Final Exam Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
How was abuse shown in the workplace?
A
Hidden cameras
2
Q
How did these women in the workplace keep their eyes open while working in terrible conditions?
A
Clothespins
3
Q
What was the relationship between buyers and suppliers?
A
Rich country buyers control web of suppliers in developing countries, with pressure for buyers to take responsibility for working
conditions and environmental impacts
4
Q
How were leading companies made more vulnerable to bad publicity?
A
The increase in public awareness of human rights (hidden cameras) was exploited.
5
Q
Which country was an example of bad factories?
A
Indonesia (Nike)
6
Q
What are the 5 Myths of Corporate Codes of Conduct ?
A
- Corporate Social Responsibility is widespread in the developing world.
- Engaging in CSR is the key challenge for companies and their suppliers in developing countries.
- Compliance with CoC’s in developing countries
will necessarily improve working conditions and reduce
pollution - Auditing improves the understanding of how
CoC’s affect working conditions and the environment - Exclusion of non-complying suppliers from the
supply chain will help to improve working conditions
and the environment
7
Q
What is wrong with the myth of the Corporate Social Responsibility is widespread in the developing world?
A
Only a small percent of the world’s transnational corporations embrace CSR. Multinationals don’t have a lot of control over their subcontractors.
8
Q
What is the wrong with the myth that engaging in CSR is the key challenge for companies and their suppliers in developing countries?
A
A lot of suppliers don’t even met their own standards. The key challenge in developing countries is to get
companies to meet their legal obligations. Insistence in CSR discourse that companies voluntarily go beyond what they are legally required to do is
meaningless in these cases.
9
Q
What is wrong with the myth that compliance with CoC’s in developing countries will necessarily improve working conditions and reduce pollution?
A
Unintended consequences may occur.
For example:
-an environmental standard to clean waste water may result in the waste being dumped illegally in a nearby river
-a code limiting working hours may result in insufficient
income for workers who need the extra hours
-Pakistani example of creating stitching centers for soccer ball production in order to control child labor, but women then had trouble combining work with childcare, work for women outside the home was stigmatized, and commuting time reduced working hours and family incomes
10
Q
What is the wrong with the myth that auditing improves the understanding of how CoC’s affect working conditions and the environment?
A
-Issues that workers really value may not be included in the audits.
-Audits are pre-announced and fairly short
-Workers may be coached to give only positive information
-Double record-keeping and falsified information on working hours and pay
-Foreign auditors may not even have the legitimacy to
inspect local factories in developing countries
-Evidence can be tampered with
11
Q
What is wrong with the myth that exclusion of non-complying suppliers from the supply chain will help to improve working conditions and the environment?
A
Workers can lose their jobs because their suppliers closed down and children go into more hazardous wok (child prostitution, mining, etc)
12
Q
Why is women ‘s economic empowerment important?
A
It helps women mostly, but also help the economy.
13
Q
What does it mean to improve women’s economic empowerment? What can help enable this?
A
It provides men and women opportunities (equality in access to education, health services, agency, etc), as well as the expansion of people’s outcomes (gender equality in income, wealth, assets, market work, and household work). It also improves women’s economic empowerment.
A wide range of interventions
14
Q
Why is women entrepreneurship an important source of income generation for women and men?
A
- Provides flexibility
- Opportunity to act on innovative ideas
- Allows for upward mobility in labor market
- Self-employment a source of income when paid jobs are scarce, especially in low-income countries
- A source of income for women in conservative countries where women face constraints working outside the home
- Allows parents, especially mothers, to combine labor market participation with child care
15
Q
What are three important strategies for promoting women’s self-employment?
A
- Loans
- Conditional cash transfer
- Bundled financial packages`
16
Q
What is microfinancing?
A
Very small loans are given to women so that they can use it to start their business
17
Q
Why would women’s friends pressure each other to pay the loans?
A
So that the other women can be paid
18
Q
Who were the critics of these loans?
A
The husbands. They would get jealous, so they would resort to abuse.
19
Q
Who started more businesses and why?
A
Women did because men already had access to money.
20
Q
What were conditional cash transfer programs?
