Final Exam Flashcards
(191 cards)
1
Q
Prescriptive norms
A
Rules about behaviours we are expected to perform.
2
Q
Mores
A
Institutionalized norms embedded in law which helps to maintain social control. (Laws against taboos)
3
Q
Proscriptive norms
A
Rules about behaviours we are expected to refrain from doing.
4
Q
Taboos
A
Mores that are considered wrong.
5
Q
Folkways
A
Informal norms based on accepted traditions.
6
Q
Culture
A
Sum total of social environment in which we’re raised and continue to be socialized throughout our lives.
7
Q
Language
A
Shared system of communication that includes spoken, written, as well as nonverbal gestures to convey meaning.
8
Q
Cultural universals
A
Common practices shared by all societies.
9
Q
Social facts
A
Observable social phenomena that exists outside an individual and exercise power over them.
10
Q
Cultural relativism
A
Perspective that a society’s customs and ideas should be described objectively and understood in the context of a society’s problems and opportunities.
11
Q
Ethnocentrism
A
Tendency to believe that one’s cultural practices and beliefs is superior than other cultures.
12
Q
Material vs nonmaterial culture
A
Tangible, physical items vs intangible items that give meaning to one’s culture.
13
Q
Ideal culture
A
Cultural values a majority of people identify with in a given society.
14
Q
Real culture
A
Practices engaged in by the majority of people in a society.
15
Q
Subculture
A
Group that can be differentiated from mainstream culture by its divergent traits involving language, norms, beliefs, and values.
16
Q
Counterculture
A
Type of subculture that opposes mainstream culture.
17
Q
Popular culture (mass culture)
A
Well-liked everyday practices and products.
18
Q
High culture
A
Activities shared by the social elite.
19
Q
Norms
A
Society’s expectations for how we are supposed to act, think, and look.
20
Q
Life chances
A
Opportunities an individual has in life, based on various factors including stratification, inequality, race, ethnicity, and gender.
21
Q
Micro level
A
Level of individual experiences and choices.
22
Q
Macro level
A
Level of broader social forces, like society as a whole.
23
Q
Agency
A
People’s capacity to make choices, which then has an impact on other people and society.
24
Q
Sociology
A
Systematic study of society, using the sociological imagination.
25
Sociological imagination
Ability to perceive the interconnections between individual experiences and larger sociocultural forces.
26
Positivist approach
Approah to theorizing that emphasizes explanations and prediction.
27
Interpretive approach
Approach to theorizing that focuses on the ways people come to understand themselves, others, and the world around them.
28
Criticial approach
Approah to theorizing that explored the role powers play in social processes and importance of knowledge tied to emancipation.
29
Values
Collectively shared criteria by which we determine whether something is right or wrong.
30
Manifest vs latent functions
Intended vs unintended functions of society
31
Dysfunctional
When one of society’s structure no longer fulfills its function effectively.
32
Anomie
Feeling of normlessness.
33
Bourgeoise vs proletariat
Owners of the means of production vs workers
34
Significant others
People who are important to us.
35
Generalized others
Overall sense of people’s expectations, strangers.
36
Patriarchy
Legal and/or social power vested in males.
37
Androcentric
Male-centred, fails to account for women’s experiences.
38
Discourses
Ways of understanding a topic or social phenomenon.
39
Conglomerate
A corporation made up of several different widely diversified companies.
40
Stereotype
An over generalization about a group, often based on faulty assumptions.
41
Media literacy
Ability to recognize, critically assess, and make informed choices about the messages contained in mass media forms.
42
Sex
Biological characteristics that include sex chromosomes, primary sex characteristics, and secondary sex characteristics.
43
Dualism
A contrast between two opposing categories.
44
Gender
Expected and actual thoughts, feelings, and behaviours associated with a particular sex within a certain culture at a given point in history.
45
Femininity vs masculinity
Thoughts, feelings, and behaviours associations with being female vs male.
46
Intersex
Person whose physical sex characteristics fall outside the boundaries of dualism of male/female.
47
Sexual script
Framework that we use to understand our own sexuality and guides our sexual lives.
48
Heteronormative
View that heterosexuality is the expected and preferred sexual orientation.
