Final Exam Flashcards
(281 cards)
1
Q
True/False: if the testes of a ram are pushed into the body cavity at birth, and the scrotum is removed to prevent the testes from leaving the body cavity, the ram will be fertile, but have no sex drive when exposed to females in estrus
A
F
2
Q
True or False: Elephants have paired mammary glands on the thoracic regions on the mammary ridges
A
True
3
Q
FSH
Class?
Where is it synthesized?
Target tissue?
A
- glycoproteins
- anterior pituitary
- sertoli cell of testes
4
Q
estradiol
Class?
Where is it synthesized?
Target tissue?
A
- steroid
- endometrium
- male- brain, inhibits long bone growth
- female- hypothalamus, entire repro tract and mammary gland
5
Q
Manchette
A
forms the postnuclear cap
6
Q
reduces uterine motility and allows implantation
What steroid hormone induces this change?
A
progesterone
7
Q
True/False: After menopause, FSH and LH increased markedly in the blood of women due to a lack of negative feedback of estrogen on GnRH secreting neurons in the tonic release center of the hypothalamus
A
True
8
Q
if a sheep and goat blastocyst are collected from donor females, and their inner cell masses are switched and the sheep and goat blastocysts were replaced in the same uteri from which they were collected
A
the sheep would give birth to a kid and the lamb would give birth to a sheep
9
Q
female which requires the greatest area of association between the placental and the uterine wall per unit weight fetus for nutrient uptake from the mother
A
mare
10
Q
True/False: prepubertal gilts housed in larger groups exhibit puberty at older ages than prepubertal gilts housed in small groups
A
F
11
Q
Will the removal of the uterus affect the luteal lifespan in a: human?
A
removal of the uterus will not affect the lifespan of the CL
12
Q
bulbospongiosus muscle
A
pushes semen from the pelvic urethra through the penile urethra
13
Q
True/False: The endometrium of the ewe and cow have a small non glandular areas that protrude from the surface called caruncles which in pregnancy form the maternal portion of the placenta, while the endometrium of the sow and mare have many endometrial folds which increase the surface are for placental attachment
A
T
14
Q
Testosterone
what phase describes this hormone in the male?
A
Natural male hormone that exerts a negative feedback on GnRH secretion from the tonic release center of the hypothalamus
15
Q
golgi saccules
A
forms the proacrosomal granules
16
Q
lining the ampulla of oviduct to mature and move oocyte to site of fertilization
A
secretory and ciliated columnar
17
Q
females whose young do not have an absolute requirement for colostrum if they are to survive
A
woman
dog
18
Q
women
signal that maintains luteal function in specie during maternal recognition of preg.
CL indep. or dep.
A
hCG
CL independent specie
19
Q
True/False: the principle piece of the sperm cell conains the mitochondrial helix, which is a dense collection of mitochndria arranged spirally. This localization allows for mass ATP production, which is necessary for sperm motility.
A
False
20
Q
female that is an induced ovulator
A
- cat
21
Q
True/False: In almost all species studied including humans, there is a marked increase in physical activity around the time of ovulation
A
True
22
Q
True/False: phenotypic sex is how masculine or feminine an individual looks and is due to somatic characteristics determined by multiple genes located on its chromosomes
A
T
23
Q
lining the vagina and covering the glans penis for protection
A
stratified squamous
24
Q
specie in which PGF2a has no effect on luteal function
A
- dog
25
True/False: the ruminant, pig and mare have bicornuate uteri, while humans have simplex uteri, however all these species have only a single cervix
T
26
specie in which PGF2a receptors do not appear on luteal cells until day 14-16 when the CL is already dying thus exogenous PGF2a is ineffective in shortening CL lifespan
1. pig
27
regu-mate is a progesterone that was developed as a estrous synchronizing agent in these 2 species
1. mare
2. pig
28
True/False: If a menstrual cycle is prolonged, the segment of the cycle which is increased in the length is the luteal phase.
False
29
Will the removal of the uterus affect the luteal lifespan in a: **_sheep_**?
removal of the uterus will prolong the lifespan of the CL
30
woman
placental type
number of tissue layers separating fetal and maternal blood stream
placental shape
hemochorial placenta
three layers
discoid shaped
31
Amnion
* a high pressure bubble which surrounds the embryo to prevent it from being crushed by uterine contractions
* somatic mesoderm + trophectoderm
32
At the end of lactational anestrus in the cow or season anestrus in the sheep, why is the development of a luteal nest required before ovulation and first estrus can occur?
* a luteal nest is an unovulated luteinized follicle, which is the first **source of progesterone**
* With that in mind, cows or sheep may have postpartum estrus, but without progesterone prior to the estrus cycle, it will result in a **silent ovulation**
* the presence of the luteal nest allows for **progesterone to "prime" the brain to be sensitive to estradiol** resulting in behavioral estrus, whether coming off of a pregnancy or having a first estrus
33
stimulates mammary duct development
estrogen
34
True/False: Circulating Leptin is directly related to body fatness and may function to inform the GnRH secreting neurons of the nutritional status of the female
T
35
True/False: Decreases in progesterone beginning about 5 days before menses results in the development of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) in many women and is associated with increased tension, anger and anxiety
True
36
**proestrus**
Characteristic ovarian structures seen at the time:
Estrogen to progesterone ratio:
Ca + growing follicles
E/P ratio increasing
37
True/False: Progestogen alone is placed in most oral contraceptives (birth control pills) and taken daily over a 21 day period to mimic the presence of a CL
False
38
**estrus**
Characteristic ovarian structures seen at the time:
Estrogen to progesterone ratio:
ovulatory follicles
E/P ratio maximal
39
Discuss the 2-Cell, 2-Gonadotropin Model of Follicular estrogen synthesis.
