Final Exam Flashcards
(196 cards)
1
Q
What division of the nervous system is responsible for gathering information about the body and transmitting decisions to the body?
A
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
2
Q
What is an area of the temporal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, involved in language comprehension?
A
Wernicke’s area
3
Q
What is the experimental factor that the experimenter varies independently of other possible confounding variables?
A
Independent Variable
4
Q
What accounts for the fact that people, if asked if the word “doll” fits in the sentence “The girl put the __________ on the table”, will later remember it better than if they were asked if it’s in capital letters?
A
Levels of processing
5
Q
What is the organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings?
A
Figure Ground
6
Q
What includes size constancy: perceiving the size of objects as constant even while our distance from them varies?
A
Perceptual Constancy
7
Q
What type of learning explains how a pigeon can come to press a lever more or less in response to food or shocks it receives directly as a consequence?
A
Operant Conditioning
8
Q
What type of drugs dilate the pupils, increase heart and breathing rates, raise blood sugar levels, and cause a drop in appetite?
A
Stimulants
9
Q
What division of the autonomic nervous system decreases heartbeat, lowers blood sugar, and stimulates digestion?
A
Parasympathetic Nervous system
10
Q
What has been theorized to serve the function of helping us restore and rebuild our fading memories of the day’s experiences?
A
Sleep
11
Q
What type of depth cues include light and shadow: how shading produces a sense of depth consistent with our assumption that light comes from above?
A
Monocular cues
12
Q
What is a layer of fatty tissue that encases some axons?
A
Myelin Sheath
13
Q
What perspective of psychology drew attention to ways that current environmental influences can nurture or limit our growth potential?
A
Humanistic
14
Q
What is the minimum intensity that excitatory signals need to be greater in amount than inhibitory signals in order to trigger an action potential?
A
Threshold
15
Q
What lobe of the cerebral cortex is located just behind the forehead?
A
Frontal lobe
16
Q
What is the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window?
A
Middle ear
17
Q
According to evolutionary psychologists, what has shaped our human traits over the course of human evolution?
A
Natural Selection
18
Q
What would be tested for if a hearing specialist exposed each of your ears to varying sound levels and, for each tone, the test defined where half the time you could detect the sound and half the time you could not?
A
Absolute threshold
19
Q
What cerebral hemisphere receives information from the left visual field?
A
Right cerebral hemisphere
20
Q
What is the memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare”?
A
Explicit memory
21
Q
What neuron extension may be very long, projecting several feet through the body?
A
Axon
22
Q
What cerebral hemisphere receives information from the right visual field?
A
Left cerebral hemisphere
23
Q
What would be occurring if a dog conditioned to salivate when rubbed would also drool a bit when scratched?
A
Generalization
24
Q
What is a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence?
A
Confirmation bias
25
In its spoken version, what would need three building blocks: phonemes, morphemes, and grammar?
Language
26
What is the theory of pitch perception that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated?
Place theory
27
What type of thought was found to help students achieve a better academic performance by each day visualizing effective studying techniques?
imaginal thought
28
What was occurring when a co-pilot, expecting to hear the usual "Gear up" command, raised the planes wheels when the pilot told him to "Cheer up"?
perceptual set
29
What type of sensory receptor sends messages to the cerebellum at the back of your brain?
Vestibular receptor
30
What is an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in hope of revealing universal principles?
case study
31
What was occurring when the dogs stopped salivating to the tone because Pavlov no longer gave them food?
Extinction
32
What do you have 20,000 to 25,000 of, which may be either active (expressed) or inactive?
Genes
33
After damage to what brain area would a person struggle to speak words while still being able to sing familiar songs and comprehend speech?
Broca's area
34
What brain structure is a finger-shaped network of neurons that extends from the spinal cord right up through the thalamus?
reticular formation
35
What might help solve scientific mysteries, such as why only one member of an identical twin pair may develop a genetically influenced mental disorder, and how experience leaves its fingerprints in our brains?
Epigenetics
36
What is a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process?
Experimental research
37
What is the transition from wakefulness into sleep, characterized by a slowing of breathing rate and of brain waves?
NREM-1 Sleep
38
What is the science of behavior and mental processes?
Psychology
39
What perspective of psychology engaged in introspective examination of the stream of consciousness and of emotion?
