Final Exam Flashcards by Ayla Pettry

Erik Erikson Theory

Psychosocial Development

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Theory of Psychosocial Development

Infancy: trust vs mistrust
1. Toddlers: autonomy vs shame and doubt
2. Preschool: initiative vs guilt
3. School Age: industry vs inferiority
4. Adolescents: identity vs role confusion
5. Young Adults: intimacy vs isolation
6. Middle Adult: generativity vs stagnation
  1. Older Adult: ego integrity vs despair

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PD, Infancy

Trust vs. mistrust

Developmental goal: secure attachment

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PD, Toddlers

Autonomy vs self-doubt

Developmental goal: self confidence

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PD, School Age

Industry vs inferiority

Developmental goal: feeling of competence and belief in their skills

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PD, Adolescents

Identity vs role confusion

Developmental Goal: Who am I? Integrate previous stages to form identity

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PD, Young adults

Intimacy vs isolation

Developmental Goal: affiliation and love

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Middle Adults

Generativity vs stagnation

Developmental Goal: creating a legacy

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Older adult

Ego integrity vs despair

Developmental Goal: life fulfillment

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Piaget

Theory of cognitive development; development precedes learning
assimilation - accomodation - equilibration

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Theory of Cognitive Development

(((PIAGET)))
Sensorimotor 0-2, object permanence
Preoperational 2-7, symbolic play
Concrete Operational 7-11, conservation, can consider other points of view
Formal Operational 11-15, logical thought and abstract reasoning

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Vygotsky Framework

Children must learn in order to develop: 4 principles

Children construct their own knowledge
Development cannot be separated from it’s social context
Learning can “lead” development
Language plays a central role in mental development

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Kohlberg (theory)

development of justice and moral reasoning

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Gilligan (theory)

studied girls and showed that they process moral dilemmas differently than boys —- girls have more care-based morality, males justice-based

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Models of Maternity Care:

Technocratic

separation of the mind and body:
		○ Pt viewed as an object
		○ "curing disease"
		○ High value on science and technology
		○ "mother nature" fails us - aggressive intervention
		○ Death = defeat, viewed as "failure"
		○ Profit driven systems

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Models of Maternity Care:

Humanistic

○ Mind-body connectional, there is a relational piece to the giving of care
○ Healing happens inside and out
○ Info and decisions are shared
○ Focus on disease prevention
○ Death is part of the cycle
○ Balance and connection - body seen as an organism.

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Models of Maternity Care:

Holistic

○ Openness of mind-body-spirit
		○ Healing the whole person
		○ Unity of client and provider
		○ Healing from inside out
		○ Individualized care
		○ Technology at service to ppl
		○ Long-term health and well-being 
		○ Death is a step in the process of the cycle
		○ Birth is NORMAL
		○ Healing is the focus
		○ Embrace multiple healing modalities

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Perinatologist

doctor for complicated, high risk moms

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Birth Settings

Level I: birth centers

2: alamance regional
3: hospitals w a neonatal intensive care unit

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How do you know if baby is getting enough calories?

Look at poop! # poops

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How long should you put baby to breast when crying?

First 2 weeks

When to swaddle?

When breastfeeding is established

PD, preschool

Initiative vs guilt

Developmental Goal: direction and purpose

Potty Training

18 MONTHS
• If kids can stay dry for 2 hrs, or post nap
• Kids has to recognize that s/he is urinating or having bowel movement
• Physical skills necessary
Child wants to use toilet (must be interested)

Kids Teeth

First dental exam 6-12 mo. Help brush until 7 years Teeth come in at 3, start losing at 6

how big is a 4 y.o.?

40 in, 40 lbs!

by 2 yrs...

toddlers have reached half of adult height and 90% of head circum.

when do developmental delays become more obvious?

preschool age (3-5)

Booster seats

Until 4'9" or 90 lbs

Enuresis

No bladder control: primary. ..never had it secondary. ..had it and lost it

HEADDSSS Adolescent Assessment

* Home * Education/employment * Activities * Drugs * Diet * Sexuality * Suicide and depression * Safety and violence

Cross-sex hormone therapy

* Puts you through the pubertal development aligned w gender identity * Administration of exogenous cross-sex hormones * Estrogen - patch, pulls, injection; Androgen-blocker - usually spironolactone pills * Testosterone - Subcutaneous or intramuscular injection

OARS

open ended questions affirmation reflective listening summarize

four processes of MI

engage focus evoke plan (EFEP)

Types of screening

Mass Selective (high risk populations) Periodic (periodic screening of subgroup - cervical cancer in older women)

Sensitivity & Specificity

Sensitivity: The ability of a test to correctly identify people who have the condition that is being tested for (i.e., a test’s ability to identify true positives). poor sens: inc. false negatives Specificity: The ability of a test to correctly identify people who do not have the condition that is being tested for (i.e., a test’s ability to identify true negatives) poor spec: inc. false positives

Essentialism

one thing has universal identity; does not take into account variation within a culture and can lead to stereotyping

CLAS

Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services

Three levels of prevention

First: before disease Second: focuses on early detection and swift treatment Third: minimizes effects of disease after diagnosis is firmly established

Occupational hazards: Normalized deviation

• Dangerous behavior is normalized - just bc something dangerous works a bunch of times, doesn't mean it will work forever.

Type II violence

caused by pts

5 As of Tobacco

``` Ask - can we talk Advise - benefits of quitting Assess - readiness for change Assist - make a plan Arrange - follow up ```

5 Rs for encouraging behavior change (eg smoking)

``` Relevance Rewards Risks Roadblocks Repetition ```

Exercise Recommendations - Adults

150 min moderate (for preggo women too) or 75 intense exercise. 2 days muscle strengthening

Exercise Recommendations - Kids

60 min every day, muscle 3x/wk | Bone-strengthening

SMART goals

``` specific measurable acheivable relavent time-bound ```

Domains of Learning

Cognitive/thinking- discussion Affective/feeling - role play Psychomotor/acting - demonstration

Somnambulism

sleep-walking (17% of kids?)

Domestic Violence Screening Tool

HITS

Stages of change

``` Precontemplation Contemplation Preparation Action Maintenance ```

Gross Motor Skills

2-4 mo: smile, objects in mouth, follows objects w eyes, drools, chew. Nocturnal sleep patterns at 4 mo. 5-8: sit, roll over, sleep through night, reg. bladder and bowels 9-11: crawl, pulls to standing, drinks from cup, PINCHING, attempts to walk 12-15: no more babinkskis, uses spoon, walks, shakes head "no", shivers, HAND EYE COORDINATION 16-18: walks up stairs, turns pgs of book, objects in a hole, potty training