49
Heterosexism
Discrimination on the basis of a homosexual or bisexual orientation.
50
Monogamous
A marriage that includes two spouses.
51
Polygamous
A marriage that includes three or more spouses simultaneously.
52
Nuclear family
Family structure comprising of parents and their children.
53
Extended family
A family structure that includes parents, their children, and additional relatives.
54
Matriarchal
Power is vested in females.
55
Matrilineal
Lineage is traced through the mother’s side of the family, especially its female members.
56
Patrilineal
Lineage is traced through the father’s side of the family, especially its male members.
57
Health
State of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
58
Social inequality
An unequal distribution of resources.
59
Social stratification
Socially sanctioned patterns (or classes) of social inequality that exists in society and based on attributes such as race, age, gender, income, or occupation.
60
Caste system
Hierarchical system of stratification based on inherited social standing.
61
Social class
Shared membership in a group based on economic standing.
62
Class system
Hierarchical system of stratification based on achieved and ascribed economic measures such as annual income or possession of resources.
63
Social mobility
Movement that occurs within and between social classes in a stratification system.
64
Socioeconomic status
Social standing based on a combined measure of education, income, and occupation.
65
Intragenerational mobility
Changes in social class that occurs within a person’s lifetime.
66
Intergenerational mobility
Changes in social class of children relative to their parents.
67
Low-income cutoff (LICO)
Annual family income value in dollars below which a family is worse off than average due to high proportion of income allocated to food, clothing, and shelter.
68
Recession
Economic decline that persists for long periods of time.
69
Gross domestic product (GDP)
Overall indicator of a country’s economic productivity based on goods and services as measured by household consumption, government spending, and investments.
70
Social safety net
Services and programs designed to lessen financial burdens experienced by low-income groups.
71
Meritocracy
Condition of advancement based on worth.
72
Alienation
Detacuvment that exists between workers and labour as perpetuated under capiralism.
73
Ethnicity
Cultural characteristics such as language, religion, taste in food, shared descent, cultural traditions, and shared geographical locations.
74
Objective vs subjective ethnicity
Ancestors vs personal identification
75
Race
Socially constructed category used to classify humankind according to physical characteristics such as skin colour, hair texture, and facial features.
76
Racialization
Process by which racial categories are constructed as different and unequal in ways that have social, economic, and political consequences.
77
Visible minorities (racialized groups)
Persobs who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour.
78
Bicultural
Participating in two distinct cultures simultaneously.
79
Dominant groups
Groups that has institutionalized power and privelege in society.
80
Minority groups
Groups that are socially disadvantaged and face unequal treatment.
81
Residential schools
Boarding school funded by the Canadian government used to assimilate Aboriginal children.
82
Pluralism
Cultural differences are maintained and celebrated.
83
Segregation
Minority groups are seperated from dominant groups.
84
Population transfer
Minority groups are forcibly expelled or are limited to a specific location.
85
Prejudice
An attitude that is unrelated to reality and is generalized to all members of a certain group.
86
Racism
Specific form of prejudice based on aspects of physical appearance such skin colour.
87
Discrimination
Treating someone unfairly because of their group membership.
88
Hate crimes
Criminal offences motivated by hate towards an identifiable group.
89
Scapegoat
Individual or group that is wrongfully blamed for a personal or social problem.
90
Religion
United system of beliefs and practices related to sacred things.
91
Collective conscience
Unified body of cultural knowledge that is transmitted in group religious rituals.
92
Collective effervescence
Euphoria that enables people to transcend the challenges of everyday life that emerges from group religious rituals.
93
Scientism
World view that used the insights of natural science to inform people’s way of living, their purpose in life, and choices they make.
94
Science
Institution that provides a way to understand the natural makeup of the world by means of rational methods of inquiry.
95
Norm of communism
Notion that scientific knowledge is to be freely shared with others.
96
Norm of universalism
Notion that scientifique knowledge is free of social biases.
97
Norm of disinterestedness
Notion that scientific do their work solely for the purpose of discovering truth.
98
Norm of organized skepticism
Notion that scientific claims should be subjected to rigorous scrutiny.
99
Paradigms
Conceptual framework or model for organizing information.
