- autodigestion of the pancrease - starts with trypsin - cullen's sign: discoloration of the abdomen and periumbilical area - turner's sign: bluish discoloration of the flanks - guarding - enzymes are elevated 3x the normal amount and appear in the blood (amylase, lipase)

- Phalen's test: wrists together for 3 mins - Tinel sign: light percussion on the median nerve

- from spinning - kids putting arms in washing machines - child abuse

- more than one piece of bone - need external fixation

- bite of the bone comes out - seen in osteopenia, osteoporosis, bone cancer

- happens after a latent phase - localized gumma lesions, CNS lesions, CV effects - Gumma lesions- start as a soft ulcer, burrows down into the tissues - bodies reaction to the spirochete is that it tries to get rid of it, but it destroys tissue instead

Final Exam Flashcards by Rene Fenner

patho of rheumatoid arthritis

synovial inflammation and joint architecture destruction
rheumatoid factor: antibody against IgG fragments in most pts
Pannus: destructive vascular granulation tissue destructive to adjacent cartilage and bone (causes necrosis)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

assessment of rheumatoid arthritis

Pannus at the joint cavity
fatigue, weakness and limited ROM, morning stiffness
diagnosed before age 60

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

assessment of gout

tophi in the nodules (accumulation of crystalline deposits

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

oliguric phase of acute renal failure

elevated BUN and creatinine
decreased specific gravity
decreased GFR
decreased urine output

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

hemolytic anemia

premature destruction of RBCs, retention of iron and the other products of Hgb destruction, and a compensatory increase in erythropoesis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

thalassemias

inherited disease that causes anemia; deficiency in Hb due to decreased sythesis of the effective chain and increased production of the ineffective chain

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

nephritic vs nephrotic syndromes

nephritic: acute onset, proteinuria, HTN, azotemia (increased BUN), renal insufficiency
nephrotic: hypoalbuminemia causes edema, worse proteinuria

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

cause of glomerulonephritis

strep

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

pancreatitis

autodigestion of the pancrease
starts with trypsin
cullen’s sign: discoloration of the abdomen and periumbilical area
turner’s sign: bluish discoloration of the flanks
guarding
enzymes are elevated 3x the normal amount and appear in the blood (amylase, lipase)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

GERD can lead to…

Barrett esophagus, which can lead to adenocarcinoma

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

assessment of liver cirrhosis

liver border would feel lumpy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

patho of liver cirrhosis

scar tissue doesn’t do what it’s supposed to- there is less blood flow through the liver, the blood backs up into the organs before the liver
this is portal HTN- veins from stomach, intestines, spleen, pancreas merge into the portal vein
non-reversible

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

carpal tunnel tests

Phalen’s test: wrists together for 3 mins

- Tinel sign: light percussion on the median nerve

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

transverse fracture

problem with lots of bleeding to the surrounding structures (most concerning is blood vessels
-has to have tons of force

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

spiral fracture

from spinning
kids putting arms in washing machines
child abuse

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

comminuted fracture

more than one piece of bone

- need external fixation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

segmental fracture

piece of the bone comes out

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

butterfly fracture

bite of the bone comes out

- seen in osteopenia, osteoporosis, bone cancer

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

impacted fracture

from compression (jumping out of the window and landing on feet)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

test for osteoporosis

dexa scan

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

vaginitis

thin, grayish-white discharge with foul, fishy odor

-treat with flagyl

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

primary syphilis

chancre at the site of exposure

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

secondary syphilis

skin rash, fever, sore throat, stomatitis, nausea, loss of appetite, inflamed eyes, alopecia, genital lesions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

tertiary syphilis

happens after a latent phase
localized gumma lesions, CNS lesions, CV effects
Gumma lesions- start as a soft ulcer, burrows down into the tissues
bodies reaction to the spirochete is that it tries to get rid of it, but it destroys tissue instead

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

risk of ovarian cancer

- increases the older you have children - BRCA1 and BRCA2 increase susceptibility - high fat diet and genital talc powders

problem with hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state

dehydration

Somogyi effect

rebound effect: sugar gets so low that body compensates and gets super high

Dawn phenomenon

hyperglycemia in the morning- no bottoming out like with Somogyi effect

diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

- severely high blood glucose | - body turns to fat for energy → produces ketones → ketones build up and make body acidic → DKA

s/s of DKA

- extreme thirst and dry mouth - frequent urination - high glucose levels - ketones in urine - n/v - Kussmal's respirations - fruity odor

problem with Grave's disease

cardiac output

thyroid storm

- HR, BP, and body temp elevate to dangerously high levels | - fatal without prompt treatment

signs of hypercalcemia

- decreased memory - headache - muscle weakness, decreased deep tendon reflexes

signs of hypocalcemia

- increased bleeding tendencies - increased deep tendon reflexes, tremors, muscle spasms, tetany - seizures - laryngeal spasms - **positive Trousseau's and Chvostek's signs

hyperosmolar hyperglycemia (HHNS)

- most often from uncontrolled type 2 diabetes | - high blood sugar → body tries to get rid of it by passing it into urine → dehydration

metabolic acidosis

low everything

metabolic alkalosis

high everything

respiratory acidosis

high everything except low PH

respiratory alkalosis

low everything except high PH

anisocoria

unequal pupil size- "blown pupil"

retinal problems are most commonly from...

diabetes

papilledema

- swelling and inflammation of the optic disk | - optic disk is pale yellow to white

central cord syndrome

arms more affected than the legs

anterior cord syndrome

motor functions affected; touch sense not affected

brown-sequard syndrome

motor function lost on that side; pain and temp sensation lost from the other side

conus medulllaris syndrome

bowel, bladder, sexual function defects

autonomic dysreflexia

BP gets out of control

UMN injury

- spinal reflexes still work - no longer modulated by the brain - hypertonia, spastic paralysis

LMN injury

- cells in spinal reflex damaged | - flaccid paralysis

tonic-clonic seizures

muscle contraction, loss of consciousness

absence seizure

disturbances in consciousness

myoclonic seizure

muscles of the face, trunk, extremities contract

tonic seizures

voluntary muscles of the legs and arms contract

clonic seizures

bilateral, symmetric, rhythmic muscle contractions

atonic seizures

loss of muscle tone

L sided HF

blood backs up from left heart → lungs → right heart → body - body lacks blood - lungs fill with blood

R sided HF

blood backs up from the right heart → body → left heart → lungs - body fills up with blood - lungs do not oxygenate enough blood

worst artery to get an MI

lateral ascending artery (widow maker)

Patho of Parkinson's

Destruction and degeneration of nerve cells in the basal ganglia

Crackles-fine

- Late inspiration: Pneumonia or CHF | - Early inspiration: bronchitis, asthma. Emphysema

Crackles- course

Pneumonia, pulmonary edema, pulmonary fibrosis

High pitched wheeze (sibilant)

Acute asthma or chronic emphysema

Low pitched wheezes (sonorous)

- Bronchitis or single obstructions | - snoring before apnea episode

Stridor

Broncharygospasm, such as with croup

#1 cause of blindness in the world

Entropion- lashes turning inward and sticking to sclera

Cause of conjunctivitis

Staph or strep

Stye

Hordeolum