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Psych 351B > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

“the abrupt onset of a focal neurologic deficit such as distribution in strength, speech, vision, or cognition that is consistent with a vascular distribution and lasts more than 24 hours with a positive image”

A

Stroke

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2
Q

Four types of strokes

A
  1. Intracerebral hemorrhage
  2. subarachnoid hemorrhage
  3. Acute ischemic stroke
  4. Transient ischemic attack (ministroke)
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3
Q

Type of stroke that involves bleeding into the brain from a ruptured artery

A

Hemorrhagic

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4
Q

Type of stroke that involves loss of blood flow to an area of the brain due to a clot or blockage

A

Ischemic

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5
Q

Formation of a plug or clot in the blood vessel in the brain

A

Thrombosis

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6
Q

A clot or plug that is brought through the blood from a larger vessel to a smaller vessel, where it becomes lodged and inhibits blood flow

A

Embolism

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7
Q

Treatment for ischemic stroke

A

Clot busting medication or removal of plague from carotid artery

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8
Q

Treatment for hemorrhagic stroke

A

Stabilization of blood pressure and surgical evacuation of hematoma

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9
Q

Neurodegenerative disease in which there is a loss of myelin and scars where myelin sued to be

A

Multiple Sclerosis

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10
Q

Small hard circumscribed scars where the myelin sheath is destroyed in MS

A

Sclerotic plaques

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11
Q

Most common theory of MS cause (general)

A

Myelin damage results from abnormal immune response wherein immune system targets myelin cells

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12
Q

Where in the world is MS most prevalent

A

Northern latitudes

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13
Q

Diagnostic tests for MS

A

Multiple - medical history, MRI, evoked potential tests, spinal tap

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14
Q

Diagnostic criteria for MS

A

Two of more symptom attacks/lesions with time between them

Lesions on MRI

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15
Q

Four types of MS

A
  1. Relapsing and remitting
  2. Secondary progressive
  3. Primary progressive
  4. Progressive replasing
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16
Q

Pain of the trigeminal nerve/facial pain

A

Trigeminal neuralgia

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17
Q

Tilting head down results in electric shock sensations down the spine

A

Lhermette’s sign

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18
Q

Pain generated by nerves

A

Neurogenic pain

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19
Q

Perceiving non-noxious stimulus as painful

A

Allodynia

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20
Q

Pain in the eye caused by damage to optic nerve

A

Optic neuritis

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21
Q

Pharmacological therapy for MS during an attack

A

Corticosterioids

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22
Q

Pharmacological therapy for MS to treat psychological symptoms

A

Antidepressants

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23
Q

Slowly progressing neurodegenerative disease resulting from the loss of dopamine-producing brain cells

