Final Exam Flashcards
(84 cards)
1
Q
Health Promotion
A
Programs designed to increase activities that are beneficial to many aspects of physical health
2
Q
Community Psychology
A
A branch of psychology that focuses on research and practice on the reciprocal relations between individuals and the community in which they live
3
Q
A prevention program applied to an entire population, such as media awareness campaign on the dangers of drinking and driving
A
Universal Preventative Intervention
4
Q
A prevention program that targets people who are at elevated risk of developing a particular disorder or problem
A
Selective Preventative Intervention
5
Q
A prevention program that targets people who do not meet criteria for a disorder, but who have elevated risk and may show detectable, but subclinical, signs of the disorder
A
Indicated Preventative Intervention
6
Q
Primary Prevention
A
The provision of conditions conducive to good health
7
Q
Prevention that targets groups of people who are identified as being at high risk
A
Secondary Prevention
8
Q
Tertiary Prevention
A
Occurs with respect to chronic disorders and focuses on rehabilitation and long-term adaptation
9
Q
An approach to prevention that reduces risks and promotes protective factors
A
Risk Reduction Model
10
Q
Risk Factors
A
Characteristics of the individual or environment that render a person more vulnerable to the development of a problem or disorder, or that are associated with more severe symptoms
11
Q
Protective Factors
A
Characteristics of the individual or environment that render a person less vulnerable to the development of a disorder or problem
12
Q
Individual Risk Factors (10)
A
Complications in pregnancy and/or birth Physical health problems or disability Difficult temperament Poor nutrition Intellectual deficit or learning disability Attachment problems Poor social skills Low self-esteem Impulsivity Attention deficits
13
Q
School Risk Factors (4)
A
Bullying
Peer rejection
Deviant peer group
Inadequate behaviour management
14
Q
Family/ Social Risk Factors (10)
A
Parental isolation Single parent Antisocial family role models Exposure to family and community violence Harsh or inconsistent discipline Inadequate supervision and monitoring Parental abuse or neglect Long-term parental unemployment Criminality in the family Parental psychopathology
15
Q
Life and Situational Risk Factors (13)
A
Abuse Homelessness Family disruption Chronic illness or death of family member Poverty Unemployment Parental imprisonment War or natural disasters High-density living Witnessing trauma Migration Poor housing conditions Isolation from support services (transport, shopping, recreational facilities)
16
Q
Cultural and Community Risk Factors (4)
A
Socioeconomic disadvantage
Social or cultural discrimination
Isolation
Exposure to community violence and crime
17
Q
Individual protective Factors (9)
A
Easy temperament Adequate nutrition Positive attachment Above-average intelligence School achievement Social competence Problem-solving skills Optimism Positive self-esteem
18
Q
Family/ Social Protective Factors (5)
A
Supportive, caring parents Authoritative parenting Family harmony Supportive relationship with another (non-parental) adult Strong family norms and prosocial values
19
Q
School Protective Factors (5)
A
Prosocial peer group Required responsibility and helpfulness School norms against violence Opportunity for some success and recognition of achievement Positive school-home relations
20
Q
Life and Situational Protective Factors (2)
A
Adequate income
Adequate housing
21
Q
Community and Cultural Protective Factors (5)
A
Attachment to networks within the community
Participation in church and other community groups
Strong cultural identity and ethnic pride
Access to support services
Community/ cultural norms against violence
22
Q
The number of people who need to receive the intervention in order to prevent one person from developing the condition
A
Number Needed to Treat
23
Q
Why is prevention important?
