from inorganic compound

What is a biogeochemical cycle? A pathway by which organisms move through both biotic and abiotic compartments of the planet? A. True B. False

B. False

Major role of photosynthetic bacteria in coral reefs are They fix CO2, produce biomass, fix phosphorus and nitrogen,produce palatable compounds and are the major calcification and cementing agents of contemporary reefs. They fix CaCO3, produce biomass, fix iron,produce palatable compounds and are the major calcification and cementing agents of contemporary reefs. They are primary producers, produce biomass, fix nitrogen, produce O2, produce toxic compounds and facilitate calcification. They fix phosphorous, produce proteins, fix carbon,produce toxic compounds and are the major calcification and cementing agents of the reef.

They are primary producers, produce biomass, fix nitrogen, produce O2, produce toxic compounds and facilitate calcification.

Biodiversity is the description of the number of species found in one time independent of space? A. True B. False

B. False

Which elements explain diversity at evolutionary time scale A. plate tectonic at local scales B. speciation at local scales C. speciation and extinction at global scales D. connectivity at local scales

C. speciation and extinction at global scales

The pigment molecules responsible for photosynthesis are located in the stroma of the chloroplast cytoplasm of the cell mitochondria thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast

thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast

Which are the major event that affect coral reefs at geological scales? A. Eras of diversification, sea level change and mass extinction B. Eras of diversification/ extinction, glaciation, sea level, and change of movement of plate tectonics.

B. Eras of diversification/ extinction, glaciation, sea level, and change of movement of plate tectonics.

The ocean is said to be a buffer for atmosphere CO2 because it has the capacity to store it through several chemical reactions including carbonic acid, bicarbonate carbonate calcium. Eventually under buffer conditions CO2 will form CaCo3 is the basic chemical used for Bio mineralization A. true B. False

A. true

``` What is a fundamental need for life if its not present life can not exsit? A. Homeostasis B. Energy C. Temperature around 35 c D. Movement ```

B. Energy

Which are the main variables used to classify the marine biomes?

Light, Depth, Benthic or pelagic, | Position: Bottom and top

One of the major reasons Dendrogyra cylindricus is having a hard time is a combination of bleaching followed by diseased outbreaks. A. true B. false

B. false

What is a coral reef? Diverse and sensitive in tropical climate, benthic hard substrate & photic zone. Coral reefs specific agents to be formed. You need geological structure through geological time. A. true B. False

A. true

Sponges are members of the phylum Anthozoa, they lack digestive cavity and nerve system. They are known as parazoa because they lack true tissues. Some species can be important bioeroders. True False

False

Calcite and aragonite are similar minerals, they only differ in That calcite is formed from CaCO3, and aragonite is formed from a CaMg3 polymorph. Calcite and aragonite are polymorphs from the same mineral known as calcium carbonate. Aragonite is a less stable polymorph than calcite due to its link to a Mg. Aragonite is only present in animal origin tissues and calcite is only present in plant origin tissues

Calcite and aragonite are polymorphs from the same mineral known as calcium carbonate.

What is an ecosystem services? A. quantifiable services that an ecosystem provides to animal and plant. B. A service ecosystem provide nature C. A quantifiable services that and ecosystem provides to humans

C. A quantifiable services that and ecosystem provides to humans

Reef connectivity can refer to the flux or different biological attributes. An example is : A. Exchange of propagules between locations B. Exchange of propagules between species C. Flux of propagules between species D. Flux of genetic propagules

B. Exchange of propagules between species

The process of bio mineralization is closely related with levels of CO2 in the atmosphere? A. true B. false

A. true

Grazing usually affect the natural succession of macroalgae by consuming late tall fleshy and leathery species of algae before they can grow. A. true B. False

A. true

Crustose coralline algae are Rhodophyta, a type of red algae that calcifies. The calcification process implies in some cases active intracellular activity and not only extracellular processes. They play important roles in coral reefs including maintenance of open space and provide sites for larval recruitment. True False

True

What is the role of photosynthesis?

to convert inorganic molecules into organic molecules

Acclimatization is an important concept to understand how corals respond to stressors for example: A. increase in production of sunscreen as a response to high irradiance levels. B. escape from stress only larvae can do this by selecting particular habitats. C. specie that have adaptive responses implying an evolutionary change. D. expansion of distribution spatial range or moving towards other geographical locations

A. increase in production of sunscreen as a response to high irradiance levels.

Montastrea cavernosa is a branching coral that grows in the Caribbean reaching heights up to 25 m. They are massive reef builders that are very sensitive to temperature stress events. In the late 1980 a temperature stress event killed approximately 70% of the colonies. Almost 30 % of those colonies were able to recover and helped re-build coral reefs in the region. True False

False

Spill over effect is the net emigration of adults of juvenile of mobile organisms across protected zone boundaries toward are where fishing is allowed. A. True B. False

A. True

Photosynthesis is the process that converts inorganic molecules into organic molecules using light as source of energy and producing O2 as a byproduct. True False

True

How you call the process by which organisms can excavate or facilitate the solution of CaCo3 in coral reefs. What is the name of the process an the name of the species facility in the process? A. erosion and sea crabs B. Bioerosion and bioeroders C. Mechanical erosion and reef builders

B. Bioerosion and bioeroders

Crustose Coraline are? A. Calcifying cementing rhodophltyes and that form atoll or help cementing coral reefs B. Rhodophya with a large diversity of species include

A. Calcifying cementing rhodophltyes and that form atoll or help cementing coral reefs

B. False

Coral reefs are in dire straits, 3/4 of all coral reefs in the planet are facing extinction, this means that by 2020 we will not have coral reefs anymore. True False

false

