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Music 501 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Bei Bei He

A

Zheng player

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2
Q

Pipa

A

Pear shaped, short necked, four string lite played with fingers

Reminiscent of oud, likely of Persian or Turkish origi

Virtuosic performance tradition, active playing style, microtonal manipulation of pitch through bending strings

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3
Q

Zheng

A

Board zither chordophone

Strings originally made from silk, body from bamboo

Accompanied singing, performed at imperial banquets, played at rural weddings, accompanied by religious rituals

Played seated

Plucked with thumb, index finder and middle finger of right hand

Left hand used primarily for coloristic techniques

Modern two handed plucking techniques, influence of piano music

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4
Q

Eight model works

A

Gang of Four banned all traditional Beijing opera, except for the “Eight Model Works”, 6 operas and 2 ballets

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5
Q

Gang of Four

A

A political faction composed of four Chinese communist party officials

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6
Q

Cultural revolution

A

1966-76

Overseen by Mao’s wife and the Gang of Four

Aimed to rid Chinese culture of anything “alien to the spirit of socialism”

People who resisted were sent to work camps, tortured, or executed

All books, works of visual art, music, movies, and plays were outlawed, except for a few that had been approved by the Gang of Four

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7
Q

Maoism

A

Mao Tse-Tung Chinese communist revolutionary and the found of the single party-stare peoples republic of China (1949-76)

Great Leap Forward in 1957 to transform chinas economy from an agrarian to an industrial one. Led to widespread famine in which 18-45 million people died

Cultural Revolution in 1966 which aimed to preserve “true” communist ideology by purging capitalist and traditionalist elements from Chinese society

Pervasive cult of personality around the “Great Leader”

Peasants are the primary revolutionary class

Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun

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8
Q

Taoism

A

Dao/Tao translates to “Way”

Foundational work if daoism attributed to Lao-Tzu, dao depicts what is deemed the right or proper way in an ethical or political context

Toward the end of the Han period, daoism as an organized religion arrived in China

To follow Tao is to recognize the inner harmony and balance in all living things. This belief is often represented in the yin (female) yang (male) symbol. Finding harmony and simplicity in all things

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9
Q

Maqamat

A

A technique of improvisation that defines the pitches, patterns, and development of a piece in Arabic classical music

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10
Q

Buddhism

A

Religion based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, who was from what is now Nepal and Norther India

Came to be called the Buddha, which means awakened one, after he experienced a profound realization of the nature of life, death and existence

Non-theistic - the Buddha taught that believing in gods was not useful for those seeking to realize enlightenment

Focus is on practice rather than belief; meditation, mindful action, ritual, attending to the present moment

Association of music with earl the desires led early Buddhists to forbid musical practice, and even observation of musical performances for monks and nuns

Modern Buddhism, paradises are represented as profoundly musical places in which Buddhist law takes the form of gorgeous melodies

Repressed in china (especially Tibet) to further the aims of the communist party

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11
Q

Confucius

A

5th century BCE Chinese thinker whose influence upon East Asian intellectual and social history is immeasurable

Sought to apply ancient traditions to the problems of his day

His teachings focus on maintaining harmony and order in human society, art plays a significant role in his thinking

Key teachings
•Tao - a moral order that pervades the universe
•Jen - benevolence; doing ones best to treat others as one would wish to be treated
•Li - “sacred ritual” or “propriety - acting appropriately for ones role in society
•Te - the power of example; leaders should lead primarily by example not force
•Wen - the cultural arts (music, poetry, drama) help to maintain unity in society

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12
Q

Beijing/Peking opera

A

Dramatic stories performed by costumes performers who combines heightened speech, song, dance, mime, acting, and acrobats

Upper class, urban music

Stories celebrated Confucian ideals like devotion to family, female chastity, subservience to authority

Costumes denote character types and subtypes

Minimal onstage props to keep the audience focused on the actors

Performed by itinerant troupes who require easily portable equipment

Performance venues were often small: hostels, tea houses, outdoor stages. No space or infrastructure for elaborate staging

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13
Q

Tan Dun

A

“New Wave” movement: interesting Chinese, western, and other musical elements

Studied western classical music in New York

Composed soundtrack for Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon

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14
Q

Whirling Dervish

A

Sacred dance ceremony in which the dervish rotates into trance state

Music consists of long, complex compositions called ayin, both preceded and followed by songs using lyrics from the founder and poet Jelaleddin Rumi

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15
Q

Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan

A

Most famous qawwal

Part of 6 centuries old family tradition

Collaborations with western musicians brought Qawwali music to a western audience

Controversial for bringing sacred music to a secular audience, and mixing sacred sounds with secular sounds

Recorded over 125 albums

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16
Q

Classical music (Indian)