* The 2-cell,2-Gonadotropin model of follicular estrogen synthesis is:
* **leutenizing hormones** stimulate the theca interna cells to **produce androgens** and **FSH**
* This stimulates granulosa cells to produces **estrogens** *_from_ those androgens* produced by the theca interna cells
40
Describe the steps required to conduct in vitro fertilization (IVF) in an infertile couple using intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), a procedure used when insufficient viable sperm and present in the males ejaculate for normal fertilization to occur. Be specific about each step from gamete collection through to embryo placement in the female tract as discussed in class. BE SPECIFIC
1. semen collection
2. semen evaluation and preparation
1. evaluated to see if the man is producing sufficient viable sperm for conventional IVF
1. Criteria
1. adequate sperm concentration in ejaculate (\>20 million sperm/ml)
2. adequate numbers of viable sperm (50% motility)
3. low number of abnormal sperm
3. ovarian stimulation
1. increasing the number of oocytes increases probability of successful fertilizaiton and embryo development
1. Begins with an injection of FSH (or FSH-like) hormone anc concludes with HCG
1. FSH induces the growth of multiple growing follicles
2. HCG (LH-like) promotes follicular maturation and growth coupled with elevated follicular estradiol secreation
4. oocyte retrieval and preparation
1. aspirated from large antral follicles
2. placed in a dish mimicking the uterine enviroment
3. A single sperm is injected inside the oocyte ( intracytoplamic) and induce fertilization on 2-3 high quality embryos
5. embryo transfer
1. These fertilized embryos are placed in the uterus after "matching" the environment/condiotns of the new embryos and the uterus
41
during spermatogenesis, which sperm producing cells have gone through the first and second meiotic divisions
spermatid
42
how is colostrum formed
high pressure within the mammary duct system, which breaks in tight junctions between the mammary secretory cells in alveoli allowing blood plasma to enter alveolar lumen
43
increases collegians activity by theca internal cells forming a stigma
Role in the ovulatory process?
progesterone
44
GnRH
## Footnote
Site of synthesis?
function?
* hypothalamus
* stimulates LH and FSH secretion
45
True or False: Colostrum is a result of increased pressure in the lumen of alveoli prior to offspring suckling which breaks the tight junctions between the mammary secretory cells
True
46
True/False: the collection of embryos from the uterus of donor cows and their transfer into recipient females should only be done after hatching of the blastocysts from the zona pellucida
False
47
What is the specific reason why women menstrate (suffer endometrial loss) and livestock species do not? Be specific about the hormonal changes involved and their impact on the endometrium.
* Women suffer menstration because their **CL secretes progesterone and estradiol**, while livestock species only **secrete progesterone**
* The progesterone causes the endometrium to secrete uterine milk, while estradiol results in endometrial thickening, valve growth and increased blood flow
* When these hormones stop, the endometrial lining sluffs off--\> menstration
48
True/False: the anterior pituitary of a prepubertal female is unable to secrete significant amounts of FSH and LH even if stimulated by exogenous GnRH
F
49
induces thickening and cornification of the vestibule
## Footnote
*What steroid hormone induces this change?*
estradiol
50
**Anabolic Steroid**
what phase describes this hormone in the male?
man made hormone administered to promote muscle growth and performance
51
This hormone stimulates sex drive and maintenance of the male genital duct system and through the conversion of DHT promotes a male phenotype
testosterone
52
increases the infiltration of white blood cells into the uterus
What steroid hormone induces this change?
estradiol
53
True or False: The primary oocyte undergoes the first meiotic division at ovulation in cattle, sheep, and pigs, while the second meiotic division occurs at the time of fertilization
True
54
stimulates synthesis and secretion of lactose- initiates lactogenesis
prolactin
55
belong to a class of polypeptide hormones which exhibit the longest half lives in the blood stream
1. FSH
2. HCG
56
Inhibin
## Footnote
Site of synthesis?
function?
* sertoli cells
* inhibits FSH secretion
57
period of maximal secretion of a watery mucous by the cervix
estrus
58
True/False: Lactating women on a high plane of nutrition return to cyclicity later postpartum than lactating women on a low ,plane of nutrition
F
59
Fully discuss, how increased cortisol production by the bovine fetal adrenal prepares the fetus for life outside the uterus, and how this elevated fetal cortisol initiates the hormonal events resulting in cervical softening, delivery of the fetus and delivery of the placenta during the process of parturition. Be specific about the source of the hormones, and the location of their receptors in the gravid uterus.
1. **Step 1: Preparatory Phase (cervical softening and initiation of myometrial contractions)**
1. as fetal cortisol continues to increase it causes:
1. a decrease in progesterone production by the placenta and/or CL
1. an increase in PGF2alpha by the uterine endometrium and placenta
2. the increase in PGF2alpha and estradiol abolish the progesterone block --\> myometrium begins to contract
3. PGF2alpha also kills the CL of all species, causing a further decline in progesterone and the dying CL releases relaxin which softens the cervix and opens the birth canal by opening the pelvic ligament
2. **Step 2: Expulsion of the Fetus**
1. increased estrogen causes the development of gap junctions between mymetrial cells and increases nubmers of PGF2alpha and oxytocin receptors on the myometrial cells --\> initiation of directional uterine contractions