100
Paradigm shift
Movement away from a particular conceptual framework.
101
Education
Formal institution that systematically instills much of the knowledge that is needed to function as productive adults in society.
102
Hidden curriculum
Process by which agenda of norms, values, and expectations that fall outside the formal curriculum are learned in the school system.
103
Streaming
Process where students are placed in specific programd and levels of curriculum based on perceived levels of achievement.
104
Credentialism
Reliance on increasingly higher educational qualifications as necessary minimal requirements for employment.
105
Self-fulfilling prophecies
Originally false beliefs that becomes true simply because it is perceived as such.
106
Self-concept
Individual’s sense of who they are based on perceived similarities and differences to others.
107
Socialization
Lifelong process through which people learn about themselves and their various roles in society.
108
Social identities
Portion of an individual’s sense of self derived from membership in social groups.
109
Biological determinism
Belief that human behaviourism is controlled by genetics (nature).
110
Sociobiology
Type of biological determinism, belief that social behaviour evolved from need to reproduce and survive.
111
Behaviourism
School of thought that denies free will, emphasize observable phenomena, and claims behaviour is learned from the environment (nurture).
112
Bio-ecological theory of human development
Theory that views human development as a dynamic process of reciprocal interactions where individuals play an important role im shaping the environment where they develop (Nature and nurture).
113
Looking-glass self
Sense of ourselves that we develop based on our perceptions of how others view us.
114
Agents of socialization
Groups, social institutions, and/or social settings that have the greatest amount of influence on the developing self.
115
Media
Communications that target large audiences in print or in electronic format using audio and/or images.
116
Social structure
Framework of cultural elements and social patterns in which interactions take place.
117
Status
A recognized social position that exists independently from the individual that occupies it.
118
Ascribed vs achieved status
Social position conferred by birth vs obtained through personal actions.
119
Role
Behavioural component of a given status.
120
Role conflict vs role strain
Role demands exist between two or more commonly held statuses vs within a single status.
121
Social group
Two or more people who share relevant cultural elements and interact with regular frequency.
122
Social network
Interrelated system of social relationships of varying purpose, relevance, intimacy, and importance.
123
Social institutions
Permanent social structures that govern the behaviour of groups and promote social order.
124
Bureaucracy
Formal organization model consisting of a chain of authority and a set of procedures and protocols that guide the relationships and processes within it.
125
Ideal type
An analytical construct that clearly depicts all of the main features of some social phenomenon, but cannot be found in reality.
126
Social control
Actions intended to prevent, correct, punish, fix, or cure people, behaviours, and characteristics that are perceived as unacceptable.
127
Deviant
A person, behaviour, or characteristics perceived as unacceptable.
128
High-consensus deviance
Behaviours or characteristics widely perceived as unacceptable and in need of social control.
129
Low-consensus deviance
Behaviours or characteristics about which there is considerable disagreements over whether they’re unacceptable or not.
130
Retribution
Morally justified consequence.
131
Abolitionism
Movement calling for the dismantling of the criminal justice system.
132
Restorative justice
Approach to justice emphasizing healing and reparation of harm.
133
Institutionalized goals
Goals that we are supposed to aspire to in contemporary society.
134
Legitimate means
Socially accepted ways of attaining wealth, power, and prestige.
135
Techniques
Skills needed to engage in either deviant or conforming behaviour.
136
Motives
Reasons for engaging in either deviant or conforming behaviour.
137
Techniques of neutralization
Rationalization that allow us to justify our behaviour to others and ourselves.
138
Primary deviance
Little acts of deviance that many of us engage in occasionally.
139
Secondary deviance
Chronice deviance as a lifestyle.
140
Stigmatization
Process by which individuals are excluded because of particular behaviours or characteristics.
141
Self-surveillance
Monitoring our own behaviourd in order to prevent being considered deviant.
142
Concept
Abstract idea expressed as a word or phrase.
143
Variable
Concept for properties of people or things that can differ and change.
144
Deductive reasoning
Theory-driven approach that typically concluded with generalization based on research findings.
145
Inductive reasoning
Data-driven approach that begins with observations and ends in theory construction.
146
Exploratory research
Explores an area of interest that very little is known about.