A

Called Karnatak music in south India

Rigorous education/training system

Largely devotional

Most repertoire addresses to Hindi deities

Also songs about love and social issues

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17
Q

Filmi

A

Indian popular music as written and performed for Indian cinema

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18
Q

Bollywood

A

Name for Mumbai based film industry

Hindi cinema

1000 films a year

Mostly musicals; success of film depends on how good the music is

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19
Q

Qawwali

A

Style of Islamic sacred singing developed by Sufis in India 14th century

Today popular in north India and Pakistan

Performed by musical groups of about 9 men called a “party”

Based on Indian ragas

Use of improvisation of melodies with text or tarana

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20
Q

Bellydance

A

Westerners misinterpret movements as erotic/sexualized spectacle rather than skilled folk-art

Main point of movement is hips

Social dance - done by ordinary people in regular clothes at celebrations and social gatherings

Performance art - highly trained dancers, special costumes and use of space

Compositions with improvisational elements for drummers and dancer

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21
Q

Sufism

A

Islamic mystical sect

Believe in connecting to Allah through heightened ecstatic stares, which include music and dance

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22
Q

Kriti

A

A multi-section form of musical composition typical to Karnatak music

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23
Q

Iq’a and wazn

A

Rhythmic cycles

Long, cyclical patterns used to structure time

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24
Q

Alapana

A

An opening improvisation in free rhythm

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25
Quartertone
Also called microtone Note “between” the notes of the traditional western scale
26
Ravi Shankar
Virtuosic sitarist and composer Most famous Indian musician outside of India Introduced Indian music to western audience Studied for 7 years with legendary guru Allaudin Khan Classical musician open to experimentation - fusion artist Maintained that his music was a spiritual practice; disliked that hippies saw it as part of the drug experience Taught George Harrison from the Beatles how to play the sitar
27
Maqam
Melody Arabic system of pitches and tunings
28
Tabla
Drum pair: low and high pitched drums, played with the hands Accompanying dole to sitar and vocal music Elaborate theory of rhythm Virtuosity improvisations in dialogue with melodic instruments
29
Jhala
Fast improv of tala
30
Jor
Improv in slow steady pulse
31
Alap
Exploration of raga in free rhythm
31
Sitar
Primary melodic instrument in norther Indian music Fretted neck, strings can be bent by pushing down on them 18-21 strings: 7 played strings, the rest are sympathetic strings (give distinct drone sound) Played with a pick on the right hand Elaborate theory of melodic development Virtuosic improv
32
John Cage
American composer and inventor Inspired by McPhee to go to Indonesia to hear Balinese music Invented the prepared piano, intended to emulate the sounds of the gamelan
32
Colin McPhee
Canadian ethnomusicologist and composer First western composer to travel to Bali to study and document the music - lives there for 4 years Transcribed gamelan music as best he could into western notation Composed Balinese inspired music on western instruments
34
Tala/talam
Rhythm in Indian music ``` Tala = North Talam = South ```
34
Claude Debussy
International French composer, heard Javanese gamelan first hand at the Paris world fair Gamelan had profound impact on his musical thinking, developed a unique and immediately recognizable style
35
Raga/Ragam
Melody in Indian music ``` Raga = North Ragam = South ```
36
Kecak
“Monkey Chant” A “voice orchestra” Dance-drama invented in 1920s to entertain tourists Based on an episode from Ramayana and derived from Balinese trance rituals called Sanghyang
37
Tanpura
Long-necked plucked drone lure Plays drone in the key of the raga Used in both and South Indian music Traditionally has 4 strings that crest the interval of a fifth Played seated, in the back of an ensemble Often replaced by shruti box, and electronic drone generator
38
Balinese gamelan
Known as Gamelan Gong Kebyar Developed in 1920s Primarily tuned metallophones, orchestras have about 25 players ``` Identifying features - sharp constraints and fast changes in: Dynamics Tempo Orchestration Rhythm ``` Virtuosic playing, lots of rehearsals, memorizations of complex, pre-composed pieces Sometimes accompanied solo dance
39
Hinduism
Oldest major world religion 3rd largest religion Diverse array of belief systems, practices, and scriptures Belief in reincarnation and karma Belief in many gods, but see them as expressions of one god (Brahman) Music is essential to worship, arouses the senses and creates spiritual vibrations that enhance devotion Repetition and chanting help connect devotees to humankind and to their spirituality
41
Wayang kulit
