Final Exam Flashcards
(163 cards)
1
Q
A global evaluation toward some object or issue is a _____
a) Belief
b) Attitude
c) Theory
A
b)
2
Q
_____ is a piece of information (facts or opinion) about something
A
Belief
3
Q
What are the two dual attitudes?
A
Automatic and deliberate
4
Q
Automatic attitudes are ___ and ____, deliberate attitudes are ____ ___ ___
A
implicit and fast, carefully thought out
5
Q
Leaning away from something is an example of _____
A
An embodied attitude
6
Q
Who created the mere exposure effect?
A
Robert Zanjon
7
Q
Mere exposure effects states that simply:
A
Being exposed repeated to something over and over is enough to make you like it
8
Q
Operant conditioning is the repeated pairings from neutral stimulus that evokes a conditioned stimulus. True or False?
A
False- it is the idea that ppl are more likely to to repeat rewarded behaviours, and less likely to repeat punished behaviours
9
Q
In Pavlov’s study, the dogs mouth watering was the _____, and the meat powder was the _____
A
1) unconditioned response (naturally occured)
2) unconditioned stimulus ( naturally evokes a particular response ie mouth watering)
10
Q
In Pavlov’s study, the neutral stimulus was ____, the conditioned stimulus was the ____, and the conditioned response was the ____
A
the bell, sounds of the bell, dogs mouth watering to sound of bell
11
Q
People learn through observing how others behave, and through imitating others.. This is the….
A
Social learning theory
12
Q
What is polarization?
A
Peoples attitudes become more extreme the more they reflect on them.
13
Q
What are the 3 elements in the POX theory?
A
the person, the other person, and the attitude object
14
Q
I like my social psychology professor, hate my exams, but so does my professor. Is this postitive or negative according to the balance theory?
A
Positive (negatives cancel out to make positive)
15
Q
I use ____ to convince myself that working hard and suffering is worthwhile
A
Effort justification
16
Q
What is cognitive dissonance?
A
Conflicting thoughts that cause psychological discomfort
17
Q
3 year old Davis sees his dad shaving and begins to cover his own face with shaving cream, this is an example of:
a) classical conditioning
b) operant conditioning
c) social learning
d) verbal learning
A
c)
18
Q
Post decision dissonance involves ____ the attractiveness of the chosen alternative and ____ the attractiveness of rejected alternatives
A
increasing, decreasing
19
Q
Cognitive dissonance theory predicts that when there is little external justification for having performed an act, dissonance will be ___ and attitude change will ___
a) high; occor
b) high; not occur
c) low; occur
d) low; not occur
A
b) high, not occur
20
Q
People were paid either $20 or $1 to complete a boring task. The people who were paid ___ rated it more enjoyed as a way to ____
A
$1, rationalize (cognitive dissonance theory)
21
Q
The A-B problem is the___
A
problem of inconsistency between attitudes and beliefs
22
Q
Planning to do a behaviour makes someone more likely to do it. True or False
A
True according to the Behavioural intentions theory
23
Q
What sort of conditionning do advertisers use to sell their products?
A
Classical- pairing their products with attractive celebrities
24
Q
Attitudes can be formed and changed through __, ___, and __
A
Classical and operant conditioning, and observational learning
25
3 parts of consistency theories:
1) specify conditions required for consitistency and inconsistency of cognitions
2) assume that inconsistency is unpleasant which motivates people to restore consistency
3) specify the conditions needed to restore consistency
26
People will sometimes choose to suffer as a consequence of expecting to suffer if they
coped with their expectation by changing some of their beliefs and attitudes
27
Dissonance is marked by
Unpleasant arousal
28
Which is more important, consistency in one's mind, or being seen as consistent by others
Others
29
The link between attitudes and behaviours is
a) weak
b) moderate
c) high
a) weak
30
Attitudes best predict behaviour if
they are specific, highly accessible, and influence how a person thinks about the choice they face
31
The idea that once beliefs are formed, they are resistance to change is
Belief perseverance
32
Blaming oneself is an example of
Coping
33
The world is benevolent
The world is fair
I am a good person.
These are typically part of.... but can be violated by...
The assumptive worlds, trauma
34
Animals have the same amount of attitudes as humans. True or false
False- also more complex
35
Rationalizing behaviours by changing attitudes, this is unique to ____
Humans
36
Affect is
How you feel
37
Behaviour
How you act
38
Cognition is
How you think
39
ABC's of attitudes are
Affect, behaviour, cognition
40
How are snakes an example of ABC's?
Hate snakes (affect), runaway from snake (behaviour), think it is dangerous (cognition)
41
Dual attitudes
Possible for someone to have two different evaluations of the same thing.
42
Why attitude?
Attitudes serve a purpose that allow us to adapt to the world
around us.
43
```
We can adjust to new situations
Seek out rewards, avoid punishments
Good vs bad
Make better decisions
Purposes of
```
Atittudes
44
Example of classical conditioning (repeating pairing of items) in high school?