147
Descriptive research
Describes features and characteristics of a group, event, activity, or situation.
148
Explanatory research
Clarifies aspects of a particular social phenomenon
149
Evaluation research
Assessed the need for or effectiveness of a social program.
150
Empowerment research
Examine social settings and conditions to identify key issues and involves stakeholders for the purpose of imprpvement.
151
Participatory action research
Field method involving participants in research that is designed to result in practical outcomes.
152
Hypothesis
Testable research statement that includes at least two variables.
153
Research design
Detailed outline of all the proposed components of a study.
154
Data analysis
Compilation of observations into a format that helps us learn more about the research problem.
155
Qualitative methods
Method to better understand social phenomena using inductive reasoning and non-numerical data.
156
Quantitative methods
Method to test hypotheses based on deductive reasoning and numerical data.
157
Experiment
Deductive research method for testing a hypothesis through the use of a carefully controlled environment and random assignment to conditions.
158
Indepdent variable
Variable that is manipulated in an experiment.
159
Dependent variable
Variable that is measured in an experiment.
160
Control group
Participants in an experiment who aren’t exposed to the independent variable. Experiment (test) group is the opposite.
161
Survey
Method of gathering opinions using a questionnaire.
162
Representative sample
Group that closely approximates thr population of interest.
163
Interview
Verbal question and answer technique used to obtain information on a topic of interest.
164
Secondary analysis of existing data
Research method used to examine information on a topic of interest that was collected or created by someone other than the researcher for an unrelated purpose.
165
Ethnography
Fieldwork designed to describe everyday behaviour in natural settings.
166
Systematic observation
Naturalistic but nonparticipatory method for collecting data on a social group or process.
167
Participant observation
Naturalistic method for collecting systematic data while taking part in a social group or process.
168
I/Me concept
Concept of “I” represents personal preferences, individual desires (subjective). Concept of “Me” repredents critical ways of thinking, stops you from doing things based on social norms and expectations (objective).
169
Social learning theory
What we’ve seen repeatedly affects how we behave and see the world. Developed by Albert Bandura.
170
Desensitization theory
When exposed to violence in any form, we get used to it and become less disturbed psychologically. Developed by George Gerbner.
171
Framing vs sizing
How event is depicted and what’s going on around it vs coverage of an event.
172
Critical race theory
States that racism is not aberrant but part of a social fabric tied to economic, social, and political effects. Developed by Derrick Bell.
173
Belief systems
Set of interconnected beliefs that are shared among groups of people.
174
Social solidarity
Uniting different kinds of society and holding it together.
175
Mechanical solidarity
Oral traditions relied upon by premodern society and tied them together through similarities.
176
Organic solidarity
Modern societies say people stick together since they learnt to cooperate, not similarities.
177
Opium of the masses
Oppressed and soulless conditions to make people “feel good” about themselves, but only befitting religon (illusion).
178
Revisionists
Doctrine that if major religions are interpreted correctly, message is one of equality.
179
Reformists
Draws attention to sexist language and rituals that are a part of some religions; emphasize removing those aspects and integrating more female imagery and symbols.
180
Revolutionaries
Removing some traditional boundaries in certain religions and integrating dome images and rituals outside those boundaries to serve positive ends for women.
181
Rejectionists
Inherent sexism in major religions and call for abandoning those religiond while adopting female-centred spirituality.
182
Concerted cultivation vs natural growth
Pursue secondary education because of personal values of parents vs personal interest or experience outside of parents
183
Social infrastructure
Programs aimed at public support, aimed at everyone and not just poverty.
184
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
Assertion that language helps to shape reality for those experiencing it.
185
Instrumental vs expressive tasks
Physical work (male tasks) vs emotional work (female tasks).
186
Gender displays
Performance, being, and behaving like men/women.
187
Codes of gender
Gender norms, unwritten norms about gender.
188
Punishment
Most common form of social control, result to a deviant act.
189
Deterrence
Punish not just to penalize people who commit a deviant act, but use it as a lesson for others to be deterred from doing the same thing.
190
Credibility work
Women have to do certain things to make sure they’re believed by medical professionals.
191
Medicalization
Medical practices taking over aspects of women’s health, such as menstrual suppression and childbirth.
