FInal Exam Flashcards
(26 cards)
What are the “Four Freedoms?”
Freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear
When, where, who? (“Four Freedoms”)
State of the Union address to Congress, delivered by Roosevelt (January 1941)
What is freedom from fear?
Longing for peace and a more general desire for security that appeared to be out of control
What was the effect of freedom of speech and freedom of worship?
Accelerated the process by which the First Amendment protections of free expression moved to the center of Americans’ definition of liberty
What is freedom from want?
Protecting the future “standard of living of the American worker and farmer” by guaranteeing the Depression would not resume after the war
What inspired Roosevelt’s Four Freedoms?
World War II
What is the Double V?
In February 1942, Pittsburgh Courier coined the phrase that came to symbolize black attitudes during the war
Victory over Germany and Japan must be accompanied by victory over segregation at home
What was the purpose of the Four Freedoms?
Primarily intended to highlight the differences between Anglo-American ideals and Nazism
What is the Truman Doctrine?
Speech by Truman in which he embraced the Cold War as the foundation of American foreign policy and emphasized the policy of containment (1947)
What led to the policy of the Truman Doctrine?
Britain informed the US that because its economy had been shattered by the war, it could no longer afford its traditional international role, ending military and financial aid to Greece and Turkey which the Soviet Union wanted
What effect did the Truman doctrine have on political parties?
Truman succeeded in persuading both Republicans and Democrats in Congress to support his policy, beginning a long period of bipartisan support for the containment of communism
What precedent did the Truman Doctrine set?
The speech set a precedent for American assistance to anticommunist regimes throughout the world, no matter how undemocratic, and for the creation of a set of global military alliances directed against the Soviet Union
What followed after the Truman Doctrine?
Creation of new national security bodies immune from democratic oversight, such as the Atomic Energy Commission, National Security Council, and CIA
What was the Southern Manifesto?
96 of 106 congressmen signed a Southern Manifesto, denouncing the Brown decision as a “clear abuse of judicial power,” and calling for resistance to forced integration by any lawful means (1956)
Why did Thurgood Marshall say segregation is inherently unequal?
It stigmatizes one group of citizens as unfit to associate with others - affects self-esteem
What was Brown v. Board of Education?
Segregation in public education violated the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment - separate facilities are inherently unequal (1954)
What did the Hart-Celler Act do with the quota system?
Abandoned the national-origins quota system of immigration, which had excluded Asians and severely restricted southern and eastern Europeans (1965)
What was the Hart-Celler Act?
Established new, racially neutral criteria for immigration, notably family reunification and possession of skills in demand in the US
What did the Hart-Celler Act do that could be perceived as negative?
Because of the growing hostility in the Southwest to Mexican immigration, the law established the first limit, 120,000 on newcomers for the Western Hemisphere
What did the limitations of the Hart-Celler Act create
The category of “illegal aliens” from the Americas - labor demand for Mexican immigrants in the United States far exceeded that number
What were the effects of the Hart-Celler Act?
Explosive rise in immigration and a dramatic shift in which newcomers from Latin America, the Carribbean, and Asia would outnumber those from Europe
Context of the Hart-Celler Act?
The Civil Rights movement succeeded in eradicating the legal bases of second-class citizenship - the belief that racism should no longer serve as a foundation of public policy
What is the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution?
Authorized the president to take “all necessary measures to repel armed attack” in Vietnam
What is the context for the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution?
North Vietnamese vessels encountered an American ship on a spy mission off its coast (1964)
When North Vietnamese patrol boats fired on the American vessel, Johnson proclaimed that the United States was a victim of “aggression”