2. Fetus is pushed against the inside of the cervix, exposing sensory receptors signaling oxytocin release.
3. Oxytocin stimulates powerful peristaltic contractions which ruptures the allantois
4. Fetus is forced into the birth canal and amnion ruptures
5. Ab muscles finish expelling fetus via contractions
6. Fetal Maturation is driven by cortisol
1. cortisol drives surfactant production
1. a protein that leads to the opening of the lungs
3. **Step 3: Expulsion of Fetal Membranes**
1. Expulsion of fetal membranes requires that chorionic villi become dislodged from the crypts on the maternal side of the placenta
4. requires continued uterine contractions--\> oxytocin release
60
True/False: Acrosin, an enzyme released during the acrosome reaction allows the sperm to penetrate the vitelline membrane
False
61
True/False: dyhydrotestosterone secretion from the leydig cells causes the development of the mesonephric tubules and ducts into the male genital duct system which includes the efferent ductules, epididymis, vas deferens
F
62
Describe the acrosome reaction from the binding of the sperm head to the zona pellucid through the fusion of the male and female pronucleus
1. plasma membrane of the sperm head fuses with the outer acrosomal membrane
* vessiculation and loss of acrosomal contents (minus the inner membrane)
2. Release of acrosomal enzymes allow sperm to digest its way through the Zona Pellucida
3. After sperm penetrate the Zona Pellucida, the equatorial region of the sperm head fuses with microvilli on the plasma membrane
* enters the cytoplasm
4. Granules in the cortex of the oocyte release their contents into the periventricular space
* seal up the zona pellucida
5. Microvillar on the surface disappear preventing further binding by other sperm
6. After entering the eggs cytoplasm it becomes "male" and the nucleus must decondense so that male and female chromosomes may pair up, fusing to form a zygote
63
**FSH**
what phase describes this hormone in the male?
stimulates androgen binding protein production by sertoli cells
64
PGF2alpha
## Footnote
Site of synthesis?
function?
* endometrium
* kills luteal cells during luteolysis
65
during gastrulation and hatching of the blastocyst, the Yolk Sac is formed from the following embryonic germ cell layers
entoderm + splanchnic mesoderm
66
elevated secretion of this hormone by an ovulatory follicle causes a surge release of GnRH from the surge center of the hypothalamus
estradiol
67
By the 8 cell stage, each blastomere of the embryo of this specie is no longer totipotent
pig
68
True or False: The composition of alveolar milk is changed significantly as it travels through the duct system to the teat
False
69
species which ejaculates semen as a single fraction
ruminant
70
specie who normally have only 2 teats and associated mammary glands on the inguinal region of the mammary ridges
* goat
71
the signal for maternal recognition of pregnancy produced by the ruminant conceptus, which maintains the luteal lifespan and progesterone secretion in the ruminant is
interferon proteins
72
uniform distribution of estrous cycles throughout the year
Type of Cyclicity?
Specie who exhibits this cyclicity?
1. polyestrus
2. pig
73
differentiates mammary secretory cells
free cortisol
74
distal centriole
gives rise to the axoneme
75
lining the uterine lumen- have a very high mitotic rate
pseudostratified columnar
76
an implant containing a melatonin antagonist during inserts will initiate early cyclically in this specie
1. mare
77
**PGF2a**
Class?
Where is it synthesized?
Target tissue?
1. fatty acid
2. endometrium
3. cells of the CL
78
hormone which exerts a positive feedback on the surge center to release a large amount of GnRH
1. Estradiol
79
True/False: administration of estrogen when the early embryo is in the isthmus of the oviduct will speed up its transport into the uterus thereby killing it
F
80
results from the release of cortical granules from the egg cell cytoplasm and is the major block of polyspermy
Zona reaction
81
True/False: Menopause occurs at the average age of 51 in western countries and results from a depletion of GnRH in the hypothalamus
False
82
dog
placental type
number of tissue layers separating fetal and maternal blood stream
placental shape
endotheliochorial placenta
four layers
zonary shaped
83
**steriociliated** **columnar**
Site in male or female repro tract:
Function is in that site:
Site in male or female repro tract: **head of** **epididym****i****s**
Function is in that site: **brush off** **cytoplasmic droplet**
84
increases contraction of ovarian smooth muscle and releases lysosomal enzymes from the granulose cells to further weaken the follicular wall for oocyte expulsion
Role in the ovulatory process?
prostaglandin F2a
85
True or False: A morula is a solid ball of blastomeres, while a blastocyst contains inner cell mass cells surrounded by trophectoderm cells and a fluid filled cavity called the blastocoele
True
86
When administered in high doses over a prolonged period of time it will kill the leydig cells resulting in sterility
anabolic steroid
87
True/False: Zona protein 3 is a glycoprotein receptor which only allows sperm of the same species to bind to the zona pellucida
True
88
sheep
signal that maintains luteal function in specie during maternal recognition of preg.
CL indep. or dep.
interferon
CL independent specie
89
inhibits prolactin binding to mammary secretory cells
estrogen
90
True/False: Following AI in cows, less sperm are lost by retrograde flow if they are deposited in the mid-cervix than if they are deposited in the uterus
False
91
necrotic tips form during elongation where these 2 parts of the fetal placenta don't fuse
chorion and allantois
92
cow
placental type
number of tissue layers separating fetal and maternal blood stream
placental shape
syndesmochorial placenta
five layers
cotyledonary shaped
93
True/False: Menses results from the decrease in estradiol and progesterone which occurs during luteolysis (death of the CL), and causes PGF2alpha release which prevents blood flow through the spiral arterial supplying the endometrium
True
94
True/False: differential embryonic growth away from the testes and the growth and subsequent retraction of the gubernaculum causes the testes to descend through the inguinal ring into scrotum
T
95
True/False: 50% of the 6 million annual pregnancies in the US are unplanned
True
96
Mammogenesis definition
growth and development of the gland between birth and puberty
## Footnote
between birth and puberty, growth is isometric
between puberty and conception growth is allometric
97
specie in which ovarian PGF2a kills the CL
1. human
98
Describe the sequence of hormonal events which time lactogenesis (initiation of milk secretion) with the delivery of the calf at parturition the cow. (Hint: Remember that progesterone progressively declines over the last week of gestation in the cow.)