A
High cost of mental disorders; increased risk of physical disorders
24
Q
The predisposition to metal disorder is the cumulative effects of the presence of (3):
A
Multiple risk factors
The lack of protective factors
The interplay of risk and protective factors
25
In prevention models we should include (3):
Factors that are malleable
Factors mainly related to he development of a particular disorder that can generate specific effects
Generic factors (generate a broad spectrum of preventative effects)
26
Factors to consider in prevention (5):
```
Politics
Competition
Clinical training and role definition
Program evaluation
Determining cost-effectiveness
```
27
Features of successful prevention programs (6)
Evidence based
Programs work to promote relatively simple principles
Multi-faceted
Developed as an expansion of an efficacious treatment
Offered in convenient contexts
Importance of program fidelity
28
Mental disorder _____ has as its targets the reduction of symptoms and ultimately of mental disorders
Prevention
29
Mental health ______ aims to promote positive mental health by increasing psychological well-being, competence and resilience, and by creating supportive living conditions and environments
Promotion
30
The study of the conditions and processes that contribute to the flourishing or optimal functioning of people, groups, and institution
Positive Psychology
31
A treatment approach that emphasizes bringing to awareness unconscious processes, especially as they are expressed in interpersonal relationships, and helping the client to understand and alter these processes
Short-term psychodynamic therapy
32
Transference
The unconscious application of expectations and emotional experiences, based on important early relationships, to subsequent interpersonal relationships
33
Therapeutic Tasks in Short-Term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy (3 Phases)
Phase 1: Developing positive transference relationship. Identifying themes that are important for the patient
Phase 2: Analyzing the transference relationship. Exploring themes through clarification and confrontation.
Phase 3: Terminating the therapy. Dealing with loss, dealing with expectable challenges in life
34
A treatment approach that emphasizes interpersonal elements in the development, maintenance, and alteration of psychological problems
Interpersonal Psychotherapy
35
Phases of interpersonal psychotherapy (3 Sessions)
Initial Sessions 1-3: Assess symptoms, Diagnose and explain depressive disorder, assess interpersonal context, present IPT formulation of patient's problems
Intermediate Sessions 4-12: Grief, role disputes, role transitions, interpersonal deficits
Termination Phase 13-16: Acknowledge worries and sadness related to ending therapy, encourage awareness and practice of new skills, anticipate future challenges in which new skills will be employed
36
A treatment approach that emphasizes the importance of becoming aware of emotions, understanding and expressing emotions, and transforming maladaptive to adaptive emotions
Process-experiential therapy
37
Principles of Process Experiential Therapy (4)
Fostering a therapeutic relationship
Facilitating work on therapeutic tasks
Experiential response modes
Therapeutic tasks
38
A treatment approach that emphasizes the role of thoughts and behaviour in psychological problems and, therefore, focuses on altering beliefs, expectations, and behaviours in order to improve the client's functioning
Cognitive-behavioural therapy
39
Self-efficacy
A person's sense of competence to learn and perform new tasks
40
Phases of CBT
Assessment phase, Intervention phase, termination phase, booster sessions
41
Structured group therapies
Extensions of treatments that are also offered in an individual format
42
Process group therapy
Designed to capitalize on the dynamics of the group
43
Self-administered treatment
Treatment that the client engages in with no or minimal contact with a mental health professional
44
The delivery of health care services via telephone, videoconferencing, or computer-mediated communications
Telehealth
45
An approach to health care service delivery in which lower-cost interventions are offered first, with more intensive and more costly interventions being provided only those for whom the first-line intervention was insufficient
Stepped Care
46
Randomized Controlled Trial
An experiment in which research participants are randomly assigned to one of two or more treatment conditions
47
A set of statistical procedures for quantitatively summarizing the results of a research domain
Meta-analysis
48
Effect Size
A standardized metric, typically expressed in standard deviation units or correlations, that allows the results of research studies to be combined and analyzed
49
A summary of scientific research, dealing with the diagnosis, assessment, and/or treatment of a disorder, designed to provide guidance to clinicians providing services to patients with the disorder
Clinical Practice Guidelines
50
Empirically Supported Treatment
A psychotherapy that has been found, in a series of randomized controlled trials or single-participant designs, to be efficacious in the treatment of a specific condition
51
