Final Exam

Question 1

PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY

Answer 1

the study of the interactions between behavioral, neuroendocrine, and immunological responses

Question 2

IMMUNE SYSTEM FUNCTIONS

Answer 2

protects us from disease and infections using tissues that make, store, and carry white blood cells

Question 3

IMMUNE SYSTEM COMPONENTS

Answer 3

bone marrow, tonsils, thymus, spleen, lymph, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels

Question 4

IMMUNE RESPONSE

Answer 4

pathogens enter the body (make you sick) and have antigens, which help the body recognize which cells are foreign, then antibodies are released from B cells to attach to antigens and remove the pathogens from the body

Question 5

WHITE BLOOD CELLS

Answer 5

protect against infections, many types including basophils, neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes

Question 6

LYMPHOCYTES

Answer 6

t-cells kill viruses directly
b-cells release antibodies for specific antigens
natural killer cells control tumors and microbial infections by limiting their spread and subsequent tissue damage

Question 7

CANCER

Answer 7

rapid reproduction of irregular or damaged cells that form a tumor
typically these cells should die off through apoptosis

Question 8

METASTASIS

Answer 8

when the cancer spreads to parts of the body other than the original site; the cancer is still named after the original location
ex: lung cancer that metastasizes to the brain is still lung cancer

Question 9

BENIGN VS. MALIGNANT

Answer 9

a benign tumor is not cancerous and will not spread, whereas a malignant tumor is cancerous and can spread

Question 10

4 KINDS OF CANCER

Answer 10

carcinoma: most common, of the internal or external body surface linings (lung, breast, colon, stomach)
sarcoma: least common, of the supporting tissues (bones, fat, cartilage)
lymphoma: of the lymph nodes and white blood cells
leukemia: of the red blood cells

Question 11

CANCER RISK FACTORS

Answer 11

excessive sun exposure
exposure to hazardous work materials
heredity/genes
high fat diet
hormones
stress: depression and maladaptive coping styles predict development of cancer and faster progression
personality: type c personality which is easy going and represses emotions

Question 12

CANCER PREVENTION

Answer 12

limit sun exposure
limit exposure to harmful chemicals or industrial pollution
limit non-lean meats, fats, and calories
consume fruits and veggies
avoid cancer viruses like HPV

Question 13

HIV/AIDS

Answer 13

human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
HIV is a retrovirus

Question 14

HIV AS A RETROVIRUS

Answer 14

a retrovirus is a virus that invades a host cell to replicate its RNA to reproduce
HIV is a retrovirus that attacks CD4 T cells and replicates itself using reverse transcriptase, destroying the host cell

Question 15

CD4 T CELLS

Answer 15

these cells are targeted by HIV and when HIV replicates itself inside, it destroys the T cell
the result is declining numbers of T cells which can eventually lead to AIDS
a healthy person should have 500-1200 T cells

Question 16

HIV REGIMENTS

Answer 16

HIV treatment plans typically consist of 3 different antiretroviral medications for the best outcomes. Antiretroviral medications target the enzyme that allows the virus to replicate itself to stop its spread. The treatment plan a person uses depends on their symptoms, CD4 count, and viral loads

Question 17

HIV WINDOW PERIOD

Answer 17

it takes 28 days for antibodies to become detectable in the body, but it can take up to 3-6 months, sometimes even longer

Question 18

HIV HEALTH DISPARITIES

Answer 18

black MSM are the mostly likely to get HIV, followed by IDUs (injection drug users)

Question 19

HIV CASCADE OF CARE

Answer 19

1. diagnosed with HIV
2. link PLWH with care
3. engage and retain PLWH in care
4. prescribe ART
5. achieve viral suppression

Question 20

HATZENBEUHLER

Answer 20

studied stigma as a fundamental cause of population health inequalities
ex: stigma caused people to have less access to multiple resources such as income, housing, health care, social support, and education

Question 21

STIGMA

Answer 21

the co-occurrence of labeling, stereotyping, separation, status loss, and discrimination in a context in which power is exerted

Question 22

FUNDAMENTAL CAUSE THEORY

Answer 22

health inequalities persist over time due to some social factors or circumstances that remain despite other changes

Question 23

3 TYPES OF STIGMA

Answer 23

1. Internalized: when we internalize the negative societal perceptions of our identities
2. Enacted: when we experience actual stigma
3. Anticipated: when we believe we will experience stigma