1. a couple weeks before parturition, progesterone decreases thus causing the stimulation of corticosteriod binding globulin by the liver to decrease
2. as free cortisol is increased in the blood, it enters and begins to differentiate mammary secretory cells
3. placental estradiol levels begin to increase markedly in the blood which increases pituitary secretion of prolactin but prevents it from binding to its receptors on mammary secretory cells
4. at parturition, the placenta is expelled and estradiol levels drop, allowing prolactin to bind to mammary secretory cells and stimulate lactose synthesis.
5. As lactose is synthesized within the mammary secretory cells, they draw in water by osmosis which initiates milk secretion
99
hormone which exerts negative feedback on GnRH secretion by the surge center and tonic release center
1. Progesterone
100
process whereby seminal plasma proteins are removed from the sperm head to allow enzyme release from the acrosome
capacitation
101
True/False: in the beef cow 3 or more suckling bouts by her offspring per day are required to keep blood LH low and to maintain lactational anestrus
T
102
True/False: The failure of cows, but not other livestock species to develop necrotic tips on her placenta is unique to the cow, and results in freemartin heifers when they are born co-twin to a bull calf
T
103
enzymes producing this hormone are located on the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
1. Progesterone
104
What structures are found on the surface of the ovary during proestrus of the cycle
growing follicles and CA
105
proximal centriole
gives rise to the attachment site for the sperm tail
106
exhibits clusters of estrous cycles during the fall and winter only
Type of Cyclicity?
Specie who exhibits this cyclicity?
1. seasonally polyestrus (short day)
2. sheep
107
True/False: presence of a male will reduce age at puberty in prepubertal gilts or heifers
T
108
day 1-6
Stage of the estrous cycle to the first PGF2alpha injection:
What days of the estrous cycle each group will be 14 days later:
1. CL unaffected
2. days 15-20
109
True or False: the time required for uterine involution is less for the dairy cow than the suckled beef cow
False
110
In livestock species, testicular temperatures must be maintained 4-6deg C cooler than males body temperature if spermatogenesis is to continue normally. Compare and contrast the efficiency of testicular cooling the the bull and ram which have pendulous testes with the boar and stallion which do not. Be specific about the cooling mechanisms involved.
Due to meiosis, the testes must be cooler than body temp. In the bull and ram, the arterial cooling system (**_the pampiniform plexus_**), the skeletal **_cremaster muscle**_ and the smooth _**tunica dartos_** muscle are all able to work more efficiently to keep the testes cool because they're farther from the body cavity, unlike the boar and stallion.
\*The **pampiniform plexus** cools by using a "radiator" system in the arteries
\*the **cremaster muscle** can temporarily hold testes up
\*the **tunica dartos muscle** maintains tone
111
True/False: In Andropause which occurs between 70 and 80 yrs of age in men, at which time testosterone production has declined to about 50% of normal, completely stopping spermatogenesis and resulting in infertility.
False
112
these hormones are mammogenic, but inhibit mammary secretory cell differentiation, and lactogenesis until they are removed at the end of pregnancy
estrogen
progesterone
113
the umbilical cord forms at the sight where this part of the placenta grew out of the embryo
Allantois
114
in the female, puberty is reached when the negative feedback effect of estrogen declines sufficiently to allow the tonic GnRH release Center of the hypothalamus to grow ovulatory size follicles on the ovaries
true
115
**GnRH**
Class?
Where is it synthesized?
Target tissue?
1. peptide
2. hypothalamus
3. anterior pituitary
116
Specie that have a uniform distribution of villi covering the entire outer surface of the chorion for attachment to the uterus
1. Diffuse
1. Pig
2. Mare
117
mare
placental type
number of tissue layers separating fetal and maternal blood stream
placental shape
eptheliochorial placenta
six layers
diffuse shaped
118
True or False: What differentiates mammals from other groups of animals is live birth and the presence of a mammary gland
False
119
True/False: Amenorrhea is the human equivalent to anestrus and can result from menopause low nutritional intake or lactation
T
120
True/False: When collecting semen from a bull with an artificial vagina, both temperature and pressure are important to stimulate ejaculation, while only an optimal temperature is required for the boar
False
121
True/False: Almost all mammalian females nursing young experience lactational anestrus except for horses and alpacas
T
122
**oxytocin**
Class?
Where is it synthesized?
Target tissue?
1. peptide
2. hypothalamus
3. myoepithelial cells of mammary
123
mitochondria
spiral around the middle piece of the sperm tail
124
bound to CBG when progesterone is elevated during gestation but is released when progesterone declines near term
free cortisol
125
True/False: Viagra causes a prolonged erection because it inhibits the conversion of cGMP to GMP thus prolonging vasodialation
True
126
increased follicular blood flow and fluid uptake
## Footnote
*Role in the ovulatory process?*
prostaglandin E2 and Histamine
127
period when the uterine lining produces and secretes increasing quantities of the PGF2a into the blood to kill the CL
proestrus
128
True/False: in the sheep, low melatonin produced by the pineal gland during the spring and summer results in low kisspeptin secretion resulting in reduced GnRH secretion by the tonic release center of the hypothalamus resulting in anestrus
T
129
in these species PGF2a receptors appear on luteal cells after day 6 of the estrous cycle, thus exogenous PGF2a is ineffective in inducing luteolysis prior to that time
1. mare
2. cow
3. sheep
130
True/False: The incidence of Downs syndrome (trisomy 21) markedly increases in women giving birth after age 37 and is though to be due to prolonged oocyte storage in the woman's ovary
True
131
True/False: the posterior lobe of the pituitary forms from Rathke's pouch which is composed of oral ectoderm, and develops an endocrine function
F
132
Proliferative Phase
Cell types?
