Final Exam

Question 1

*This is a low, sad state marked by a lack of energy, low self-worth, guilt or related symptoms.

Answer 1

depression

Question 2

*This is a state or episode of euphoria or frenzied activity in which people may have an exaggerated belief that the world is theirs for the taking.

Answer 2

mania

Question 3

*Shirley suffers from the alternating or intermixed periods of mania and depression known as:

Answer 3

bipolar disorder.

Question 4

*Maria describes herself as “miserable,” has lost her sense of humor, and is displaying ___________, or the inability to experience any pleasure at all.

Answer 4

anhedonia

Question 5

*According to DSM-5, a major depressive episode is a period marked by at least ___________ symptoms of depression and lasts for ___________ weeks or more.

Answer 5

five; two

Question 6

Kevin has only experienced depressive symptoms and has no history of mania. He would be suffering from:

Answer 6

unipolar depression.

Question 7

Around ___________ percent of adults in the United States suffer from a severe unipolar pattern of depression in any given year, while as many as 5 percent suffer from mild forms.

Answer 7

8

Question 8

Around ___________ percent of all adults experience an episode of severe unipolar depression at some point in their lives.

Answer 8

19

Question 9

Women are ___________ as likely as men to experience episodes of severe unipolar depression.

Answer 9

twice

Question 10

As many as ___________ percent of women may have an episode of severe unipolar depression at some time in their lives, compared with ___________ percent of men.

Answer 10

26; 12

Question 11

Approximately ___________ percent of people with unipolar depression recover, although around ___________ percent of them will have at least one other episode of depression later in their lives.

Answer 11

85; 40

Question 12

It has been estimated that between ___________ percent of people who suffer from severe depression commit suicide.

Answer 12

6 and 15

Question 13

Postpartum depression typically begins within ___________ weeks after the birth of a child.

Answer 13

four

Question 14

The “baby blues” are so common that as many as ___________ percent of women experience them.

Answer 14

80

Question 15

In postpartum depression, depressive symptoms continue and may last up to a:

Answer 15

year

Question 16

Women who experience postpartum depression have a ___________ percent chance of developing it again with a subsequent birth.

Answer 16

25 to 50

Question 17

All women experience a kind of hormone “withdrawal” after delivery, as estrogen and progesterone levels, which rise as much as ___________ times above normal during pregnancy, now drop sharply to levels far below normal.

Answer 17

50

Question 18

Matt has had previous major depressive episodes, and currently presents with depression but no history of mania. His likely diagnosis is:

Answer 18

major depressive disorder.

Question 19

Evelyn presents with depressive symptoms that have not remitted for the last two years. Her symptoms are not that disabling and she is able to handle a few aspects of her life. Her likely diagnosis is:

Answer 19

dysthymic disorder.

Question 20

A reactive depression is referred to as:

Answer 20

exogenous.

Question 21

Depression that seems to be a response to internal factors is referred to as:

Answer 21

endogenous

Question 22

Concerning whether a predisposition to depression is inherited, researchers have found that as many as ___________ percent of the relatives of those with unipolar depression are depressed.

Answer 22

20

Question 23

When an identical twin had unipolar depression, there was a ___________ percent chance that the other twin would have the same disorder, according to one study

Answer 23

46

Question 24

When a fraternal twin had unipolar depression, there was a ___________ percent chance that the other twin would have the same disorder, according to one study

Answer 24

20

Question 25

A number of researchers have found that individuals who are depressed often have an abnormality of their 5-HTT gene, located on chromosome:

Answer 25

17

Question 26

Low activity of these two neurotransmitters has been strongly linked to unipolar depression.

Answer 26

serotonin and norepinephrine

Question 27

People who experience a recurrence of depression each winter may secrete more ___________ during the winter's long nights than other individuals do.

Answer 27

melatonin

Question 28

Several imaging studies have found lower activity and blood flow in the ___________ cortex of depressed research participants.

Answer 28

prefrontal

Question 29

This area, located just under the part of the brain called the cingulate cortex, tends to be smaller in depressed people than nondepressed people.

Answer 29

Brodmann Area 25

Question 30

During an ECT procedure, two electrodes are attached to the patient's head and ___________ volts of electricity are passed through the brain for a half second or less.