Question 24

MEDIATORS OF STIGMA AND HEALTH DISPARITIES

Answer 24

mediators tell the “how” of an assocation.
ex: depression mediates stigma and health inequality (positive)
ex: social support mediates stigma and health inequality
(negative)

Question 25

POLICY IS MAKING PEOPLE SICK

Answer 25

Dr. Eaton from Canada who runs Change the Odds says that our zipcode can predict our health outcomes and our age of death because chronic stress is experienced in impoverished neighborhoods

Question 26

SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH

Answer 26

factors aside from medical care that can be influenced by social policies and shape health in powerful ways ex: neighborhood walkability, SES, race/ethnicity, health care access, transportation, literacy, language access barriers, complex health needs and multiple chronic illnesses

Question 27

PATIENT CONSUMERISM

Answer 27

this is the idea that we must be good consumers of health care--we deserve to get the care that we want because we are paying for it, so we should have the ability to shop around for different physicians until we find the right fit. this important because we need to be able to work with our physicians on our course of treatment and fully understand our diagnoses

Question 28

TYPES OF HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS

Answer 28

Nurse Practitioners: see their own patients for routine care, can prescribe Advanced Practice Nurses: more specialized care and certified in specific areas Physicians Assistant: closest to a doctor because they go to medical school for 2 years

Question 29

HEALTH PSYCHOLOGISTS AS PROVIDERS

Answer 29

assist diagnosis and assessment of patients' functioning help prepare clients before and after surgery provide therapy alternatives to medication teach self-care diagnose and treat mental problems

Question 30

EMOTIONAL RESPONSES TO CHRONIC DISORDERS

Answer 30

denial: a defense mechanism to avoid dealing with the illness--impedes treatment and compromises health anxiety: overwhelmed by changes depression: causes poor adherence, affects the immune system, and results in more pain and negative life events

Question 31

PATIENTS' BELIEFS ABOUT CHRONIC DISORDERS

Answer 31

no control: God's will, due to stress, bacteria, injury all in my control: more adaptive so long as they don't harp on personal blame which method is most adaptive depends on the individuals' illness

Question 32

INFANT MORTALITY

Answer 32

lack of maternal health care access congenital abnormalities SIDS (low SES families, mothers who smoke prenatally, and when infants sleep on their stomach or side)

Question 33

CHILD MORTALITY

Answer 33

accidents | cancer

Question 34

ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULT MORTALITY

Answer 34

``` unintentional injury homicide suicide cancer coronary heart disease ```

Question 35

MIDDLE AGE MORTALITY

Answer 35

heart attack or stroke we prefer a sudden death because it is less expensive to pay for and allows for a more graceful departure premature deaths are those before age 79 SES is a strong determinant of premature death

Question 36

PATIENT SELF-DETERMINATION ACT

Answer 36

ensures that patients know they have the right to make decisions regarding their medical care

Question 37

RIGHT TO DIE/EUTHANASIA

Answer 37

argues that the chronically ill should be allowed to decide to die with dignity through physician assisted suicide legal in Oregon, Washington DC, Vermont, California, Montana, Colorado, and Washington

Question 38

BURDENS AFTER A DEATH

Answer 38

women: burdened by financial strain men: burdened by strains of household care

Question 39

STAGES OF DYING

Answer 39

denial: denying the reality of what is happening anger: blame the well, don't want to have to go bargaining: make bids for their life depression: anticipation of your own death acceptance: at peace

Question 40

HOSPICE CARE

Answer 40

combines palliative care with spiritual and emotional needs | no curative attempts or procedures

Question 41

HOME CARE

Answer 41

can be less expensive

Question 42

PALLIATIVE CARE

Answer 42

helps the patient be comfortable and manage their symptoms

Question 43

CURATIVE CARE

Answer 43

attempts to cure the illness

Question 44

BEHAVIORAL IMMUNIZATION

Answer 44

used to prevent poor health habits through programs focused on smoking, drug abuse, diet, and eating disorders parents are taught how to reduce accidents, encourage good safety habits and health habits

Question 45

COST EFFECTIVENESS

Answer 45

a comparison of expenditures and outcomes associated with doing one or more courses of action

Question 46

DETERMINING EFFECTIVENESS

Answer 46

documenting effectiveness presenting data to the general public identifying critical components of interventions