“Shadow puppet” theatre Indonesia’s highest art - brings together music and drama Dhakang = puppeteer Gamelan accompaniment playing in slendro mode Loud style of playing Topics: Hindu epics and love stories Performances can be 8+ hours Recognized by UNECSO as a “masterpiece of oral and intangible history”
41
Karnatak/Carnatic
South Indian music, local and regional
43
Loud playing style (gamelan)
Soran Associated with outdoor festivals Instrumental, lots of drums No vocals, suling, rebab or celempung
44
Hindustani
North Indian music
45
Soft playing style (gamelan)
Indoor ceremonies Fewer drums Vocals, suling, rebab, or celempung Can sing a variety of lyrics to a given melody; a variety of melodies for a given set of lyrics
46
Musical layers (gamelan)
Punctuation: slow moving part, played by large gongs Nuclear melody: played by high pitched tuned metallophones Melodic elaboration: mid range metallophones and chordophones Counter melody: played by human voice, string instruments or flutes Rhythm: played by drums
47
Lancaran
Cycle of 16 bears following a specific order
47
Pathet
Mode Based upon three interlocking factors 1. Melodic pattern, formula, or contour 2. The pitch level of that pattern 3. The position of the pattern within the formal structure of a piece
48
Colotomic
Specific instruments playing certain time intervals and rhythmic patterns
49
Gongan
A musical phrase/beat cycle, subdivided into smaller rhythm is units (8. 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 beat cycles)
50
Microtones
More than 8 notes in an octave, notes “between” the notes (in comparison to western ideas of 8 notes in an octave) Common in Javanese music
51
Latin pop
Musicians from Cuba, Puerto rico, and panama dude rumba and mambo with black American popular music Create a style called bugalu or Latin/Salsa music; music for dancing Music driven by percussion and repeating patterns in piano and bass called “vamps” Combined Mexican mariachi music with Spanish music conventions and American pop harmonies
52
Gamelan
Often translated as orchestra and applies to the style as well Can refer to a wide variety of ensembles, typically featuring metallophones, xylophones, drums and gongs Found in almost every community, with significant pride taken in skill of local musicians Instruments of a gamelan have been carefully built and tuned to be played together, and their tuning may differ from that of other gamelan by quite a bit Because Islam officially disapproves of music, Javanese gamelan practices are less likely to be associated with religion
53
Bossa Nova
Translates to “new flair” Musical style out of Rio in late 1950s Softer more subtle, slowed down samba rhythms Harmonically sophisticates with complex song forms Less percussive, focus on guitar, piano and voice Jazz instrumentation - piano, guitar, drumset, bass
54
Tropicalia
Began in 1960s Form of Música Popular Brasileira (Brazilian pop music) Cultural and physical resistance movement Influence of American rock music, the beatlesX avant garde art, mixed with local music styles “Studio” music - elaborate recordings
55
Carnaval
Long history in rio (1642 CE) Preparation begins in September for 4 days before Ash Wednesday Hedonistic attitude; emphasis on pleasure Not just for entertainment: inequalities disappear between socio-economic classes and every part of the country is included Post-emancipation labour migration from Bahia to Rio in late 19th century, brought samba with them
56
Forro
Type of dance/music from Sertão region of Brazil Includes three main styles Baião - the original forró Xote - slower paced rhythm Arrasta-pé - fast paced dance rhythm Instrumentation Accordion Triangle Zabumba (bass drum) Danced in pairs, usually very close together, with the mans left hand holding the woman’s right hand as in the waltz, his right arm around her back and her left arm around his neck Other styles may require partners to stay partially away or in a considerable distance, only holding their hands up the shoulders
56
Choro
Instrumental style from 1920a Rio de Janeiro Influence of early jazz and samba Upbeat, rhythmic dance music ``` Instrumentation Acoustic guitar Acoustic 7-string guitar (with low B) Cavaquinhon(4 string guitar) Bandolim (mandolin) Pandeiro (sophisticated tambourine) Sometimes flute, clarinet, sax, trombone, bass ```
57
Samba
Most popular dance/music category in Brazil, developed in the mid 20th century Roots in the percussion music of west Africa Syncopated poly-rhythms that accompany hip-gyrating dances Primarily a “drum choir” with bells, whistles, and chanted vocals Strong duple meter Crucial part of Carnaval celebrations The most recognizable “nation” music of Brazil Fulfills similar rolls as the Steel Bands in Trinidad
57
Syncretism
The purposeful blending of elements of two cultures to create something new
57
Buena Vista Social Club
Originally help dances and musical activities, becoming a popular location for musicians to meet and play during the 1940s Inspired American guitarist Ry Cooder to record an album with veteran Cuban son musicians BVSC name because an umbrella term and brand label that encapsulates Cuba’s “musical golden age” between 1930s and 1950s
57
Ry Cooper