Fire alarm, bell ringing
45
Changing attitude or behaviour is an example of
```
Cognitive dissonance ( Attitude: “Eating healthy is
really important”
Behaviour: Eats greasy food weekly
Change: “Eating healthy is important,
but it’s okay to indulge once in awhile
```
46
Firefighter study identified that people
held onto their beliefs
47
Common ways of making sense of experiences
1) existential purpose
| 2) they caused the event
48
Aggression is a behaviour that
Harms another person
49
Aggression is an emotion. True or false
False, it is not
50
Is aggression intentional?
Yes
51
There is ___ and ____ aggression
Physical and verbal
52
An example of indirect aggression is
Burning down someones house
53
Reactive/hostile/hot) aggression
hot, impulsive, angry, motivated by desire to harm someone
54
Proactive/instrumental/ cold aggression
cold, premeditated, calculated harmful behaviour
55
3 theories about aggression
Instinct, learning, nature and nurture
56
Instinct theory- aggression is ___
innate- necessary for survival
57
Learning theory- aggression is___
Learned- Modelling occurs when an individual copies or imitates
observed behaviours.
E.g., Bobo the clown
58
Nature and nurture- aggression is ___ and ___
innate and learned
59
3 causes of aggression
Internal causes
Interpersonal causes
External causes
60
Internal cause of aggression examples (3)
Bad mood, frustration, bullying
61
Interpersonal causes of aggression examples (2)
Selfishness (revenge, going after what they want) and influence
62
External causes of aggression examples (3)
Weapons effect, mass media (violent video games), unpleasant environments (very hot)
63
There is an increase in
| aggression when a weapon is present- this is an example of
The weapons effect
64
Violent video games have the same effect on aggression in boys and girls. True or false
False- no effect was found in girls.
65
Poor ____ is associated with more ___
Self control, aggression
66
Examples of antisocial behaviours
Lying, cheating, swearing
67
Ways to detect a liar
Umms and uhhs in speech
Increase in blinking
Increased perspiration
Increased heart rate
68
Students sitting in front of a mirror are less likely to cheat, true or false.
True
69
Anger is the ___ aggression is the ____
Emotion, behaviour
70
A group consists of at least ___ members with a common ___
,goal
71
Hostile attribution bias
Believe someone's behaviour is hostile (bumped into me on purpose)
72
Men are more ___ aggressive, women are more ___ aggressive
Physically, relationally
73
ABC's in groups
Affect- prejudice (feeling towards a person or group)
Behaviour- discrimination (not hiring based on race or gender)
Cognition- stereotyping (thinking a particular lacks a skills based on gender)
74
Groups are important:
Fulfills a need to belong
Provide social norms;
Provide social roles
75
___ is “the loss of self-awareness and
| of individual accountability in a group”
Deindividuation
76
Social Facilitation
Working in a group is beneficial when the task is something simple or well known, not beneficial when it is a new or difficult task
77
Social loafing
when someone reduce their effort when in a group
| compared to when they are alone.
78
Social loafing has the potential
| to result in others social loafing- this is called the
Bad apple effect
79
Social loafing occurs when there is no ____
accountability
80
People improve when
they are in groups but with simple tasks or something
they’re good at. True or false
True
81
_____ is important for group work to be successful
Accountability- consequences for inaction
82
Consequences of working in a group?
- Tend to be more violent
| - Other negative behaviour (mobs, riots, stealing)
83
Group think is ____
Brainstorming- collection of ideas
84
When committee members don’t take advantage of the group situation to inform a better decision
Foolish committees
85
Task orientation leader focuses on _____
| Relationship orientation leader focuses on __ ____ ___
productivity, positive group formation
86
Positive vs toxic leaders
have integrity, stick with their decisions, vs power goes to head take advantage of their authority
87
Leaders focus on ___, followers focus on ____
Rewards, peace&harmony
88
Racism is a _____
Prejudice
89
Ingroup "__"
Us-people who belong to the same category than we
| do
90
Outgroup "__"
Them- people who belong to a different group or
| category than we do
91
Aversive prejudice
```
claim to hold egalitarian
values, but have negative
feelings toward minorities
• Recognize that racism is
bad, but do not recognize
they are racist
```
92
Tokenism gives the ____ of ___ and equal rights
False appearance, inclusion
93
Hiring practices, sports shows and tv shows are examples of which subtle discrimination?
Tokenism
94
Tilscik (2011) - Workplace discrimination and gays
Resumes sent out, One applicant in each pair was a presumably gay man
• The other was presumably straight man- straight man received more call backs
95
Name two types of sexism
• Hostile- “women don’t appreciate all
men do for them”
• Benevolent- “a woman should be cherished and protected by her man”
96
Why is benevolent sexism harmful to women?
Casts them as weak, dependent, and fragile
97
How is stereotyping harmful?
When people fear that they will be negatively stereotyped, they experience anxiety, distraction, self doubt
• Their performance on a task suffers
98
Negative attitudes, beliefs
and views about obesity and
those with obesity is weight __
Bias (the thoughts)
99
Labeling, stereotyping
• Damaged identities, social
deviants is weight ___
Stigma
100
Verbal, physical etc.
| • Subtle and overt is weight ____
Discrimination (the action)
101
Sources of prejudice: __ and ___
Innate (competition, ingroup favouritism, inner processes) and learned (social learning)
102
___, ___, and ___ are examples of innate prejudices
Competition, ingroup favouritism, and inner processes
103
_____ is an example of learned prejudices
Social learning (product of culture- ex media)
104
Groups have the strongest, negative attitudes toward other groups when resources are scarce, and we must compete for them is the ____
Realistic conflict theory
105
People show favoritism toward in-group members- even when group membership is randomly determined (i.e.