Functionalism
40
What is a brief sleep stage that occurs shortly after getting into bed, in which you may experience fantastic images resembling hallucinations, known as hypnagogic sensations?
NREM-1 sleep
41
What brain structure is located in the limbic system and processes conscious memories?
Hippocampus
42
What cerebral hemisphere helps modulate our speech to make meaning clear, in terms of intonation?
Right Cerebral Hemisphere
43
What is a compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences?
Addiction
44
What type of variable does random assignment control for?
Cofounding variable
45
What is a memory aid, especially a technique that uses vivid imagery and organizational devices?
Mnemonic
46
What part of the eye has its curvature and thickness changed to bring nearby or distant objects into focus on the retina?
Lens
47
What occurred when people, focused on giving directions to a construction worker, failed to notice when he was replaced by another worker during a staged interruption?
Change blindness
48
What is a neuron's bushy, branching extension that receives messages and conducts impulses toward the cell body?
Dendrite
49
What includes shape constancy: perceiving the shape of familiar objects as constant even while we view them from different angles?
Perceptual Constancy
50
What do human infants have a remarkable capacity and built-in predisposition for, but the particular version of it that they learn will reflect their unique interactions with others?
Language
51
Which perspective of psychology emphasizes the analysis of mind in terms of its basic elements?
Structuralism
52
In 1965, Fred Smith wrote a Management class paper proposing reliable overnight delivery service. His professor gave him a C because �the concept is interesting and well-formed, but in order to earn better than a C, [it] must be feasible." Smith ignored his professor�s statement and founded Federal Express (FedEx), a company that is now worth $3.2 billion. Smith�s professor wanted Smith to stick to business solutions that were proven, not come up with something �outside the box.� In other words, Smith�s professor was relying on a(n) __________________.
Mental Set
53
What theory of color was based on the fact that blue, green, and red can generate the entire visible spectrum through additive mixture?
Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory
54
Lelani wants to know what percentage of all Canadian college students receive financial aid in their freshman year. She attends Camosun college, where most students bus to campus every day. However, she stands in the car parking lot one weekday and hands out surveys to just the people there. Her data will not be generalizable to all Canadian college students because she failed to use what procedure?
Random Sample
55
Some birds of prey have such exceptional visual acuity that they can see small animals from thousands of feet in the air. Visual acuity is greatest when an image projects directly onto a small area of the _______, known as the fovea, that contains no rods but many cones. Some birds of prey have more than one of these areas.
Retina
56
What process for visual stimuli in the retina would be analogous to how your radio picks up radio frequency waves and converts them into sounds out the speakers?
Transduction
57
On the evening before her psychology quiz, after a long study session for the quiz and before she went to bed for the night, Ianna decided to watch a TV show in order to take a break from thinking about psychology. The next day during the quiz, Ianna was able to recall most of what she studied the night before. According to the stage model of memory, what type of memory did she rely upon during the quiz?
Long-term memory
58
Language is primarily a function of what cerebral hemisphere?
Left cerebral hemisphere
59
Scientists have found that the gas, nitric oxide, is sometimes released by neurons when they fire and can transmit information to other nearby neurons. What does nitric oxide thus meet some of the criteria for being?
neurotransmitter
60
On a hot summer day, five children decide to fill up Brock�s kiddie pool. Yesterday, Brock�s father ran over the hose with the lawnmower, so the hose is not working. The children decide to create a bucket line from the faucet to the pool. The first child passes the full bucket to the second child, the second to the third, and so on until the last child empties the bucket into the pool and tosses the bucket back to the first child. If each child in the bucket line is analogous to a single neuron, we can say that the water, which is passed from child to child until it reaches the pool, is like the __________________.
Action potential
61
Trina�s dog loves to go for walks, and she always puts a leash on him when they go out. At first, the dog only wagged his tail when they got outside; eventually, he began to wag his tail when she picked up the leash. Irinia recently locked herself out of her place, so she has begun picking up her keys and putting them in her pocket before she gets the leash down. Now the dog begins to wag his tail when she picks up her keys. What kind of classical conditioning has happened?
Highorder conditioning
62
Dr. Bienvenido is testing a new antidepressant. He carefully screens his subjects and assigns them either to the control group or the experimental group. When it is time for subjects to take the antidepressants, he gives one group the new medication and one group sugar pills that look exactly the same as the real medication. He is excited about all the good he believes this new medication will do for people. When he gives his control group the sugar pills, he shows little emotion, but when he hands out the antidepressants, he grins at his participants. To control for expectancy effects, what procedure should Dr. Bienvenido have used instead?
