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Brain And Behavior > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Translation of sensory receptor stimulation into a coherent experience of the environment

A

Sensation

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2
Q

Specializes in the detection of pheromones

A

Vomeronasal system

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3
Q

Secreted chemical favors that trigger a social response in the members of the same species

A

Pheromones

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4
Q

Olfaction

Receptor type

A

(Smell)

Chemoreceptors

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5
Q

Gustation

Receptor type

A

(Taste)

Chemoreceptors

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6
Q

Autosomal dominant alleles

A

Requires only one parent with gene

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7
Q

Autosomal recessive alleles

A

Both parents must have trait or be carriers

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8
Q

Polygenic traits

A

Multiple genes influence the characteristics

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9
Q

X-linked inheritance

A

Emergence of recessive trait on X chromosome because it is not masked by Y chromosome

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10
Q

Epigenetics

A

DNA changes due to influences of environment

Refers to ability of environment to “unlock” the genetic code and change it

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11
Q

The gate theory of pain

A

Pain is a gated system that can be opened or closed

Small diameter neurons (unmylinated) are slower signals

Large diameter neurons (myelinated) can move faster to gate down these pathways

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12
Q

Aphasia

A

Inability to speak or comprehend language

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13
Q

Brocas aphasia

A

Inability to speak

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14
Q

Wernickes aphasia

A

Nonsensical speech

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15
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

A

The body’s master clock is in the hypothalamus (complex survival behavior)
Entrained by light
Releases hormones: melatonin (dark part of cycle) and cortisol (light part of cycle)

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16
Q

Slow wave sleep

A 
Allows brain to recover from daily activities
Restorative sleep (parasympathetic activity increases and DNA repair)
Maintains brain plasticity (sleep helps memory)
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17
Q

Dreaming

A

May be a replay of information in the hippocampus (memory) that leads to permanent storage of info

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18
Q

Sleep neurochemicals

A

Sleep: melatonin, adenosine, cytokines

Awake: NE, 5HT, DA, ACH

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19
Q

NE

A

Alertness/anxiety

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20
Q

Pons

A

Sleep

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21
Q

Sleep apnea

A

Excessive daytime sleepiness
Restless sleep
Social problems

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22
Q

Sleep paralysis

A

Hypnagogic and hypnopomoic hallucinations

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23
Q

Cataplexy

A

Loss of muscle tone triggers by strong emotion

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24
Q

REM Sleep disorder

A

R.E.M. sleep without Antonia

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25
Non R.E.M. Sleep disorders
Sleep walking Night terrors Narcolepsy
26
Sleep deprivation
Disrupts 5ht Diminishes mental health (Low mood, or death)
27
PTSD
Smaller hippocampus volume Smaller left amygdala Low expression of 5ht receptor gene Poor social support
28
OCD
Obsessions: disturbing and intrusive thoughts Compulsions: repetitive acts the person feels compelled to perform Increase activity in neuronal circuit Smaller basal ganglia Bigger thalamus
29
Antisocial personality
Autonomic underarousal (reduced frontal cortical activity)
30
Bipolar disorder
Periods of excitability (mania) alternating with periods of depression
31
Mania
Excessive euphoria Grandiose thinking Uncontrollable hyperactivity
32
Depression
Disturbed 5ht and NE
33
Antisocial personality
``` Temperament may interact with environmental risk Difficult temperament Extraverted Sensation seeking High MAO Stress system no longer works ```
34
Schizophrenia
Dopamine hypothesis GABA prefrontal cortex
35
Fast responding stress system
NE | Adrenaline (fight or flight)
36
Slow responding stress system
Cortisol
37
Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPA)
A cascade of hormones
38
Pituitary gland
Produces releasing hormones that travel to glands that produce hormones
39
Cortisol cessation
Negative feedback detection in hippocampus
40
Homeostasis
Maintenance of critical bodily systems within a fixed range
41
Medial forebrain bundle
Major connecting pathway DA fibers connect with nucleus accumbens NE fibers connect hypothalamus to amygdala Trigger HPA
42
Lymbic system
Hypothalamus Hippocampus Amygdala Frontal lobes
43
Frontal lobes
Executive function | Top of brains hierarchy
44
Hippocampus
Memory directed behavior
45
Anterograde amnesia
Inability to form new memories | Case of HM
46
ACC
Way station between emotion and cognition The placebo effect Depression (involves decreased nerve signaling in ACC) The more optimistic the higher activation of ACC
47
Top down processing
Processing starts with larger concept or idea before. Refers to how conceptual info can influence detailed info Cognition drives perception
48
Bottom up processing
Processing that is triggered (automatically often) by individual elements. Base elements are linked together to form larger subsystems Perception drives cognition
49
LTP- long term potentiation
Long term increase in excitability of signaling pathway is result of repeated inputs. Improve postsynaptic cells sensitivity
50
Cerebral cortex
``` Wrinkly gray matter that covers the brain Head and neck Talking Swallowing Eye movements ```
51
Basal ganglia
Conditioning and habit forming area
52
Amygdala
Emotion Learned emotional salience (especially from threat) Governs learning emotional significance of object
53
Cerebellum
Coordinated body movement
54
Hippocampus
Memory
55
Hypothalamus
Complex survival behaviors | Limbic system
56
Thalmus
Awareness
57
Reticular formation
Alertness | Attention
58
Brain stem
Medulla: reflexive survival behaviors Pons: sleep and waking
59
Superior colliculus
Visual orienting
60
Inferior colliculus
Auditory orienting
61
Pineal gland
Only single structure in brain | Produces melatonin
62
Acetocholine
Muscle movement and memory
63
Dopamine
Reward
64
Norepinephrine
Arousal
65
Epinephrine
Fight or flight
66
Serotonin
Mood
67
Glutamate
Brains primary excitatory neurotransmitter
68
GABA
Brains primary inhibitory neurotransmitter
69
Oxytocin
Important for maternal behavior and other close relationships
70
Opioids
Endorphins (natural pain killers)
71
Eating
Hypothalamus (complex survival behavior ) Ventromedial: generated experience of satiety Amygdala Frontal areas
72
Satiety
System controls turning off system of being hungry
73
Leptin
Feeling of fullness
74
Orexin
Associated with sleep, links eating and sleeping system together. When eat it stimulates awake system
75
Eating disorders
Anorexia | Bulimia

Brain And Behavior (1 decks)

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