Recorded and album inspired by BVSC with veteran Cuban son musician Huge hit record and documentary film around the world in 1999 Sparked a revival in interest around Cuban music and Latin music in general, and generated a boom in Cuba’s tourist industry
57
Celia Cruz
The queen of salsa Born in Cuba, escaped to US after the communist revolution, settled in New York One of the lost successful Cuban musicians of the 20th century Very popular and successful duo with johnny Pacheco
58
Salsa
Umbrella term for various fusion styles of Cuban and Puerto Rican dance music (son-montuno, cha-cha-chá, mambo) created in New York beginning in the 1960s Influenced by jazz, particularly in instrumentation (horns) and extensive improvised solo Uses clave and montuno forms from Latin music, with the loud big band sound from jazz Fusion music that came to symbolize American Latin culture and identity as distinct from the home cultures on the islands
58
A Tribe Called Red
Blends a wide variety of musical styles ranging from hip hop, dance hall, electronic, and their own mashup of club and pow wow music Came out of Electric Pow Wow, a monthly club eight dedicated to showcasing aboriginal DJ talent and Native urban culture, aimed at creating a space for aboriginal people Outspoken about politics, have achieved international fame
58
Septeto Nacional
Led by Ignacio Piñeiro ``` Instrumentation: Tres Guitar Bass Bongos Claves Maracas Trumpet ``` Form: Son - Montuno
59
Sexteto Habenero
One of the most important Cuban groups of all time Founded in 1920 Sexteto ensemble (bass replaces marimbula)
60
Yambú
Slow - “old people’s rumba” A couples dance supposed to mimic the graceful movements of older people
60
Monophony
Unison rhythms and melodies Common in indigenous music
61
Vocables
Sounds that are not words Common in indigenous music
63
Pow Wow
First Nation song and dance celebration, often with competitions that feature ceremonial clothing
64
Tanya Tagaq
Cambridge Bay, Nunavut Inuit throat singer., has sung with Bjork, Kronos Quarter, and many other contemporary artists Blends traditional throat singing with electronica and rock music Won the Polaris Prize in 2014
66
Rumba
Originally meant feast, but came to signify the musical genre/rhythmic pattern Traditionally just voice and percussion Opens with solo singer accompanied by the ensemble (“diana”), followed by sections alternating between soloist and choir
67
Clave
A rhythmic pattern used to organize time in Afro-Cuban music Derived from bell patterns in African music Spanish word, means “code” or “key”, as in the key to a mystery or puzzle Also the name of an instrument that often plays the pattern, which is two wooden sticks struck together
68
Guaguanco
Medium-fast Most popular genre Dance - “vacunao” Form: canto/montuno A performative flirtation where a man tries to tough a woman with a handkerchief (or his body), while she tries to flirtatiously fend him off
69
Columbia
Fast 6/8 Traditionally solo male dance genre
70
Cuban Son
The most influential of Afro-Cuban popular music styles; began in mid-1800s (maybe 1750) Syncretic: combination of African (percussion, marimbula), Taino (maracas), and Spanish (tres, guitars) instruments Verse/retrain form with montuno section Sexteto (later Septeto)
70
Decolonization
The undoing of colonialism, either through reclaiming land, or removing marginalizing symbols from language and laws
70
Indigenous modernity
The concept that First Nations people are not “frozen in time”, and that First Nations knowledge and cosmology is not “ancient” and “primitive”, but it evolving and meaningful Way to talk about how contemporary First Nation people interact with the dominant settler culture Music and art that mixes traditional sounds/images with contemporary forms/technology
70
Representation
The way a certain group is depicted in the media and within cultural expression generally Critique of who gets to reproduce these depictions and who is “allowed” to speak
71
Marginalization
Social disadvantage and exclusion from the mainstream of society
71
Santeria
Afro-American religion of Caribbean origin that developed in the Spanish empire among west African descendants Influenced by and syncretized with Roman Catholicism
72
Self-determination
Having the right and opportunity to freely choose sovereignty and international political status with no external compulsion or interference
74
Sargam
Indian system of syllables for singing a raga Sa - Re - Ga - Ma - Pa - Dha - Ni - Sa
76
Tintal
Most famous talas of Hindustani music Most common tal in North India
77
Azan
Call to prayer Azan given 5 times daily by muezzin Musically based on classical melodic system (maqam) Gradual elongation of phrases Nasal timber called ghunna Sustain of vowelless consonants Loud
79
War Party
Award winning cree hip hop group from Hobbema, Alberta
80
Fred McDowell
Blues singer “Goin Down To The River”
81
Luis gonzaga
Forró musician
82
Tito Puente
Established salsa music
83
AR Rahman
Bollywood composer
84
Lata Mangeshkar
One of the most famous playback singers Over 30,000 recordings
85
Asha Bhosle
Other most famous playback singer Over 20,000 recordings
86
Gamelan beleganjur
Most popular styles of gamelan music in Bali

Music 501 (1 decks)

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