Final Exam 6.1.25

Question 1

What is included in the Biosphere?

Answer 1

All life on earth

Question 2

What is included in the Atmosphere?

Answer 2

All gases in the air

Question 3

What is included in the Hydrosphere?

Answer 3

The water, oceans, lakes

Question 4

What are the major processes of the water cycle?

Answer 4

Evaporation, Condensation, Precipitation, Runoff, Transportation

Question 5

Define Evaporation.

Answer 5

Water changes from liquid to gas.

Question 6

Define Condensation.

Answer 6

Water vapor cools and changes back into liquid.

Question 7

Define Precipitation.

Answer 7

Clouds that becomes too heavy and drops on earth.

Question 8

Define Runoff

Answer 8

Water that flows into bigger water bodies.

Question 9

Define Transportation.

Answer 9

Water that comes off of plants.

Question 10

Once precipitation falls to Earth’s surface, what can it become?

Answer 10

Rain - liquid water that condenses in the earths atmosphere
Snow - frozen water vapor.

Question 11

How does human impact affect the water cycle?

Answer 11

Pollution, deforestation, climate change.

Question 12

What are the major processes of the carbon cycle?

Answer 12

Photosynthesis, Respiration, Decomposition, Combustion, Carbon Storage.

Question 13

What are the major processes of the nitrogen cycle?

Answer 13

Nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, and ammonification.

Question 14

What is ecology?

Answer 14

A branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms to their physical surroundings.

Question 15

What are the four levels of ecological organization in order from smallest to largest?

Answer 15

Organism, population, community, and ecosystem.

Question 16

What is included at the organism level (of the 4 levels of ecological organization)

Answer 16

Plants, animals, microbes.

Question 17

What is included at the population level?

Answer 17

Same species living in the same area.

Question 18

What is included at the community level?

Answer 18

Different species living in one area.

Question 19

What is included at the ecosystem level?

Answer 19

Abiotic and biotic factors.

Question 20

Which of Earth’s spheres includes the four levels of ecological organization?

Answer 20

Biosphere.

Question 21

What is the difference between biotic and abiotic factors?

Answer 21

Biotic factors are living organisms, while abiotic factors are non-living elements.

Example: Camels (biotic) and sand (abiotic).

Question 22

What is population size?

Answer 22

The number of individuals of a species in a given area.

Question 23

How does population size change?

Answer 23

It changes based on births and deaths.

Formula: (Births + IM) - (Death + Emmigration)

Question 24

What is the difference between a high density population and a low density population?

Answer 24

High density means there are many individuals in a given area. Low density means there are fewer individuals in that area.

Question 25

What are the benefits and negatives associated with high density populations?

Answer 25

Benefits can include increased social interactions and resource availability. Negatives may include competition for resources and increased disease transmission.

Question 26

What are the benefits and negatives associated with low density populations?

Answer 26

Benefits can include more resources per individual and less competition. Negatives may include difficulty finding mates and increased vulnerability to environmental changes.

Question 27

What is exponential growth?

Answer 27

growth where the population size increases rapidly over time

Question 28

What is logistic growth?

Answer 28

population growth where the growth rate is influenced by the population size and natural resistance

Question 29

What is fluctuating/cyclical growth?

Answer 29

Fluctuating/cyclical growth refers to population growth that experiences periodic increases and decreases, often influenced by environmental factors.

Question 30

What are limiting factors?

Answer 30

Limiting factors are anything that restricts the size of a population or the rate of a process.

Question 31

What is the difference between density dependent and density independent limiting factors?

Answer 31

Density dependent factors affect population size based on density, while density independent factors affect population regardless of density.

Question 32

What is biological evolution?

Answer 32

Biological evolution is the process through which species change over time through variations and adaptations.

Question 33

What is natural selection?

Answer 33

Natural selection, also known as survival of the fittest, is the process where individuals with traits better suited for their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.

Question 34

How can biological evolution lead to extinction?

Answer 34

Biological evolution can lead to extinction if species fail to adapt quickly enough to changing environmental conditions.

Question 35

What shape illustrates how energy flows through an ecosystem?

Answer 35

Pyramid ## Footnote Every pyramid represents a different level of energy flow.

Question 36

What is each level on the energy pyramid called?

Answer 36

Trophic level

Question 37

Describe the 10% rule.

Answer 37

10% of the energy is transferred to the next trophic level.

Question 38

Where does the remaining energy go?

Answer 38

90% of the energy is lost as heat or used for metabolic processes.

Question 39

What is biomass?

Answer 39

The total mass of living matter in a given area.

Question 40

How does biomass change on an energy pyramid?

Answer 40

Biomass decreases as you move up the food chain.

Question 41

Besides an energy pyramid, how can feeding relationships in an ecosystem be represented?

Answer 41

Food chains and food webs.

Question 42

What is primary succession?

Answer 42

The process of ecological community development starting from bare rock.

Question 43

What is secondary succession?

Answer 43

The process of ecological community development following a disturbance.

Question 44

List the 6 major biomes.

Answer 44

1. Desert 2. Grassland 3. Forest 4. Tundra 5. Aquatic 6. Marine

Question 45

How are biomes defined?

Answer 45

Biomes are defined by climate, vegetation, and animal life.

Question 46

What biome is Pennsylvania in?

Answer 46

Eastern Deciduous Forest.