``` Many organisms use Caco3 the major forms are: A. dolomite and vaterile B. Calcite and olomite C. Aragonite and calcite D. Valerile and Calcite ```

C. Aragonite and calcite

We know coral reefs are under heavy stress, however we can still help them recover. which are some important strategies and policies that can help them? Cut CO2 emissions, eliminate harvest of ecologically important species such as snappers, eliminate coastal development, protect mangroves and seagrass and keep connectivity with coral reefs. Cut to a minimum CO2 emissions, eliminate harvest of ecologically important species such as parrotfish, regulate coastal development, control land-based pollution. Eliminate CO2 emissions, eliminate harvest of ecologically important species such as lobsters, eliminate coastal development, eliminate human population growth. All of the above are correct

Cut to a minimum CO2 emissions, eliminate harvest of ecologically important species such as parrotfish, regulate coastal development, control land-based pollution.

Some local factors that threat coral reefs are fishing pressure, el nino result in bleaching and increase storms A. True B. False

B. False

What is a major source of problems for coral reefs - the elephant in the room- when referring to major causes for reef destructions and stress? A. Increase in temperature and decrease in alkalinity B. Increase in cyclone intensity due to climate change C. Increase in sewage discharges and overfishing D. Increase in human population

D. Increase in human population

Based on your reading the evidences used to test the hypothesis of Central Origin of diversity included the distribution of associated fauna living in mangrove True False

True

Reef lagoons characterized by strong circulation localized close to shallow reed crests will result in Lagoons that will promote calcification and reef accretion due to elevated dissolved oxygen, large quantities of planktons, high levels of carbonate calcium and enough light for production above the compensation point. Lagoons that will decrease calcification and reef accretion due to elevated dissolved oxygen, large quantities of planktons, low levels of carbonate calcium and not enough light for production below the compensation point. Lagoons that will dilute calcification and promote reef erosion due to strong currents with elevated pH and dissolved oxygen, large quantities of planktons, high levels of carbonate calcium and enough light for production above the compensation point. Lagoons that will dilute calcification and promote reef erosion due to strong currents with elevated pH and dissolved oxygen, small quantities of planktons, low levels of carbonate calcium and enough light for production above the compensation point.

Lagoons that will promote calcification and reef accretion due to elevated dissolved oxygen, large quantities of planktons, high levels of carbonate calcium and enough light for production above the compensation point

Graph pictures Kelp and Urchin

TOP-DOWN CONTROL

In the benzic you have the most species diversity | True or false

True

The genetic diversity of the species Dendrogyra cylindricus is high enough in the Florida track that it will be almost impossible to lose genetic populations at all. True or False

False

``` What is an ecosystem phase shift? A. A shift in all environment B. A shift in species dominance C. A temporal lose of resilience D. A series of unfortunate events ```

B. A shift in species dominance

Crystals are formed by mineral when they become ---------- with a regularly repeating ------- atomic structure. polyhedral solid ----- three dimension geometric form -------- four dimensional forms crystal systems ------ c-axis a crystal face ------- crystal lographic axes

polyhedral solid ----- three dimension

What is a major source of problem for coral reefs – the elephant in the room- when referring to major causes for reef destructions and stress? A. climate change B. coastal development C. Human population increase D. frequency and magnitude of stressful events

C. Human population increase

Scientist study the magnitude and synergies between stressors; what other elements of the analysis are equally important to the understanding of their impact on coral reefs? A. stressors are usually in pulses and their intervals between stressful events are becoming shorter. B. Overfishing is a stressor that needs to be analyzed by itself because no synergistic effect has been detected by scientist and is the major local stressors that can be controlled. C. Human stressors are overlooked, however their synergistic effect is regulated by local users of the coral reef. D. Climate change is the major present stressor for coral reefs, it has to be considered as a force that is increasing the intervals between stressful events.

A. stressors are usually in pulses and their intervals between stressful events are becoming shorter.

The light-independent reaction in photosynthesis is limited by CO2, temperature, and light oxygen, water, and temperature CO2, light, and water water, temperature, and CO2

water, temperature, and CO2

Coral reef are structures that ? A. have a biological origin, constructed by organisms B. C. have biological origin that precipitates CaCO3 and binders and bafflers

C. have biological origin that precipitates CaCO3 and binders and bafflers

Increasing in fishing pressure has resulted in a decline of fish in coral reefs creating a negative loop that results in a phase-shift to algal dominated ecosystems. True False

True