Answer 30

65 to 140

Question 31

The brain seizure caused by ECT lasts from ___________ seconds to a few minutes.

Answer 31

25

Question 32

After 6 to 12 ECT treatments, spaced over ___________ weeks, most patients feel less depressed.

Answer 32

two to four

Question 33

Studies find that ___________ percent of ECT patients improve.

Answer 33

60 to 80

Question 34

Parnate and Nardil are:

Answer 34

MAO inhibitors.

Question 35

People who take ___________ may experience a dangerous rise in blood pressure if they eat foods containing the chemical tyramine.

Answer 35

MAO inhibitors.

Question 36

Desipramine and imipramine are:

Answer 36

tricyclics

Question 37

These medications were discovered accidentally as researchers were looking for a new drug to combat schizophrenia.

Answer 37

tricyclics

Question 38

About ___________ percent of patients who take tricyclics are helped by them.

Answer 38

60 to 65

Question 39

In a practice called ___________ therapy, clinicians typically keep patients on tricyclics for five months or more after being free of depressive symptoms.

Answer 39

maintenance

Question 40

Effexor and Cymbalta are:

Answer 40

second-generation antidepressants.

Question 41

Lexapro and Zoloft are:

Answer 41

SSRIs

Question 42

In studies of severely depressed people who have not responded to any other form of treatment, as many as 40 percent improve significantly when treated with:

Answer 42

vagus nerve stimulation.

Question 43

This technique involves stimulating the brain without subjecting depressed individuals to the undesired effects or trauma of ECT.

Answer 43

transcranial magnetic stimulation

Question 44

These theorists emphasize relationships and propose that depression results when people's relationships leave them feeling unsafe and insecure.

Answer 44

object relations

Question 45

He believes that feelings of helplessness are at the center of depression.

Answer 45

Seligman

Question 46

He believes that negative thinking lies at the heart of depression.

Answer 46

Beck

Question 47

According to Beck, individuals repeatedly interpret their experiences, themselves, and their futures in negative ways that lead them to feel depressed. He calls this:

Answer 47

the cognitive triad.

Question 48

Cognitive therapy follows four phases and usually requires fewer than ___________ sessions.

Answer 48

20

Question 49

Depressed adults who receive cognitive-behavioral therapy improve much more than those who receive placebos or no treatment at all, with ___________ percent showing a near-total elimination of their symptoms.

Answer 49

50 to 60

Question 50

Across the United States, people who are separated or divorced display ___________ times the depression rate of married or widowed persons.

Answer 50

three

Question 51

This is a treatment for unipolar depression that is based on the belief that clarifying and changing one's interpersonal problems will help lead to recovery.

Answer 51

interpersonal psychotherapy

Question 52

Depressive symptoms disappear in ___________ percent of clients who receive interpersonal psychotherapy.

Answer 52

50 to 60

Question 53

This theory holds that women and men are equally prone to depression but that clinicians often fail to detect depression in men.

Answer 53

artifact

Question 54

*This theory suggests that women in our society experience more stress than men.

Answer 54

life stress

Question 55

This theory suggests that women may be more prone to depression because they feel less control than men over their lives.

Answer 55

lack-of-control

Question 56

This theory suggests that women in Western society are taught to seek a low body weight and slender body shape.

Answer 56

body dissatisfaction

Question 57

*People are considered to be in a full manic episode when they display an abnormally high or irritable mood for at least:

Answer 57

one week.

Question 58

*John experiences full manic and depressive episodes and would be diagnosed with:

Answer 58

bipolar I disorder.

Question 59

Sharon experiences mild manic episodes that alternate with major depressive episodes over the course of time. She would be diagnosed with:

Answer 59

bipolar II disorder.

Question 60

Surveys from around the world indicate that between ___________ percent of all adults suffer from a bipolar disorder at any given time.

Answer 60

1 and 2.6

Question 61

*The onset of bipolar disorder usually occurs between the ages of ___________ years.

Answer 61

15 and 44

Question 62

The symptoms of this milder form of bipolar disorder continue for two or more years, interrupted occasionally by normal moods that may last for only days or weeks.

Answer 62

cyclothymic disorder

Question 63

*Research suggests that mania may be linked to low ___________activity.