1. type A spermatagonia
2. Type I spermatagonia
3. Type B spermatagonia
133
True/False: Superfecundation in a dog is a result of their long duration of estrus and the prolonged interval after the onset of estrus when fertilization can occur
True
134
period when sperm are deposited in the female tract and transported by uterine peristalsis to the utero- tubal junction by peristalsis
estrus
135
During metestrus of the cycle the estradiol/progesterone ratio is
decreasing
136
True/False: the bull and ram and dog are short copulators while the boar, tomcat and camelids are sustained copulators
False
137
receptors for steroid hormones are located inside target cells, while receptors for peptide, protein and fatty acid hormones are located on the plasm membrane
true
138
Describe the ejaculatory muscle in the bull. Be specific about the mechanisms involved.
1. Urethralis muscle: propels sperm through the pelvic urethra
2. **bulbospongiosus muscle** : pushes sperm from the pelvic urethra to the penile urethra
3. **ischcaveraosus muscle**: clamps off venous return
4. **retractor penile muscle** : relaxes allowing erection
139
True or False: the trophectoderm cells surrounding the blastocyst develop gap junctions between them to allow free exchange of information, while the inner cell mass cells develop tight junctions to hold the inner cell mass together
False
140
LH
## Footnote
Site of synthesis?
function?
* anterior pituitary
* stimulates testosterone production by the theca interna cells of the antral follicles
141
species which deliver PGF2a locally from the ipsilateral uterine horn to the ovary by way of transfer from the uterine vein to the ovarian artery
1. cow
2. sheep
3. pig
142
True/False: Sexual preparation in the bull, increases sperm numbers in the ejaculate through oxytocin release from the posterior pituitary which stimulates contracitons of the distal tail of the epididymis and ductus deferens
True
143
True/False: the blood-testis barrier must be formed before spermatogenesis is initiated in a male to prevent autoimmune reactions which can destroy the developing germ cells
T
144
True/False: Sows return to estrous and ovulate 4-8 days after weaning of their litter
T
145
dissolves the blood clot in the CH and remodels the follicle into a CL
Role in the ovulatory process?
plasmin
146
True/False: While antimullerian hormone produced by the sertoli cells of the genetic male is necessary for the regression of the paramesonephric ducts, it does not regress the structures derived from the urogenital sinus which include the posterior vagina, vestibule, and external genitalia
T
147
True/False: dairy female are bred to express a very feminine phenotype and thus do not often express masculine traits even when exposed to dihydrotestosterone from the male co-twin
T
148
FSH
## Footnote
Site of synthesis?
function?
* \*\*\*
* stimulates estradiol production by granulose cells of the antral follicles
149
**pseudostratified columnar**
Site in male or female repro tract:
Function is in that site:
Site in male or female repro tract: **lining of uterus**
Function is in that site: **high mitotic rate**
150
True or False: In most mammalian species sperm capacitation occurs in the male accessory sex glands prior to ejaculation
False
151
**progesterone**
Class?
Where is it synthesized?
Target tissue?
1. steroid
2. cells of CL
3. uterine glands
152
True/False: conventional in-vitro-fertilization (IVF) is used when an ejaculate contains sufficient viable sperm to fertilize ova normally by crossing the surrounding membrane layers
True
153
**diestrus**
Characteristic ovarian structures seen at the time:
Estrogen to progesterone ratio:
CL
E/P ratio minimal
154
a neuro-endocrine reflex starts when a sensory afferent neuron in the teat is stimulated which synapses with an interneuron in the spinal cord which carries the signal up the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, where it synapses with oxytocin neurosecretory cells, stimulating the posterior pituitary to release oxytocin into the blood stream
true
155
Oxytocin
## Footnote
Site of synthesis?
function?
* \*\*\*
* stimulates myoepithelial cell contraction during milk letdown
*
156
nice coarse outer fibers
provide stability to the sperm tail
157
females whose interval with parturition to uterine involution is shortest due to minimal damage to the uterine wall
* pig
* mare
158
period when the fertilized egg is transported through the isthmus of the oviduct into the estrus
metestrus
159
Chorion
* not vascularized and acts as a protective outer covering of the conceptus
* somatic mesoderm + trophectoderm
160
hormones belonging to a class of hormones with the longest half-lives in the blood stream
1. FSH
2. HCG
161
**goat**
signal that maintains luteal function in specie during maternal recognition of preg.
CL indep. or dep.
interferon
Cl dependent specie
162
period when the embryo can be killed by an injection of estradiol
\*\*\*
163
What are the 4 major events of the puerperium?
myometrial contractions and expulsion of
endometrial repair
resumption of ovarian function
elimination of bacterial contamination of the reproductive tract
164
Allantois
* develops the first blood vessels in the conceptus and is called the primitive gut
* splanchnic mesoderm + endoderm
165
True/False: Flow cytometry can be used to sex semen samples based on the fact that chromosomes contain more genetic material than Y chromosomes
True
166
**HCG**
Class?
Where is it synthesized?
Target tissue?
1. glycoproteins
2. human placenta only
3. cells of the CL
167
How does Alpha Fetoprotein found in the blood of both the male and female fetuses prevent the inactivation of the GNRH Surge Center in the female but not in the male fetus?