Double blind procedure
63
Jeff has been working on a particular problem for several weeks but he isn�t making any progress on it. He decides to put the problem aside for a few weeks and return to it later. What problem-solving strategy is Jeff using by taking this period of time to let his subconscious work on the problem?
Intuition
64
What do a mother and a father both each contribute 23 of to each of their offspring?
Chromosomes
65
Sasha drives whenever she must travel, because she�s terrified a plane will crash. Statistics show that there are 40,000 deaths per year in automobile accidents and only about 200 deaths in air transport, but news programs tend to sensationalize plane crashes and minimize car wrecks. As a result, people like Sasha can easily call to mind examples of plane crashes. They are relying on the _____________.
Availability Heuristic
66
In the Crow and the Trains problem, you are asked to determine the total distance a crow would fly (at a speed of 60 km/hr) while flying back and forth between two converging trains, which are travelling at the same speed (25 km/hr) across two cities that are 50 km apart, until the trains meet. When conceptualizing it as a distance problem, you will find this problem to be very difficult to solve; but when _________ the problem in terms of time, you will find it relatively easy to arrive at the solution.
Framing
67
According to what theory should skiers be better able at perceiving different types of snow if they have learned different names for them, such as "champagne powder", "chopped powder", "corn", and "crud".
Linguistic Determinism
68
When Lindsay spins in circles, what type of sensory receptor is stimulated by the fluid in her ear�s semicircular canals moving, and sends messages about movement to her brain?
Vestibular receptor
69
Todd yells at his brother and takes his toy away. Todd�s mom sees his behavior and gives Todd a scolding. After this, Todd stops treating his brother so harshly. What specific type of operant conditioning is Todd's behavior to his brother an example of?
Positive punishment
70
When Peter is hit in the back of the head, damage to what lobe is most likely to affect his vision?
Occipital Lobe
71
Assembly-line workers who receive $20 for every five toys that they assemble are working on what type of partial reinforcement schedule?
Fixed-Ratio Schedule
72
Chess experts, versus novices, can remember the location of more pieces when presented with realistic games due to ______________ of the locations into meaningful patterns.
Chunking
73
During an in-class quiz, your ability to remember information better if you had previously studied in that classroom (versus in the library) would be an example of ______________ .
Context-dependant memory
74
Whether raised together or apart, what type of twins are most similar in personality scores?
identical twin
75
Sandy has a friend named Judy. She meets a woman at a party named Julie. To her embarrassment, every time she sees Julie, she calls her Judy. What is Sandy experiencing?
proactive interference
76
What ethical principle says that people, before they agree to participate in research, should be informed about the study�s procedures, potential benefits, and potential risks to participants?
Informed consent
77
What contain the chemical receptors concentrated along the edges and back surface of the tongue?
Taste bud
78
What specific type of operant conditioning is giving a misbehaving child a time-out from playing with other kids in order to reduce her misbehaving?
Negative punishment
79
For sound, ______________ is due to the vertical size of the sound waves.
Intensity
80
Although Cathy had successfully extinguished the association between cars and fear for over a month, when she saw an unfamiliar car on her street, she felt fear again. What is this an example of?
Spontaneous recovery
81
Kalliyan has taken the same route home from work for years, but today the road is closed due to an accident. Kalliyan has an important work presentation that she can�t miss. Desperate, she decides to take a back road that she only once accidentally took on a Sunday drive and never had any use for until now. Even though she doesn't have a clear idea of how long it will take her or where the road will lead her to get to that destination, what is she displaying by knowing to take it?
Latent learning
82
For her Experimental Psychology class, Kristen has developed a hypothesis based on the observation that hot days cause road rage. What is Kristen providing for the variable of hot days when she notes in what range of temperatures hot days fall?
operational definition
83
At what stage of language development would an English infant, with no training in Japanese, have NO problem with being able to discrimate the Japanese sounds of �i� and �ii�?
Babbling stage
84
What is an important safeguard for the safety of participants in psychological research?
informed consent
85
Random drug tests and roadside speed traps would both be considered examples of what type of partial reinforcement schedule?
