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Functional Anatomy > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Agonist

A

Muscles that, when contracting concentrically, cause joint motion through a specified plane of motion

Primary movers–> most involved

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2
Q

Antagonist

A

Muscles that have the opposite concentric action from agonist

Have to relax for agonist to perform

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3
Q

Stabilizer

A

Surround joint or body part and contract to stabilize the area and allow other limb or body segment to exert force and move

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4
Q

Sagittal plane = _______ axis

A

Frontal axis

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5
Q

Frontal plane = _______ axis

A

Sagittal axis

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6
Q

Transverse plane = _______ axis

A

Longitudinal

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7
Q

Example of sagittal plane/frontal axis

A

sit ups

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8
Q

Example of frontal plane/sagittal axis

A

jumping jacks

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9
Q

Example of transverse plane/longitudinal axis

A

spinal rotation to left/right

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10
Q

Neutralizer

A

Counteract or neutralize the action of other muscles to prevent undesired movements

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11
Q

Synergist

A

Assist in action of agonist, but are not necessarily prime movers

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12
Q

Action potential

A

Electrical signal transmitted from the brain and spinal cord through axons to muscle fibers in a particular motor unit

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13
Q

Passive tension

A

Externally applied forces; muscle is stretched beyond normal resting length

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14
Q

Active tension

A

Active contraction of respective muscle fibers in that muscle

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15
Q

Uniarticular

A

Cross and act directly on the joint that they cross

Ex: brachialis of the elbow

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16
Q

Biarticular

A

Cross and act directly on two different joints

May contract to cause, control or prevent motion at either one or both of its joints

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17
Q

Multiarticular

A

Act on three or more joints due to the line of pull between their origin and insertion crossing multiple joints

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18
Q

Active insufficiency

A

Muscle becomes shortened to the point where it cannot generate or maintain active tension

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19
Q

Passive insufficiency

A

If the opposing muscle becomes stretched to the point where it can no longer lengthen and allow movement

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20
Q

GHJ: Horizontal abduction
SM:

A

Retraction

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21
Q

Motions in Glenohumeral Joint

A 
Abduction
Adduction
Flexion
Extension
Internal rotation
External rotation
Horizontal adduction
Horizontal abduction
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22
Q

Scapular movements

A 
Upward rotation
Downward rotation
Elevation
Depression
Protraction
Retraction
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23
Q

What is a carrying angle?

Study These Flashcards
A

Small degree formed between the axis of a radially deviated forearm and the axis of the humerus.

24
Q

What is a UCL tear?

What are the common mechanisms of injury for a UCL tear?

How can you treat a UCL tear?

Study These Flashcards
A

Tear of the ulnar collateral ligament on the inside of the elbow.

Valgus stress applied to lateral side of elbow.