Alpha-fetoprotein binds tightly to estradiol, preventing it from crossing the blood-brain-barrier in females. In males, testosterone is allowed to cross that barrier and inactivates the GNRH surge center.
168
Testosterone
## Footnote
Site of synthesis?
function?
* leydig cells
* exerts a negative feedback on GnRH release in the male
169
True/False: a cervical Os and fornix are found in ruminants, pigs, mares, and humans
F
170
True/False: The fertile period during the menstrual cycle when sperm deposition can result in pregnancy occurs during the last 5 to 6 days of the follicular phase through the day of ovulation
True
171
allows sperm to digest a path through the zona pellucida and into the perivitelline space
Acrosin
172
True or False: Lochia is necrotic placental and endometrial remnants left over after pregnancy which is expelled through the vulva
True
173
True/False: a freemartin is a heifer calf born co-twin to a bull which has been exposed to antimullerian hormone from her co-twin which has regressed all or part of her mullarian ducts and is infertile
T
174
Which hormone listed below has intra-cellular receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus of its target cells
cortisol
175
stimulates mammary glandular development
progesterone
176
female where the chorionic epithelium is bathed in maternal blood
woman
177
Will the removal of the uterus affect the luteal lifespan in a: **_dog_**?
removal of the uterus will not affect the lifespan of the CL
178
True or False: Rennin is secreted by the gastric epithelium of very young ruminants and causes milk proteins (caseins) to form curds to facilitate protein digestion
True
179
the organelle used by the cell which produces many copies of a few proteins for export is
rough endoplasmic reticulum
180
Meiotic Phase
Cell types?
1. primary spermatocyte
2. secondary spermatocyte
181
True/False: Fall born lambs receiving adequate nutrition reach puberty at 5-6 months, while spring born lambs reach puberty at 10-12 months
F
182
female which forms binucleate cells which migrate out of the chorionic epithelium into the uterine luminal epithelium and secrete placental lactogen
cow
183
List the requirements of a good semen extender used for AI
1. minimize cold shock
2. prevent microbial growth
3. maintain viability
4. low in cost
5. isotonic
6. be a good buffer
7. provide nutrients
184
When the embryo reaches this stage of development it is a solid ball of blastomeres still encased in the zona pellucida
morula
185
Describe the afferent and efferent pathways of a simple neural reflex and contrast this with the afferent and efferent pathways followed by a neuroendocrine reflex and give an example of each. Be specific.
**_Simple Neural Reflex_**
* An afferent neuron is stimulated, causing it to synapse with an interneuron in the snpinal cord.
* That neuron synapses with an efferent neuron at the same location in the spinal cord which causes a response
* _an example would be testicular tone and sweating_
* *afferent & efferent= neuronal*
**_Neuroendocrine Reflex_**
* An afferent neuron is activated
* It then synapses to an interneuron in the spinal cord
* This neuron then synapses with another afferent neuron which travels up the spinal cord to the *Hypothalamus*
* The *Hypothalamus* then releases neurohormones
* _an example of this would be milk letdown due to the release of oxytocin spurred by washing/suckling of a cow's teats_
* *Afferent =\> neuronal efferent =\> hormonal*
186
True or False: During cervical transport, viable sperm that encounter high viscosity sialomucin swim through the cervix with ease, while sperm encountering the low viscosity sialomucin are flushed out of the tract
False
187
True/False: in women, the death of the CL results from the uterine release of PGF2alpha which travels to the ovary and kills luteal cells
False
188
True or False: The secretion of milk protein and lactose by the mammary secretory cell into the alveolar lumen removes part of its apical cell membrane which is replaced by the secretion of milk fat
False
189
prevents sperm of a different species from fertilizing an oocyte
ZP3 receptors
190
True or False: Loss of sperm from the female tract occurs mainly through the process of phagocytosis and retrograde flow
True
191
True/False: in the female, the onset of puberty is a result of a progressive decrease in hypothalamic sensitivity to the negative feedback effects of estradiol
T
192
female in which endometrial cups are developed to stimulate the development of accessory corpora lutea
mare
193
A steroid secreting cell can be identified due to the significant amounts of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in its cytoplasm
true
194
capacitation involves removal of seminal plasma proteins from the sperm head to allow fertilization to occur
true
195
lining the efferent ductules for water resorption and movement of contents
microvillar and ciliated columnar
196
specie that have a broad band of villi around the chorion near the middle of the conceptus for attachment to the uterus
1. Zonary
1. cat
2. dog
197
the so called second messenger activated when a polypeptide hormone binds to its membrane receptor on its target cell
cyclic AMP
198
Differentiation Phase
Cell types?
1. spermatazoa
2. spermatids
199
True/False: the follicular phase in a women's menstrual cycle occupies only 20% of the length of the menstrual cycle, while in the estrous cycle of the cow and sheep it occupies 50% of estrous cycle length
F
200
Urthralis muscle
propels semen through the pelvic urethra
201
202
True/False: there is evidence that the initiation of high frequency low ampulite GnRH pulses can be advanced by exposure to increased glucose and or fatty acids concentrations in the blood
T
203
an implant containing melatonin during anestrus will initiate early cyclicity in this specie
1. sheep
204
True/False: Primary ovarian follicles do not produce estradiol due to the absence of theca internal cells which convert cholesterol to testosterone which is converted to estradiol by the granulosa cells of the follicle
T
205
True/False: in the 17th and 18th centuries epigenists proposed that miniature creatures were contained in the egg or sperm
F
206
increases the secretion of uterine gland secretion of uterine milk
What steroid hormone induces this change?