Variable- Interval schedule
86
Why do adults have a much harder time than children for learning to fluently speak a non-native language?
critical period
87
Steve is working toward a career in Investment Banking. Although he dates interesting women, marriage is not one of Steve�s goals. He is content to remain single and has no interest in having children. His parents are so upset by his lack of �paternal instinct� that he has been ostracized from his family. Steve�s co-workers think he will change his mind and want children eventually. If we look at the three levels of analysis, at what level can we say that the pressures from Steve�s family falls at?
Social-cultural levels of analysis
88
The tradition of what early perspective of psychology endures today in cognitive psychology, which studies mental processes, and evolutionary psychology, which emphasizes the adaptiveness of behavior?
Functionalism
89
Isaac is in a room that is almost completely dark. He notices while lying in bed that if he tries to focus on the faint little red light on the fire detector, it seems to disappear. When he asks his mother why this happens, she explains that the eye receptors that understand color do not function well in very dim light. To which receptors is she referring?
Cones
90
Hitesh�s friends asked him to meet them for dinner, but he has never been to the restaurant they name. He asks where the restaurant is located, and is told that it sits at the corner of Main Avenue and State Street. Though he has never been to the corner of Main and State, he knows where both roads are, and is able to figure out where the restaurant is. What is he using?
Cognitive map
91
What type of learning alerts organisms to stimuli that signal the impending arrival of an important event?
Classical Conditioning
92
A person with a severed corpus callosum is briefly shown a picture of a dog in his left visual field and after this presentation he is unable to tell the experimenter that he just saw a dog but can indicate he saw it by pointing to it with his left hand. Given this information, what cerebral hemisphere can we conclude that he used to process the image of the dog?
Right cerebral hemisphere
93
What type of science would study how other people influence our behavior?
Psychology
94
What lobe contains the somatosensory cortex which receives input that gives rise to sensations of heat, touch, cold, balance, and body movement?
Parietal lobe
95
You are able to read this sentence because you understand a system of symbols and rules that create messages and meanings. What is that system called?
Language
96
Fred does a correlational study on shoe size and intelligence. He learns that the two variables are NOT related. What value will therefore be close to zero?
Correlation coefficient
97
To decide which of two competing comics the audience liked the best, the host asks the audience to cheer if they liked the first comic best and then asks the audience to cheer if they liked the second comic best. His ability to correctly detect whether the audience cheered louder for one comic versus the other is a function of his _____________ threshold.
difference threshold
98
In a study of the effect of Drug X on depression, some participants take Drug X twice a day and some participants take a sugar pill twice a day. What type of group are the participants in that take Drug X?
Experimental group
99
The U2 frontman Bono sustained nerve damage to his left arm as a result of a high-impact bicycle accident. Which of the two divisions of the vertebrate nervous systems did he injure?
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
100
What is the following statement an example of: if patients are given Drug X, then they will be less depressed?
Hypothesis
101
What occurred when students engrossed in a cell-phone conversation failed to notice a clown-suited unicyclist in their midst?
Inattentional Blindness
102
What type of window for mastering language closes if, by about 7 years of age, a child has not been exposed to either a spoken or a signed language?
Critical period
103
What are learned associations that surface as gut feelings, such as when we react warily to a stranger that looks like someone who previously harmed or threatened us, but without consciously recalling the earlier experience?
Intuition
104
What is a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group?
survey
105
What is degenerated in multiple sclerosis (MS), resulting in slowed communication to the muscles and eventual loss of muscle control?
myelin sheath
106
What level of analysis considers the natural selection of adaptive traits?
Biological level of analysis
107
What describes the fact that once people form a belief (e.g., that Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction) they prefer evidence in favor of the belief and ignore evidence that refutes it?
Confirmation bias
108
In a language, what is the smallest distinctive sound unit?
Phoneme
109
What is the diminishing effect of a drug with the regular use of its same dose?
Tolerance
110
What includes color constancy: perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by an object?
perceptual constancy
111
What illusion do film animation artists create by flashing 24 still pictures a second?
phi phenomenon
112
What is a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event?
Flashbulb memory
113
What are there 46 of in every cell nucleus in your body that contain the genetic code for your entire body?
Chromosomes
114
What is the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses?