A

Parkinson’s disease

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24
Q

Area of dopamine production that is affected in Parkinsons

A

Substantia nigra

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25
Symptoms of Parkinsons (5)
Pill rolling tremor, muscle rigidity, akinesia or bradykinesia, and postural disturbances/shuffling gate
26
Akinesia
Impaired power of voluntary movement
27
Bradykinesia
Slowed movement
28
Cognitive symptoms of parkinsons (4)
Attention/executive function, language, learning and memory, and visuospatial perception
29
Diagnostic tests for Parkinsons
Based on neurological exam and symptoms - no definitive test
30
Deep Brain stimulation (area and use)
Put electrode into the globus palidus or sub-thalamic nuclei ; used to treat parkinsons
31
Three genetic risk factors for alzheimers
APOE 4, autosomal dominant mutation, and down syndome/trisomy 21
32
Three environmental risk factors for Alzheimers
Cardiovascular disease, education, and TBI
33
Three phathophysological hallmarks of Alzheimers
Amyloid senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuronal degeneration
34
Neuroanatomical pathology progression sequence of alzheimers (4 areas)
Entorhinal cortex -> hippocampus -> frontal lobe -> sensory/motor
35
Two biomarker categories for alzheimers
Biomarkers showing level of beta-amyloid/tau accumulation in the brain, and showing that neurons are degenerating
36
Cognitive symptoms of Alzheimers (6)
Learning and memory, language, visuospatial function, executive functions, motor, and behaviour/affect
37
Four types of pharmacological treatment for Alzheimers
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, metantine (NDMA antagonist), antidepressants, and antipsychotics
38
Blood cannot carry sufficient oxygen to the brain
Anemic anoxia
39
Toxins in the system that prevent the blood's oxygen from being used efficiently
Toxic anoxia
40
An internal condition that blocks sufficient oxygen-rich blood from reaching the brain
Stagnant anoxia (aka hypoxic-ischemic injury)
41
Not enough oxygen in the air for the body to benefit from it
Anoxia anoxia
42
Anoxia
TBI related to lack of oxygen to the brain
43
Four types of closed-head trauma
Bruising, twisting/shearing/tearing of the fibres, bleeding and pressure, and edema
44
Two types of bruising
Coup and Countercoup
45
Coup bruising
Bruising at the site of impact
46
Countercoup bruising
Pressure resulting from coup produces a countercoup at the opposite end of the brain
47
Tearing of axons, stretching of nerve cells and blood vessels
Diffuse axonal injury
48
Glascow coma scale rating for severe TBI
8 and under
49
Glascow coma scale rating for moderate TBI
9-12
50
Glascow coma scale rating for mild TBI
13-15
51
______ both serves as a measure of severity of injury, and correlates with future memory disturbances
Post-traumatic amnesia (PTA)
52
LOC for mild TBI diagosis
0-5 minutes
53
Time for concussions to resolve in mild TBI
7-10 days
54
Diagnostic criteria for post concussive syndrome
Concussive symptoms lasting past 6 weeks, memory and attention deficits, plus 3 more symptoms such as fatigue, headache, mood changes, etc.
55
Indicators of Moderate-Severe Brain Injuries
LOC, GSC rating, amnesia, brain scans, and behavioural/cognitive changes
56
Six components of a neuropsychological assessment
``` Patient history Behavioural observations Psychological testing Interpretation Report Feedback ```
57
Four major types of neuropsych testing
Qualitiative, quantitative, fixed, and flexible
58
Repeatable instructions, presentations, tasks, and norms
Standardized
59
Valid indicator of skills, capable of detecting abilities and deficits
Sensitive
60
Multiple measures within and among a wide variety of domains
Intensive
61
Hierarchical items, stop/start rules
Scaled
62
Reliable examination of abilities, allows for comparison within/over time
Precise
63
Main test used for IQ
WAIS-IV
64
Four parts to IQ testing
Verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed
65
Ability to match angles and orientations of lines in space
Visual perception
66
Two types of memory tested by the Wechsler Memory Scale IV
Verbal and non-verbal elements of memory
67
Purpose of list learning test of verbal memory
Assesses verbal recall and recognition
68
Complex figure test of visual memory
Asked to reproduce complex abstract figure from memory
69
Purpose of Wisconsin card sorting task
Assessing executive functions
70
Two types of motor task tests
finger tapping, grooved pegboard
71
Faking a disorder/deficit, or exaggerating deficits
Malingering
72
When does the bulk of TBI recovery happen?
6-9 months
73
Four general types of evidence for neuroplasticity
observable behaviour, cerebral maps, synaptic organization, and new brain cells
74
Prism Adaptation
Given prism glasses, subjects adapt to the shifted visual world
75
Where do the neural changes occur in prism adaptation
Premotor and visual cortexes
76
Site of human adult neurogenesis
Olfactory bulb and the hippocampus
77
Therapeutic approaches to brain damage
Cognitive rehab, pharmacological therapies, brain stimulation (TMS), and stem-cells
78
Pharmacological therapies for treating brain damage
Compounds that facilitate plastic changes in the brain - work by reducing inflammation
79
Single event of sudden, excessive and disorderly discharge of neurons
Seizures
80
Five potential causes of epilepsy
Brian tumour/stroke, head trauma, infection or illness in mother during pregnancy, brain injury to infant during delivery, and poisoning from substance abuse or alcoholism
81
Three categories for the classification of epilepsy
1. where seizures begin in the brain 2. level of awareness during seizure 3. other features of the seizure
82
Four types of classifications for where seizures begin
Focal, generalized, unknown onset, and focal to bilateral seizure
83
Four ways of describing awareness during seizures
Focal aware, focal impaired awareness, awareness unknown, and generalized seizures
84
Four ways of describing motor and other symptoms in focal seizures
Focal motor seizure, focal non-motor seizure, and auras
85
Two ways of describing generalized onset seizures
Generalized motor seizure, and generalized non-motor seizure
86
Three types of treatment for epilepsy
Medications, vagus nerve stimulation, and neurosurgery
87
Memory concern in TLE
Left - verbal memory, right - nonverbal memory
88
Language deficits in left TLE patients
mild anomia
89
Anomia
A form of aphasia in which the person is unable to recall the names of everyday objects
90
Visuospatial deficits in right TLE patients
Difficulty perceiving unfamiliar objects

Psych 351B (2 decks)

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