progesterone
207
necrotic tips form at each end of an elongating pig embryo when these parts of the placenta fail to fuse together
Allantois
Chorion
208
promotes genital swelling
What steroid hormone induces this change?
estradiol
209
specie that have numerous discrete button-like structures called cotyledons over the surface of the chorion which are each covered with chorionic villi for attachment to caruncles on the uterine wall
1. Cotlyondary
1. goat
2. cow
210
Glycoprotein hormones have a greater half-life in the bloodstream than protein or peptide hormones
true
211
**LH**
what phase describes this hormone in the male?
stimulates the leydig cells to produce testosterone
212
What part of the male reproductive duct system is not derived from the mesonephric duct?
urethra
213
True or False: Each blastomere (embryonic cell) of an 4 cell pig embryo and an 8 cell cow embryo are totipotent
True
214
Will the removal of the uterus affect the luteal lifespan in a: **_pig_**?
removal of the uterus will prolong the lifespan of the CL
215
Lactogenesis
intitation of milk secretion at term and results from hormonal changes
216
Which portion of the female reproductive is not affected by the antimullerian hormone in a freemartan female?
vulva
217
hormone collected from the urine of pregnant women and used for pregnancy diagnosis
1. HCG
218
True/False: Teasing a male in the presence of a female in estrus can significantly increase the number of sperm ejaculated
T
219
True/False: time required for ejaculation differs due to whether the male has a fibroelastic or a vascular penis structure
T
220
females with decidua
woman
dogs
221
True/False: During the acrosome reaction fusion of sperm plasma membrane and outer acrosomal membrane leads to vesiculation and loss of the acrosomal enzymes
True
222
lining the head of the epididymis to remove sperm cytoplasmic droplet
steriociliated columnar
223
True/False: When using oral contraceptives there is no way of knowing whether pregnancy is being prevented due to inhibition of ovulation or minimizing the chance of implantation
true
224
True/False: prenatal exposure of a female fetus to a large dose of estradiol results in decreased estrous behavior and an increase in male-like behavior
True
225
Will the removal of the uterus affect the luteal lifespan in a: **_mare_**?
removal of the uterus will prolong the lifespan of the CL
226
increases uterine gland growth
What steroid hormone induces this change?
estradiol
227
days 18-21
Stage of the estrous cycle to the first PGF2alpha injection:
What days of the estrous cycle each group will be 14 days later:
1. CL die normally over the next 3 days
2. days 11-14
228
**ciliated and secretory columnar**
Site in male or female repro tract:
Function is in that site:
Site in male or female repro tract: **infundibulum and ampula of oviduct**
Function is in that site: **move and nourish oocytes during maturation**
229
True/False: The XY embryo converts the mesonepric kidney and its ducts and tubes into the testis, efferent ductules, epidermis, vas definers and seminal vesicles
T
230
True/False: Increases in estradiol at the end of the follicular phase are associated with increased confidence and aggressiveness in many women
True
231
Female with the fewest tissue layers separating the fetal and maternal blood streams
Woman
232
**ciliated and microvillar columnar**
Site in male or female repro tract:
Function is in that site:
Site in male or female repro tract: **efferent ductules**
Function is in that site: **movement of nonmotile sperm and water restoration**
233
in the mare and sow, the majority of sperm are deposited in the cranial vagina during mating and are dependent on cervical transport to reach the uterus
false
234
females with the greatest number of tissue layers separating the fetal and maternal blood streams
* pig
* mare
235
in the pig, the correct type of insemination is
intracervical insemination
236
period when secretion of uterine milk into the uterine lumen is maximal
diestrus
237
Yolk sac
* develops the first blood vessels in the conceptus and is called the primitive gut
* splanchnic mesoderm + endoderm
238
The "morning after pill", used to prevent unwanted pregnancy in women, contains a very long acting estradiol and is administered the day after unprotected sex. In your answer, provide information about the specific part of the female reporductive tract affected by this steroid and what changes are initiated in that part and why this prevents pregnancy
At the time of estrus, estrogen ratio is at a maximum. This causes peristaltic contractions to move toward the ampula and uterotubal junction allowing capictated sperm to arrive at the oocyte. The long acting estradiol causes the contractions to continue to move toward the ampillary-isthmus junction stopping the now fertilized egg from traveling through the isthmus to reach the uterus. By the time the estradiol decreases, it will be too late for the egg to implant thus causing intraception of pregnancy.
239
acrosome
forms the cap of the sperm head and contains hydrolytic enzymes
240
Electroejaculation is the preferred method of semen collection in conscious boars
false
241
increases blood flow to the reproductive tract
What steroid hormone induces this change?
estradiol
242
exhibits clusters of estrous cycles during the spring and summer only
## Footnote
* Type of Cyclicity?*
* Specie who exhibits this cyclicity?*
1. seasonally polyestrus
2. mare
243
Will the removal of the uterus affect the luteal lifespan in a: **_cow_**?