Generalization
115
With what type of memory people report increased confidence in their accuracy of what happened, but are not actually more accurate in comparison to everyday memories?
flashbulb memory
116
What is a sleep disorder that occurs during NREM-3 sleep and is characterized by getting up out of bed and walking around but with no recollection of having done so upon awakening?
sleepwalking
117
What is the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment?
sensation
118
For making each day's hundreds of judgements and decisions, what do we typically use instead of taking the time and effort to reason systematically?
intuition
119
What does the English language use about 40 of, while other languages use anywhere from half to more than twice that many?
phoneme
120
What is a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem?
Algorithim
121
What is the process by which your brain organizes and interprets sensory input?
Perception
122
What includes the principle of proximity: that we group nearby figures together?
Gestalt laws of organization
123
What part of your eyes dilates when you enter a darkened theater or turn off the light at night?
pupil
124
In an experiment, what group is exposed to one version of the independent variable?
experimental group
125
In classical conditioning, what is a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus?
Conditioned response (CR)
126
What is the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes?
heritability
127
What is the neuron extension that listens to other neurons?
Dendrite
128
What physical property of sound waves determines the dimension of loudness?
intensity
129
What brain structure is larger in mammals, allowing increased capacities for learning and thinking, and enabling mammals to be more adaptable?
cerebral cortex
130
What is prevented from occurring when we stare at an object without flinching because our eyes are always moving?
Sensory adaptation
131
What process has two mechanisms: assessments of the relative timing and of the relative intensity of sounds that arrive at each ear?
sound localization
132
What is a multilayered tissue on the eyeball's sensitive inner surface?
Retina
133
After damage to what brain area would a person speak only meaningless words?
Wernicke's area
134
What occurs when the pieces of a problem suddenly fall together in an abrupt, true-seeming, and often satisfying solution?
insight
135
What would be a belief that influences what you hear, taste, feel, or see?
Perceptual set
136
What uses Charles Darwin's principle of natural selection to understand the roots of behavior and mental processes?
Evolutionary psychology
137
What type of solutions to word problems is accompanied by a burst of activity in the right temporal lobe?
insight
138
What, in sensation, is the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brain can interpret?
Transduction
139
What neuron extension is typically short?
Dendrite
140
What is also known as the just noticeable difference (jnd)?
difference threshold
141
What cerebral hemisphere excels in making inferences among distantly related items?
right cerebral hemisphere
142
What type of drugs do people use to induce sleep or reduce anxiety?
depressants
143
What is the disruption effect of prior learning on the recall of new information?
proactive interference
144
What are the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating?
cognition
145
What is a statement of the procedures used to define research variables?
operational definition
146
What is a chemical messenger that crosses the synapse?
neurotransmitter
147
What is the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information?
Memory
148
What type of drugs amplify sensitivity to colors, sounds, tastes, and smells?
Hallucinogens
149
What do our mood states provide an example of, since emotions that accompany good or bad events become retrieval cues?
State-dependant memory
150
What does the field of behavior genetics primarily measure?
heritability
151
Colin was involved in an accident that injured his left ear, damaging his left eardrum. Though the injury reduced his ear�s capacity to transmit vibrations, a hearing aid greatly improves his ability to hear. What area of Colin's ear was most likely damaged?
middle ear
152
What type of perception would a sniper rely upon to be able to spot enemy soldiers out of a crowd of innocent bystanders?
figure ground
153
What type of receptor would a Basket cell be, which surround the base of hair follicles and serve as pressure sensors?
Skin receptor
154
What type of descriptive research method would a researcher be most likely to use to identify the average alcohol use among Canadian teenagers?
survey
155
What ear structure looks like a snail's shell?
cochlea
156
A newborn baby is having trouble regulating her breathing and heart rate and doctors are forced to place her on life support. Given her symptoms, what brain structure does this infant most likely have some abnormalities in or damage to?
medulla
157
The size of the __________ regulates the amount of light that enters the eye.
pupil
158
Bill is thinking about the problems he has been having with his girlfriend and remembering their recent argument. However, he believes that he can win back her affection if he can just think of a way to effectively communicate how much he cares for her. What general term can be used to describe the mental activities Bill is doing?
cognition
159
While out for a hike, John suddenly confronts a snake. What area of his brain is responsible for making him feel terrified of the snake?
amygdala
160
Glial cells absorb excessive excitatory neurotransmitters released into what space between neurons?