Answer 63

serotonin

Question 64

Identical twins of persons with a bipolar disorder have a ___________ percent likelihood of developing the same disorder.

Answer 64

40

Question 65

Fraternal twins of persons with a bipolar disorder have a ___________ percent likelihood of developing the same disorder.

Answer 65

5 to 10

Question 66

This was a watershed medication for bipolar disorder when it was approved by the FDA in 1970.

Answer 66

lithium

Question 67

*The medications used for bipolar disorders are called:

Answer 67

mood stabilizers.

Question 68

More than ___________ percent of patients with bipolar disorder improve through the use of mood stabilizing agents.

Answer 68

60

Question 69

The risk of relapse is ___________ times greater if patients stop taking a mood stabilizer.

Answer 69

28

Question 70

___________ percent or more of patients with bipolar disorders may not respond to lithium or a related drug, may not receive the proper dose, or may relapse while taking it.

Answer 70

Thirty

Question 71

*What is the term that refers to an unsuccessful attempt to kill one's self?

Answer 71

parasuicide

Question 72

*Suicide can be caused by immediate or long-term stressors. Which of the following would NOT be considered a long-term stressor?

Answer 72

loss of a loved one through death

Question 73

*In support of Freud's view, researchers have found a relationship between ___________ and later suicidal behaviors.

Answer 73

childhood loss

Question 74

*During World War II, the Japanese military got a reputation for being ruthless warriors, largely based on the kamikaze pilots who would sacrifice their own lives to crash their planes into enemy installments. In the theory of Emile Durkheim, this would be an example of:

Answer 74

altruistic suicide.

Question 75

*Low levels of serotonin have been found in the brains of those who commit suicide. This neurotransmitter deficiency has been found to be linked to all but which of the following effects which may contribute to suicidal behaviors?

Answer 75

increased frequency of hallucinations

Question 76

*The rate of ___________ suicides has been rising more than that of any age group in recent years, a trend that is not fully understood.

Answer 76

middle-age

Question 77

*Research indicates that ___________ therapy may be of the most help for suicidal individuals.

Answer 77

cognitive-behavioral

Question 78

*Which of the following is NOT one of the initial responsibilities of a counselor at a suicide prevention program when responding to a caller?

Answer 78

alerting law enforcement authorities to the caller

Question 79

*A loss of contact with reality is known as:

Answer 79

psychosis

Question 80

*These are the most common hallucinations experienced in schizophrenia.

Answer 80

auditory

Question 81

*Ron attended the funeral of a family member and began laughing during the service. This is best explained by:

Answer 81

inappropriate affect.

Question 82

*This theory states that schizophrenia results from an excess of this neurotransmitter.

Answer 82

dopamine hypothesis

Question 83

*A low level of ___________ is the main reason for uncontrollable shaking seen in patients with Parkinson's and patients taking conventional antipsychotics.

Answer 83

dopamine

Question 84

*The symptoms of personality disorders typically become recognizable in:

Answer 84

adolescence or early adulthood.

Question 85

*DSM-V identifies ___________ personality disorders.

Answer 85

10

Question 86

*Which of the following is NOT clusters into which personality disorders are separated?

Answer 86

linguistic, referential, disorganized

Question 87

*Which of the following is not categorized within the "odd" cluster of personality disorders?

Answer 87

narcissistic personality disorder

Question 88

*People who suffer from one of the personality disorders categorized within the “odd” cluster often display symptoms that are related to but are not as severe as:

Answer 88

schizophrenia

Question 89

*The cluster of "dramatic" personality disorders includes all but which of the following diagnoses?

Answer 89

dependent personality disorder

Question 90

*Which of the following adjectives is the best one-word summary of borderline personality disorder?

Answer 90

unstable

Question 91

*Which of the following is not categorized within the "anxious" cluster of personality disorders?

Answer 91

paranoid personality disorder

Question 92

*___________ personality disorder shares many features with social anxiety disorder.

Answer 92

Avoidant

Question 93

*Symptoms of intrusive memories may include:

Answer 93

Recurrent, unwanted distressing memories of the traumatic event Reliving the traumatic event as if it were happening again (flashbacks) Upsetting dreams about the traumatic event All of the above.