``` Where in the Marine environments will have higher variability of salinity? A. Bathypelagic B. Littoral C. Nertic D. mesopelagic ```

B. Littoral

What is an invertebrate A. A parametazoa or eumetazoa that lacks spinal cord B. An paroza that has a head and tail connected by a spinal cord C. An eumetazoa that has a spinal cord protected by a set of vertebrates

A. A parametazoa or eumetazoa that lacks spinal cord

Mumby paper analyze the drivers of algal and coral balance The key feature of a stable coral-depauperate reef state is that coral recruitment rates are not high enough to maintain the population. The key feature of a stable coral-depauperate reef state is that algae biomassdominate over coral size. The key feature of a stable coral-depauperate reef state is that coral recruitment rates are limited by sponge overpopulation and decrease of Diadema antillarum.

The key feature of a stable coral-depauperate reef state is that coral recruitment rates are not high enough to maintain the population.

How the advent of photosynthesis and increase of primary producers’ abundance transformed climate on Earth? Primary producers consumed CO2 leading to a decrease of green gases resulting in lower temperatures. Primary producers consumed CO2 leading to an increase of green gases resulting in lower temperatures. Primary producers produced CO2 leading to an increase of green gases resulting in higher temperatures. All of the above are wrong because primary producers were not able to transform climate on Earth.

Primary producers consumed CO2 leading to a decrease of green gases resulting in lower temperatures

Fringing reefs are characterized by forming a narrow ribbon near the shoreline, and they have a clear coastal lagoon separating land from the reef. True False

False

The Rocas Atoll is localized in ___________________ which is a zone characterized by low light known as ________________. Is a reef essentially formed by _________ in this particular cases known as _____________________ South Atlantic--------- Mesophotic---------- crustose coralline algae -----rhodoliths South Atlantic--------- photic---------- calcifying organism -----step-shaped reef Atlantic--------- aphotic---------- calcifying algae -----deep reef South Atlantic--------- euphotic---------- calcifying crust -----step-shaped reef from rodoliths

South Atlantic--------- Mesophotic---------- crustose coralline algae -----rhodoliths

What are coral reefs? A. A group of rocks B. Rock of biogenic origin C. Rocks with fish around

B. Rock of biogenic origin

Some characteristics of the Anthozoans are The body is divided in gastrodermis and mesoglea, they have numerous nematocysts and are divided in two subclasses known as sea anemones and milleporas. They do not have a medusae stage as part of their life cycle. The body is divided in epidermis, gastrodermis and mesoglea, they have numerous nematocysts and are divided in two subclasses known as Hexcorallia and Octacorallia. They do not have a medusae stage as part of their life cycle. The body is divided in epidermis, gastrodermis, and mesoglea, they have numerous nematocysts and are divided in two subclasses known as Hexcorallia and Octacorallia. They have a medusae stage as part of their life cycle.

The body is divided in epidermis, gastrodermis and mesoglea, they have numerous nematocysts and are divided in two subclasses known as Hexcorallia and Octacorallia. They do not have a medusae stage as part of their life cycle.

The genetic diversity of the species Dendrogyra cylindricus is high enough in the Florida track that it will be almost impossible to lose genetic populations at all. A. true B. false

B. false

``` It’s a picture---- The absorpotion spectrum of the dominate pigment in this leaf is most likely ? A. A B. B C. C D. D ```

What is a coral reef phase shift?

change of abundance in species .

Does some Cyanobacteria have the ability to act as bioeroders of coral reefs? True False

True

``` What gas is the found biggest in the atmosphere? A. oxygen B. Co2 C. Nitrogen D. Phosphorous ```

C. Nitrogen

Corals are a type of Cnidaria with a life cycle that lacks the medusae form. A typical example of organisms in this group are the milleporoid corals. True False

False

Final Exam Flashcards

(108 cards)