Final Exam

Question 1

Nutrition

Answer 1

Numerous chemical reactions and physiological processes which transform food into body tissues and activities

Question 2

Nutrient

Answer 2

Chemicals in the diet (elements/compound) which support normal reproduction, growth, lactation and maintenance of general life processes

Question 3

Essential Nutrient

Answer 3

Cannot be made and are required in the diet

Question 4

Nonessential Nutrient

Answer 4

Can be made in the body, but precursors may be required through diet

Question 5

Cofactors

Answer 5

Alter the enzymes conformation to help catalyze the reaction

Question 6

Coenzyme

Answer 6

Organic cofactors who remove or add chemical fragments, allowing the reaction to proceed

Question 7

Omnivores

Answer 7

An animal who eats both animal and plant orginating food stuffs

Question 8

Carnivores

Answer 8

Animals who only eat animal food stuffs

Question 9

Herbivores

Answer 9

Animals who only eat plant matter

Question 10

Mastication

Answer 10

Chewing

Question 11

Digestion

Answer 11

Large complex molecules broken down into simple, small molecules

Question 12

Catabolism

Answer 12

1/3 processes in metabolism. The breakdown of complex materials into simple materials.

Question 13

Anabolism

Answer 13

2/3 processes in metabolism. Synthesis of complex materials from simple materials

Question 14

Catalyst

Answer 14

A substance which decreases the activation energy to speed up a reaction

Question 15

Zymogen

Answer 15

The inactive form of enzymes. Activated at the time and place of required action

Question 16

Activation energy

Answer 16

The energy required by reactants to enter the transition state by which the chemical bonds can then be broken or formed

Question 17

Inhibitors

Answer 17

Substances that block the substrate from binding by competing for the active site.

Question 18

Phagocytosis

Answer 18

Part of the villi engulfs the nutrients

Question 19

Monosaccharide

Answer 19

Sugars composed of just one type of sugar

Question 20

Disaccharide

Answer 20

Sugars composed of 2 types of sugar

Question 21

Trisaccharide

Answer 21

Sugars composed of 3 types of sugar

Question 22

Oligosaccharide

Answer 22

Sugars composed of a few types of sugars

Question 23

Polysaccharide

Answer 23

Sugars composed of multiple types of sugars

Question 24

Passive diffusion

Answer 24

Absorption along the concentration gradient that doesn’t require energy

Question 25

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 25

Diffusion along the concentration gradient that requires a carrier protein

Question 26

Active transport

Answer 26

Against the concentration gradient which requires energy and a carrier protein

Question 27

Amylose

Answer 27

Carbohydrate made of α-D-glucose, straight α1-4 chains, found in plants

Question 28

Amylopectin

Answer 28

α-D-glucose carbohydrate that uses branched α1-6 chains. e.g. Isomaltose

Question 29

Cellulose

Answer 29

A soluble carbohydrate found in the cell wall. Undigestible in carnivores

Question 30

Hemicellulose

Answer 30

A soluble carbohydrate found in the cell wall. Undigestible in carnivores

Question 31

Glycogen

Answer 31

An animal carbohydrate identical to Amylopectin but with more branches

Question 32

Carbohydrate

Answer 32

Substrates that come from photosynthesis in plants. They are a principle form of energy and primarily composed of C,H,O

Question 33

Starch

Answer 33

Slowly digested carbohydrate in non-ruminants. Found inside the cell

Question 34

Lignin

Answer 34

A soluble carbohydrate found in the cell wall. Non-digestible in carnivores

Question 35

Amylase

Answer 35

Amylase is an enzyme that breaks down amylose

Question 36

Lactase

Answer 36

Lactose -> galactose + glucose

Question 37

Sucrase

Answer 37

Sucrose -> glucose + fructose

Question 38

Maltase

Answer 38

Maltose -> glucose + glucose

Question 39

Isomaltase

Answer 39

Isomaltose -> glucose + glucose

Question 40

Cellulase

Answer 40

Breaks down cellulose

Question 41

Glycogenesis

Answer 41

Making new glycogen from glucose

Question 42

Glycogenolysis

Answer 42

Breakdown of glycogen to make glucose

Question 43

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 43

Making new sugars from non-CHO's e.g. Amino acids/VFA's

Question 44

Glycolysis

Answer 44

Initial breakdown of glucose

Question 45

In vivo

Answer 45

"in the body"

Question 46

In vitro

Answer 46

"in glass"

Question 47

In situ

Answer 47

"in the original place"

Question 48

Allosteric modifiers

Answer 48

These change how the enzyme works by binding to the active site, either increasing or decreasing the affinity for substrates

Question 49

Regurgitation

Answer 49

Process by which food is sent back from the stomach to the mouth

Question 50

Prehension

Answer 50

Getting hold of food

Question 51

Deglutition

Answer 51

Swallowing

Question 52

Insulin

Answer 52

A hormone in the pancreas which stimulate glucose absorption, ↓ glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis, ↓ fat mobilisation, ↑ glycolysis/fat deposits

Question 53

Glucagon

Answer 53

A hormone ↑ blood glucose/glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis, ↓ glycolysis.

Question 54

Epinephrine

Answer 54

A hormone for fight/flight. Aids in the breakdown of muscle glycogen, ↑ blood glucose/fat mobilisation, ↓ fat deposition

Question 55

Glycosuria

Answer 55

Sugar in the urine

Question 56

Polyuria

Answer 56

Excessive urine

Question 57

Polydipsea

Answer 57

Excessive thirst

Question 58

Ketosis

Answer 58

Excessive ketone production. (Post partum cows, Pre partum ewes, starved animals)

Question 59

Monoglyceride

Answer 59

Single fatty acid

Question 60

Diglyceride

Answer 60

2 fatty acids

Question 61

Triglyceride

Answer 61

3 fatty acids

Question 62

Saturated fatty acid

Answer 62

Fatty acids without double bonds

Question 63

Unsaturated fatty acid

Answer 63

Fatty acids with at least one double bond

Question 64

Essential fatty acid

Answer 64

Fatty acids that have to be taken in through the diet eg. Linoleic, Linolenic.

Question 65

Phospholipids

Answer 65

Compound lipid important for cell signalling/communication

Question 66

Lipoproteins

Answer 66

Compound lipid; carrier protein sometimes associated with cholestrol. Full of fat

Question 67

HDL

Answer 67

High Density Lipoproteins - not much fat, pick it up and takes away

Question 68

LDL

Answer 68

Low Density Lipoproteins - deposits fat which can lead to plaque formation