synapse
161
Last week, Norma threw a temper tantrum in the middle of the grocery store because her mother had said she could not have a candy bar. After 5 minutes of screaming and crying, Norma got a candy bar. Now Norma is throwing another temper tantrum in the grocery store because she was told that she could not have an ice cream cone. What specific type of operant conditioning has the frequency of Norma�s behavior been influenced by?
positive reinforcement
162
Ingrid tried to darken her naturally blond hair with store-bought color and accidentally dyed it black. When she and her friend Minka go to the gym, she notices a woman looking in their direction. �Everybody�s staring at me!� she says. �Ingrid,� Minka replies, �you pick out the one woman in the whole gym who�s staring to prove your point.� Ingrid is looking for evidence that confirms what she believes rather than looking for evidence that does not. In other words, she is relying on the _____________.
Confirmation bias
163
Tom tries many different majors, but just can�t seem to find one that he likes. His indecision seems largely due to the conflicting thoughts he has about school in general. What level of analysis is this explanation for Tom�s situation most consistent with?
Psychological level of analysis
164
What is the second stage of language development?
one word stage
165
Lenny was in an accident that damaged the part of his brain responsible for creating memories. Though Lenny can remember things from before the accident, he can�t make new memories. If he meets someone, he won�t remember her the next time he sees her, even if he has �met� her several times. What part of Lenny�s brain was damaged?
hippocampus
166
In English sentences, the subject almost always comes first, the verb second, and the object third. In the Romance languages, however, there many exceptions to this pattern. For example, in French "je t'aime", in Italian "(io) ti amo", and in Spanish "(yo) te amo", if literally translated into English would all mean "I you love". What are the typical patterns that a language uses to order words in a sentence called?
grammar
167
Princess Aurora suffers from Sleeping Beauty syndrome, which causes her to sleep for sometimes 20 hours a day, to have unusual cravings for apples, and feel strong sexual desires towards whichever man kisses her lips. Which of her forebrain structures is most likely malfunctioning?
hypothalamus
168
A researcher wants to assess the effect of sleep on test performance. She brings students into the lab, gives each student an IQ test, and then asks them how much they slept last night. Since no variable was manipulated, what type of research design would this NOT be?
experimental research
169
Owls are nocturnal animals, and they have exceptional night vision. Because they are generally not active during the day, they did not develop the ability to see colors�they see only black and white. Given this information, we can conclude that owls have what type of receptor cells?
rods
170
The _____________ extends from one side of the cell body and conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands.
axon
171
The all-or-none law of neural conduction suggests that once the ______________ is met, an action potential of uniform and maximum intensity occurs.
threshold
172
Trina�s dog loves to go for walks, and she always puts a leash on him when they go out. The dog used to wag his tail as soon as they got outside, but now he wags his tail when she picks up the leash. In classical conditioning, what can the picking up of the leash be considered in this case?
Conditioned stimulus
173
Lupe wants to train her dog, Jupiter, to walk to the television and turn it on with her nose. Lupe begins the training by rewarding Jupiter whenever he takes a step into the living room. Next, Lupe rewards Jupiter only when he walks in the direction of the television. Then Lupe rewards Jupiter only when he walks to the television, and finally Lupe rewards Jupiter only when he touches the power button with his paw and turns on the television. What operant conditioning technique is Lupe using to train her dog?
shaping
174
When Amy watches a horror movie, what division of her peripheral nervous system allows her to digest popcorn and is also responsible for increasing her heart rate during scary scenes?
autonomic nervous system
175
The Pygmy people live in the dense rainforests of Africa, and few ever see wide open spaces. An anthropologist took a Pygmy out of the rainforest and showed him a wide plain where buffalo were grazing. The buffalo were so far away that they looked like insects to the Pygmy, and when the anthropologist drove the Pygmy closer to them, the Pygmy was convinced that some form of witchcraft was being used to change the insects into buffalo. Because of his lack of experience with distant objects, what had the Pygmy not developed?
perceptual constancy
176
The fact that each eye receives a slightly different visual stimulus is significant in the creation of __________ depth cues.
binocular cues
177
Dr. Hernandez is testing a new antidepressant. She carefully screens her subjects and assigns them either to the control group or the experimental group. When it is time for subjects to take the antidepressants, she gives one group the new medication and one group sugar pills that look exactly the same as the real medication. By doing this, what is she hoping to control for?
placebo effect
178
Leroy is listening to a new CD. The artist used sampling (taking a sound recording from one source and incorporating it into a new recording) on one track. Even though he has previously seen the movie from which the sound was sampled, Leroy later falsely remembers having first heard that sound from the cd. What is this called?