removal of the uterus will prolong the lifespan of the CL
244
results from the disappearance of microvillar on the surface of the oocyte in response to contact by the fertilizing sperm
vitelline block
245
a simple neural reflex begins when a sensory afferent neuron is stimulated which synapses with an interneuron in the spinal cord, which itself synapses with a motor efferent neuron at the same location in the spinal cord to carry the signal back to the tissue. Very rapid response (i.e. ejaculation)
true
246
ischiocavernosus muscle
clamps off venous return from the penis causing penile extension
247
**stratified squamous**
Site in male or female repro tract:
Function is in that site:
Site in male or female repro tract: **lining of vestibule**
Function is in that site: **protect from physical damage**
248
True or False: The collection of embryos from the uterus of donor cows and their transfer into recipient females should only be done after hatching of the blastocysts from the zona pellucid
False
249
**metestrus**
Characteristic ovarian structures seen at the time:
Estrogen to progesterone ratio:
CH
E/P ratio decreasing
250
True/False: in the genetic male, SRY gene, located on the Y chromosome produces an SRY protein resulting in testis development, which occurs several weeks before the normal development of the ovary in a genetic female of the same species
T
251
True or False: If inner cell mass cells from a goat blastocyst are collected and injected into the blastocyst of a sheep embryo containing its own inner cell mass, and the injected embryo placed into the uterus of a goat, it will give birth to a deep (cross between sheep and goat)
False
252
this part regresses at implantation when the choir-allantonic membrane forms and attaches to the uterine wall to begin to take up nutrients directly from the maternal blood
Yolk Sak
253
True/False: Developing germ cells are connected by intercellular brides so that the cytoplasm of an entire cohort of cells are interconnected. This provides communication between cells that contribute to the synchronized development of these cells
True
254
Allantois
* -thrust out from the hind gut of the embryo, and expands to vascularize the chorion
* splanchnic mesoderm + endoderm
255
Why does the cow commonly exhibit retained placentae following premature births or late term abortions while the sheep does not. Be specific
Although both species have cotyledonary placentas the ewe (and goats) have concave cotyledons, whereas in the cow (and giraffe) the cotyledons are convex. The convex shape leads to a greater susceptibility to retaining the placenta since it is more difficult to separate maternal and fetal tissue
256
The pairing of homologous chromosome only occurs during mitosis, but not during meiosis, and functions to allows exchange of allelic forms of genes from one chromosome to the other
false
257
True or False: The trophectoderm cells surrounding the blastocyst develop gap junctions between them to allow a free exchange of information, while the inner cell mass cells develop tight junctions to hold the inner cell mass together
False
258
True or False: From birth to conception the mammary glands grow at the same rate as the rest of the body, but after puberty they begin to grow at an increased rate under the stimulus of estradiol (duct development) and progesterone (glandular development).
True
259
**Inhibin**
what phase describes this hormone in the male?
Inhibits FSH secretion by the anterior pituitary gonadotrophs
260
how does milk ejection happen
When sensory neurons in the teat or nipple are stimulated by tactile stimuli, a neural signal is sent to the interneuron of the spinal cord which convey the signal to paraventricular nucleus which results in oxytocin release from posterior pituitary into blood
261
specie that have a small disc covered with chorionic villi for attachment to the uterus
1. Discoid
1. woman
262
female whose young DO NOT have an absolute requirement for colostrum if they are to survive
* dog
* cat
* woman
263
This hormone binds to its receptors on sertoli cells and maitains spermatogenesis at an optimal level
FSH
264
lining the urethra to allow stretching
transitional
265
days 7-17
Stage of the estrous cycle to the first PGF2alpha injection:
What days of the estrous cycle each group will be 14 days later:
1. all CL killed in 3 days
2. day 11
266
**pig**
signal that maintains luteal function in specie during maternal recognition of preg.
CL indep. or dep.
estradiol
CL dependent specie
267
Relaxin
Site of synthesis?
function?
* \*\*\*
* causes cervical softening during parturition
268
True/False: Sperm recovered from the tail of the epididymis cannot fertilize oocytes in vitro unless they first come in contact with secretions from the male accessory glands
F
269
True or False: Resumption of ovarian activity occurs sooner in the dairy cow than in the suckled beef cow
True
270
True/False: Cutting all the nerves entering and leaving the mammary gland shortens lactational inserts in the beef cow
F
271
True/False: Along the length of the seminiferous tubule, all germ cells are at a similar developmental stage, allowing for continuous production of spermatazoa
False
272
exhibits one estrous cycle per year
Type of Cyclicity?
Specie who exhibits this cyclicity?
1. monoestrus
2. wolf
273
True/False: the number of GnRH secreting neurons, their morphology and distribution within the hypothalamus are established well before puberty
T
274
period when epithelial lining of the vestibule and posterior vagina is the thickest and is cornified
estrus
275
List the sequence of specific cellular events that are initiated when LH binds to its membrane receptors on luteal cells and ends with the secretion of progesterone by these cells. Be specific about how the precursor cholesterol enters the cells and what organelles the cells use to convert this cholesterol to progesterone for secretion.
1. **Cholesterol travels to luteal cells** via the **bloodstream**
2. **LH binds to specific receptors** on the plasma membrane of the luteal cells
3. The LH receptor complexes **activate G proteins** which in turn **activate adenylate cyclase** which **converts ATP to cAMP**
4. cAMP enzymes **activate the protein kinase enzymes** which promote the **uptake of cholesterol and store it as mitochondria**
5. Mitochondrial enzymes **convert cholesterol into pregnenolone**
6. pregnenolone is then **converted into progesterone**
276
the uterus of the dog is
bicornuate
277
hormones synthesized by neurosecretory cells
1. GnRH
2. oxytocin
278
**simple squamous**
Site in male or female repro tract:
Function is in that site:
Site in male or female repro tract: **visceral vaginal tunic**
Function is in that site: **slippery layer that prevents testicular adhesions**
279
hormone that travels down the hypothalamus- hypophyseal portal system to reach its target cells
1. GnRH
280
covering the outside of the female reproductive tract and prevents adhesions with other organs and tissues
simple squamous
281
exerts a negative feedback to inhibit GnRH secretion and reductions of GnRH receptors on pituitary gonadotrophs reducing FSH and LH secretion
What steroid hormone induces this change?
progesterone