A
Women would get cash from the government for doing certain things (often on children). Some of these programs included support for women’s education, training, and employment. Most well known: Mexico’s Oportunidades (Progresa) program and Brazil’s Bolsa Familia
21
Q
Why were women the target in these programs?
A
Give them extra money, they’ll spend it on their children.
22
Q
look at
A
Women’s rights are human rights graph
23
Q
what was wrong with the bundled financial packages?
A
- flypaper effect
- there is little to none positive impact of loans, grants, cash on women’s entrepreneurship and empowerment
24
Q
what is the flypaper effect and what can be done to modify in order to strengthen it?
A
- Want loans to stick to their objectives (especially if there’s a problem with husbands)
- husbands and family members may take control over the liquid assets
-allow women to receive transfers through their own mobile phones or in their own secure savings accounts
25
what is the primary source of employment in many developing countries today?
farming and agriculture
26
what are the three salient features of the gendered division of labor in agriculture and what is the result?
1. women’s relatively greater burden of unpaid work in caring labor
2. gender gaps in agricultural productivity arising from an equitable access to land and inputs
3. relatively more men holding the higher-paying wage jobs
it holds negative repercussions for agricultural productivity and overall economic progress
27
what do women allocate a disproportionate amount of time to?
childcare and domestic responsibilities
28
where are women most likely to work?
non-remunerated Productive farm work which means that they combine work with childcare responsibilities. This limits their ability to work gainfully in the market
29
what are agricultural sectors characterized by and why?
Large gender gaps in productivity across countries
mainly because an equitable allocation of land, and puts, credit and support services are given
30
what are some common features across countries of wage labor in agricultural markets?
- Women’s relative participation in the rural wage market is low
- Women are less likely to hold full-time contracts
- Women are more likely to be in seasonal jobs
- trailer female participation in local and global supply chains
- growth in the production of cash crops has helped women, but there is increasing gender segregation in the agricultural labor force
31
what are some strategies to promote women’s agency in agriculture?
- develop infrastructure to reduce their unpaid work burdens
- promote gender aware agricultural extension services
- formalize of woman’s land ownership and property rights
32
What do gender differences in wage employment encompass?
- Labor force participation rates
- wage gaps and occupational segregation
- working conditions
33
what are some facts about gender wage gap is an occupational segregation?
- on average, women earn less than men in most countries
- men’s advantage often persists overtime
- gaps partially explained by gender differences in observed characteristics (like education and experience), where the rest of the gap could be due to discrimination by employers
- occupational segregation around the globe
- some evidence that globalization and competition and manufactured export markets has put downward pressure on women’s wages
all of this results in larger gender wage gap‘s
34
what is the key objective to promote equal treatment?
to reduce disparities and pay and employment by passing and enforcing antidiscrimination legislation
35
how can working conditions and global factories improve?
- Government enforcement of existing labor laws
| - Strengthen and enforced worker rights to organize and bargain collectively
36
what are some strategies to promote equal treatment?
- improve working conditions in global factories
- provide level playing field for working parents with paid parental leave, paid sick leave, and public support for child care
- Increase access to schooling and promote skill development for girls and women
37
what do gender smart policy reforms need in order to facilitate more inclusive economic growth?
- promote decent and productive employment opportunities
- support women’s roles as income and care providers
- reduce their unpaid work burdens
38
What are some examples of genders my policies that promote women’s economic empowerment?
- provide women with greater access to credit
- promote skill development of women beyond gender stereotypes
- invest in infrastructure
- improved agricultural extension services
- implement gender responsive social protection measures such as paid parental leave and paid sick leave benefits
- enforce antidiscrimination legislation
- strengthen woman’s property Rights
39
What risks does sex work carry? Which is the most feared?
STD's, HIV/AIDS, and physical safety
Workers are more afraid of risking physical safety than obtaining disease.
40
What do sex workers charge higher premiums for?
1. Going to unknown places and for going with more than one client
2. having vaginal sex without
a condom, but premium not as high
41
Why don't sex workers insist on getting condoms?
They fear that their client is going to get angry or abusive`
42
What was the Nicaragua study on?
one of the first to look at how these risks
interact and how they influence women’s agency in
confronting them.
43
What ethnographic material did the study use?
Survey, interview, focus groups, etc.
44
What were main findings of the Nicaragua study?