A type of initial, exploratory treatment study in which no control group is used and, typically, few participant exclusion criteria are applied
Open Trial
52
The use of data from empirical studies to provide a comparison against which the effectiveness of clinical services can be gauged
Benchmarking Strategy
53
Parent-child interactions in which the parent unintentionally rewards the child for whining or aggression and the child rewards the parent for giving in to his or her complaints
Coercive Exchanges
54
Core Parenting Skills (5)
```
Positive involvement
Skill encouragement
Discipline
Monitoring
Problem-solving
```
55
Any consequence that increases the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated
Positive Reinforcement
56
Time Out
A parenting strategy in which the child does not have access to reinforcers for a brief period following misbehaviour
57
Parental Monitoring
Parents' awareness and tracking of the child's activities
58
A theory that examines a young person's functioning within multiple contexts in which he or she lives-family, school, neighbourhood
Ecological Theory
59
Tracking mood on a regular basis, usually using a chart
Mood Monitoring
60
Psychoeducation
Teaching psychological concepts to clients in a manner that is accessible to them
61
Research that examines patterns, using therapist and/or client data, that are evident within and across therapy sessions
Process Research
62
Process-outcome Research
Research that examines the relation between variables related to the process of providing psychotherapy and the outcome of therapy
63
Common Factors
Therapeutic elements that occur in all or most treatments and are believed to be critical for successful client outcomes
64
Client Variables that Influence Treatment (11)
```
Socioeconomic Status
Ethnicity
Gender
Age
Symptom Severity
Functional Impairment
Personality Disorders
Ego Strength
Psychological Mindedness
Psychological Reactance
Treatment Expectations
```
65
Therapist Variables that Influence Treatment
```
Ethnicity
Gender
Age
Professional Discipline
Professional Experience
Personality Traits
Emotional Well-Being
Values, Attitudes, and Beliefs
Use of Self-Disclosure
```
66
Reactance
The tendency to react against attempts to directly influence one's behaviour
67
Theoretical models that explicitly incorporate aspects of multiple theoretical approaches and, frequently, common factors
Integrative Treatment Models
68
Therapeutic Alliance
A concept that encompasses the quality and strength of the collaboration relationship between client and therapist
69
Dodo Bird Effect
In the context of psychotherapy research, the view that all psychotherapies are equally effective
70
Aspects of the therapeutic relationship that research has found to be associated with successful treatment
Evidence-based Psychotherapy Relationships
71
Client, therapist, therapeutic relationship, and treatment factors that research has found to be associated with successful treatment
Empirically based principles of therapeutic change
72
Common Factors in Psychotherapy (3)
Support
Learning
Action
73
Support Factors (6)
```
Reducing isolation
Providing reassurance
Therapist excellence
Therapist alliance
Therapist respect and empathy
Exploration of assumptions, beliefs, expectations
```
74
Learning Factors (7)
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Advice
Mastery
Self-efficacy
Feedback
Insight
Behavioural regulation/ activation
Emotional experiencing/ regulation
```
75
Action Factors (7)
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Practice
Modelling
Reality Testing
Facing Fears
Working through issues of acceptance/ warmth/ attachment
Catharsis
Releasing tension
```
76
Two aims of empirically supported relationships
Identify elements of effective therapy relationships
| Determine methods of tailoring therapy to individual patient characteristics
77
Interventions for Children and Adolescents (8)
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Internalizing disorders
Externalizing disorders
Autism Spectrum Disorders
Substance Use Disorders
Trauma-related Difficulties
Health-related Difficulties
Sleep Disorders
Eating Disorders
```
78
Coping Cat is for_____
Anxiety
79
Approach is to integrate the behavioural approach with an added emphasis on the cognitive information-processing factors associated with each individual's anxiety
Overall goal is to teach children to recognize signs of unwanted anxious arousal and to let these signs serve as cues for the use of anxiety management strategies
Coping Cat Treatment for Anxiety
80
Coping Cat Program
FEAR
| Feeling frightened, Expecting bad things to happen, Attitudes and actions that might help, Results and rewards
81
Two components of PMT
Special play time and discipline
82
Advantages of Virtual Reality
Offers a standardized, controlled, replicable environment
Stimuli can be more readily available
Studies show VR is effective
83
Goals of Psychotherapy
```
Fostering insight
Reducing emotional distress
Encouraging catharsis
Providing new info
Assigning outside therapy tasks
Development of hope and positive expectations
```
84
Theoretical Approaches (4)
Short-term Psychodynamic
Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Depression
Process-experiential
Cognitive-behavioural