Surgery to repair the tear, physical therapy

25
What is medial epicondylitis? What are the common mechanisms of injury for medial epicondylitis? How can you treat medial epicondylitis?
Aka golfer's elbow. An overuse injury caused by pain on inner side of elbow. Over use in arm motion, often seen in golfer's swing RICE Limit movements
26
What is lateral epicondylitis? What are the common mechanisms of injury for lateral epicondylitis? How can you treat lateral epicondylitis?
Aka tennis elbow. An overuse injury cause by pain on outer side of elbow Overuse in arm movement, often seen in the backhand motion of a tennis swing RICE Limit movements
27
What is carpal tunnel syndrome? What are the common mechanisms of injury for carpal tunnel syndrome? How can you treat carpal tunnel syndrome?
The median nerve is compressed as it travels through the wrist at the carpal tunnel and causes pain, numbness and tingling, in the part of the hand that receives sensation from the median nerve. Overuse injury cause by increased pressure in wrist flexors on median nerve. Inflammation and swelling adds to pressure RICE Limiting movement In some cases surgery
28
Open Kinetic Chain
Distal portion is not fixed
29
Examples of open kinetic chain
Bicep curl Overhead press Raises Leg extension
30
What is scapular winging? | What are the causes of scapular winging?
When the shoulder blade protrudes from a person's back Damage to the long thoracic nerve and/or weakness in the Serratus Anterior muscle.
31
Function of rotator cuff:
Work together to stabilize the humeral head in the glenoid fossa
32
Muscles of rotator cuff:
*SITS* Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres Minor Subscapularis
33
*Anterior pelvic tilt:* What muscles are weak? What muscles are tight?
*Weak:* Abdominals Hamstrings *Tight:* Erector Spinae Tight Illiacus (Hip flexors)
34
*Posterior pelvic tilt:* What muscles are weak? What muscles are tight?
*Weak:* Erector Spinae Tight Illiacus (Hip flexors) *Tight:* Abdominals Hamstrings
35
*Trendelenburg gait* MOI: Signs and symptoms: Treatment:
Often due to overuse on one side of muscles, runners going around track only one way Weak gluteus medius Hip dip Strengthening of gluteus medius, single limb, abduction
36
*Piriformis Syndrome* MOI: Signs and symptoms: Treatment:
Overuse injury Inflammation of sciatic nerve/bundle due to irritation of piriformis Limit activity and gradually strengthening surrounding muscles
37
*IT Band Syndrome* MOI: Signs and symptoms: Treatment:
Overuse of hip flexion IT band is tight and irritated, pain Foam rolling can be effective, ice cup massage
38
*ACL sprain/tear* MOI: Signs and symptoms: Treatment:
Plant, twist, pop | Hyperextension
39
*PCL sprain/tear* MOI: Signs and symptoms: Treatment:
Plant, twist, pop Hyperextension Dashboard Injury Fall on a hyper-flexed knee
40
Screw Home Mechanism
Locking the knee in full extension requires about 10° of ER Twisting of the knee (tibia) during last 30° of extension *Mechanism:* Caused by unequal sizes of the femoral condyles and tightening of the cruciate ligaments as they wind upon themselves Lateral pull of the quadriceps *Knee stability for standing upright, is the rotation between the tibia and femur. It occurs at the end of knee extension, between full extension (0 degrees) and 20 degrees of knee flexion*
41
*LCL sprain/tear* MOI: Signs and symptoms: Treatment:
Separate from joint capsule Prevent varus stress (from inside) Prevent extreme IR & ER
42
*Meniscus tear* MOI: Signs and symptoms: Treatment:
Shock absorbers | Increase joint contact area, decreases pressure of joint
43
Talocrual Joint Motions to cause pronation/supination
Dorsiflexion | Plantarflexion
44
Subtalar Joint Motions to cause pronation/supination
Inversion | Eversion
45
Pes Cavus
Abnormally high medial longitudinal arch Metatarsal heads – more perpendicular to ground Callus formation
46
Pes Planus
Overstretch of plantar fascia Subtalar joint over-pronated Pain Shin splints Bone spurs Fascia inflammation
47
*Plantar faciitis* MOI: Signs and symptoms: Treatment:
In inflammation of plantar facia ``` *MOI:* Pronation High arches Flat feet Tight Achilles tendon ``` *Signs and Symptoms:* Stabbing pain near the heel Pain might be worst in the morning. ``` *Treatments:* Physical therapy Shoe inserts Steroid injections Surgery ```
48
*Medial ankle sprain* MOI: Signs and symptoms: Treatment:
*MOI:* Everson Valgus stress ``` *Signs and Symptoms:* Immediate pain Rapid swelling Bruising may develop Difficulty weight bearing Limited motion ``` *Treatments:* RICE Ankle strengthening
49
*Lateral ankle sprain* MOI: Signs and symptoms: Treatment:
*MOI* Inversion Varus stress ``` *Signs and Symptoms* Immediate pain Rapid swelling Bruising may develop Difficulty weight bearing Limited motion ``` *Treatment* RICE Ankle strengthening
50
*High ankle sprain* MOI: Signs and symptoms: Treatment:
Occurs when there is tearing and damage to the high ankle ligaments *MOI* External rotation, when the foot is turned towards the outside *Signs and Symptoms* Pain over the junction between the tibia and fibula just above the level of the ankle *Treatment* RICE Put in a boot
51
GHJ: Abduction SM:
Upward rotation
52
GHJ: Adduction SM:
Downward rotation
53
GHJ: Flexion SM:
Elevation/Upward rotation
54
GHJ: Extension SM:
Depression/Downward rotation
55
GHJ: Internal rotation SM:
Protraction
56
GHJ: External rotation SM:
Retraction
57
GHJ: Horizontal adduction SM:
Protraction

Functional Anatomy (13 decks)

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