Red vs. Blue teams). True or false
True
106
The minimal group effect is when...
People show favoritism toward in-group members
107
The most unacceptable form of prejudice is...
-jewish people, foreign immigrants
108
How to reduce prejudice?
- Contact hypothesis
| - Deliberate processing (override automatic thoughts with deliberate minds)
109
Contact hypothesis
• Positive contact leads people to feel good inside, which leads to less
prejudice
• Would not need stereotypes to fill gaps in knowledge
• Prejudice diminishes or disappears
110
Why do people social loaf?
"piggy back" off of another, they are not accountable for the consequences
111
What percent of thoughts a day are future oriented?
52%
112
When looking at the self over time, people tend to form 3 separate identities
Past Self
Present Self
Future Self
113
When is the reminiscence bump?
Between the ages of 10-30- identity is forming
114
What is the reminiscence bump?
the period
which individuals tend to produce the most memories
during free recall task
115
Social comparison
How you are in comparison to other people (seeing how others did on the exam)
116
We make more temporal comparisons over social comparisons. True or false
True
117
William James and self feelings
the way we remember things
| can indicate how connected we are to our past selves
118
Objective time:
Age, calender, time
119
Subjective time
One's perception of time
120
Ross and Wilson, self esteem
People push away negative events, devalue them.
121
Temporal discounting
Valuing immediate gain over future gains
122
Construal Theory
High level construal: When events are further into the
future people are likely to perceive the event abstractly
(bigger picture)
Low level construal: When events are in the near future people are more likely to perceive the event more concretely (details)
123
the “scientific study of how
our thoughts, feelings, and behaviours are shaped
by the real or imagined presence of others” and
other environmental cues.” is
Social psychology
124
In Social Psychology there are three main research
| designs:
Descriptive
Correlational
Experimental
125
3 main parts of the self
1) self control
2) public self
3) the agent
126
Self-awareness if often ___
unpleasant- comparing themselves to high standards
127
The assumption that outgroup members are more similar to one another than ingroup members are to one another
Outgroup homogeneity bias
128
Self-serving bias: making ___ attributions for success and ___ attributions for failures
Internal, external
129
View that prejudice and stereotyping are morally wrong is a product of _____ ____ ___
Modern western world
130
Men and women are more intolerant of homosexuality in the opposite gender. True or false
True
131
Which theory states that groups are more prone to hostile competitiveness than individuals are.
Discontinuty effect
132
Name two reasons people use stereotypes
Heuristics (mental shortcuts) and increasing their self-worth/self-esteem
133
Self-fulfilling prophecy in prejudice
People will act according to their stereotype that others hold of them
134
Tendency for groups to take greater risks than the same individuals would have decided to take individually is called
Risky shift
135
The tendency of group members to think alike
Groupthink
136
Individuals decide not to express their doubts or bring up information that goes against the groups plan and views.
Self-censorship (sign of group think)
137
___ can increase antisocial behaviour
Deindividuation
138
Who commits the most violent crimes and acts?
Young men just past the age of puberty
139
__% of toddler interactions in day cares involve some kind of physical aggression
25%
140
Hostile attribution bias
Perceive ambiguous actions as intentionally hostile
141
Hostile perception bias
Tendency to perceive social interactions in general as aggressive
142
Hostile expectation bias
Tendency to expect others to react to potential conflicts with aggression
143
What is the most violent relationship in the world?
Sibling relationship
144
___ attack their partners slightly more than ___, but don't cause as much harm
Women, men
145
Decreasing serotonin and increases in vitamins reduce
Aggression
146
Inflated opinions of self-worth
Grandiose
147
Desciptive norms
What most people do
148
Injunctive norms
what most people approve/disapprove of
149
Norms
what people should do
150
People are more likely to litter when they see graffiti. This is an example of:
Broken Windows Theory
151
If arousal is misattributed as ___ it can decrease anti-social behaviours (cheating)
Guilt
152
low levels of ___, increased aggression and violence
Serotonin
153
Eros vs thanatos (Freud)
Life-giving instinct vs death insticnt
154
Most at risk for domestic violence?
Women in non-committed relationships
155
Actions that benefit either an individual or society as a
| whole.
Prosocial behaviour
156
How is obedience a prosocial behaviour?
-We need obedience for society to function
| ▫ We need to follow laws
157
we are willing to adjust our responses and opinions to be
| in line with the group- this is
Conformity
158
Duplex mind: ___ vs ___
Automatic vs deliberate
159
the inferences people make about the events they experience.
attributions
160
"I did something bad"
guilt
161
"I'm a bad person"
shame
162
Humans have an innate desire to belong, true or false
True
163
Universal emotions
Shame, guilt, disgust