Source amnesia
179
A person with a severed corpus callosum is briefly shown a picture of a bird in her right visual field and after this presentation she is able to tell the experimenter that she just saw a bird. Given this information, what cerebral hemisphere can we conclude that she used to process the image of the bird?
Left cerebral hemishpere
180
When Joe the paratrooper parachutes from an airplane, what division of his autonomic nervous system keeps his heart rate down and his body calm?
parasympathetic nervous system
181
Every year, the dubious posthumous honor of the 'Darwin Award' is bestowed on people who '[improve] the human genome by�accidentally kill[ing] themselves in really stupid ways.' In 2002, for example, a man used a chainsaw to open a grenade because he wanted to make firecrackers; instead, the grenade exploded. To which of Darwin�s principles are the Darwin Awards in homage?
Natural selection
182
When Beatrice was ten, she tripped and fell right into the middle of her sister�s birthday cake. When Beatrice�s sister later brings the story up one evening at the dinner table, Beatrice can recall being embarrassed and feeling terrible immediately after the event but swears she has no memory of what happened immediately before the event. What type of amnesia would this be considered?
retrograde amnesia
183
Though neurons are the building blocks of our nervous systems, they can�t do everything alone. ______________ cells guide neurons into place during prenatal development, hold them still after the nervous system has developed, and keep the neurons safe from toxins.
gilial cell
184
Jane is treated for her depression by her doctor prescribing tricyclic medication. Her doctor explains that the medication increases the level of monoamine neurotransmitters stimulating receptors in her brain by preventing the neurotransmitters from being moved back into neurons after they have been naturally released by them into the synapse. What process is this medication preventing?
reuptake
185
When Sydney was a child, she saw her mother react with fear around a snake. Now as an adult, she doesn�t remember the incident but she does become anxious around anything that looks like a snake, including the garden hose. What type of memory is Sydney demonstrating?
implicit memory
186
Two groups of researchers investigate the nature of intelligence. The first group does this by asking people IQ-testing questions in order to measure the average level of intelligence. The other group does this by studying the notes of Einstein in order to know the potential limits of intelligence. What type of research design are both groups using?
descriptive research
187
What type of amnesia would a patient be suffering from if they have problems with encoding new information but have no problems with retrieving information from before their injury
anterograde amnesia
188
What type of operant conditioning is taking away a child's TV privileges and verbally scolding him when he's caught swearing?
punishment
189
Genetic engineering involves cutting, combining, and then inserting it into a host organism what type of molecule?
DNA
190
Whether raised together or apart, what type of twins are least similar in intelligence test scores?
fraternal twins
191
Ken asks his eye doctor to explain why he has blurry vision. The doctor says that Ken has a condition, known as myopia, due to his eyeball being longer than normal, so visual images fall too close to the _______ of his eye. As a result, faraway objects look blurry.
Lens
192
Lisa is trying to drive from Los Angeles to New York, but doesn�t have a map. So she just drives on roads labeled �East� and �North� and hopes that she gets there. She is using a(n) ____________ to try to find her way to New York.
heuristic
193
While trying to learn what a �dog� is, Arash mentally compares every animal to his family�s new puppy. If the animal is similar enough, he decides that it is also a dog. Arash�s puppy serves as a _______________ for the concept of �dog.�
prototype
194
Anton�s grandfather had a stroke. When the family arrives at the hospital, Grandfather is unable to speak. The family gives him some paper and a pencil, but Grandfather is unable to write, either. A speech therapist explains that Grandfather probably knows what he wants to say, but the part of his brain that allows him to produce speech, _____________________, has been damaged by the stroke.
Broca's area
195
About 65% of adults over the age of 20 are overweight. What type of learning contributes to this due to the fact that the rewarding effect of eating occurs immediately whereas its aversive effect of weight gain does not happen right away
operant conditioning
196
Madison does a study to learn if drinking warm milk before one goes to bed shortens the time it takes one to get to sleep. In her study, what type of variable would the warm milk be?
independent variable