-sex workers are concerned about their
long-term health, but they face important immediate
structural constraints to protecting themselves from
violence
-Sex workers engage in relatively fewer risks to their
safety, and when they do, they charge a higher premium
compared to risks to their health.
-Results suggest that containing the spread of HIV/AIDS is
not just about education about safe sex, it’s about
providing sex workers with a safe working environment.
-Minimizing physical risk increases sex workers’ control of
the transactions and their bargaining power relative to
their clients → condom use can be negotiated up-front
45
Why do sex workers only keep a small fraction of their earnings?
They pay for drug addictions and third-party extortions of their earnings
46
What happens when former sex-workers leave the sex trade?
They face stigma and insufficient training when attempting to rejoin the mainstream labor market. the individuals have lost significant opportunities to acquire
income-earning productivity attributes and, over their
work life, sex-trade workers may incur large indirect
personal costs in terms of lost earnings compared to
similar women in society.
47
What are the two kinds of segregation, where were they most common, and what did it entail?
1. de jure segregation
- Segregation by law
- Common in the South
- Laws forbade African-Americans from attending the same church, using the same swimming pool, eating in restaurants, or marrying white people.
2. de facto segregation
- Segregration without laws
- Common in the North
- Housing discrimination. White community groups did not allow non-Whites to live in White neighborhoods. Every ethnic group had its own part of town.
48
What was the Plessy v Ferguson case and what was the decision?
1896 Homer Plessy took a seat in the “Whites Only” car of a train and refused to move. He was arrested, tried, and convicted in the District Court of New Orleans for
breaking Louisiana’s segregation law.
Split decision that “separate but equal” law did not violate the 14th amendment
49
What was the Brown vs. Board of Education case and what was the decision?
In 1954 Linda Brown’s parents wanted her to attend
the school close to her home. Her parents sued the Board of Education to try to force them to allow Linda to attend the white school. Kansas law stated she had to attend a segregated school. NAACP and attorney Thurgood Marshall tested the law. Judge said segregation in public schools is unconstitutional
- “separate educational facilities inherently unequal”
- desegregation required across the nation
50
How did the wars change segregation?
WWII/Korean War -racial minorities (African-Americans, Hispanics, or Native Americans) made many gains. The U.S. military had needed their help and had allowed them to fight. Many came home heroes and earned respect.
Racists - Most people believed America had fought those wars for democracy and freedom. Racial segregation started to seem un-American to many. People remembered that Hitler and the other anti-democratic leaders had been racists.
Cold War - America was trying to convince the world that it was better than the Soviet Union, racism made America look bad to the rest of the world. Communists could use America’s racism as an example showing that the U.S. was evil.
51
Who was Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and how did he and television change segregation?
gained national prominence as a leader during the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Arrested in Birmingham
Americans could watch the news every day. The non-violent civil disobedience used by King made the civil rights protesters look like good people and made their opponents look hateful, violent, and ugly. People could also hear Dr. King’s inspiring speeches. He was a powerful speaker who knew how to change people’s hearts and minds.
52
Who was Rosa Parks?
refused to give up her seat on the bus to a white man and as a result the Montgomery Bus Boycott occurs. Supreme court declared segregation on public transportation unconstitutional. Made MLK famous. Respectable, nice, smart, and good test case for boycott.
53
How did the civil rights leaders change the U.S,?
Through non-violent protests, civil obedience, and legal action.
54
What were the characteristics of a non-violent protest?
Boycotts - Refusing to buy goods or services from a business in order to force it to change its policies
Hunger Strikes - Refusing to eat anything in order to get attention for the cause
Petitions - Writing a letter to ask the government or a company to change its policy, and then getting as many people to sign it as possible.
Marches and Demonstrations - Getting as many people as possible to gather in one place to get attention to the cause
Strikes - Refusing to work in order to force employers or
government to change their policies
55
What is civil disobedience?
Breaking the law or causing a disturbance in order to get attention for your cause.
56
What are some legal action motives?
- Lawyers can challenge a law or policy in court. If they
convince the judge that the law or policy is unconstitutional, then the judge will order them to change.
- People can speak at government hearings or meetings and try to convince legislators to make new laws or repeal unfair ones.
57
What did the African-American college students in Greensboro, North Carolina do?
In 1960, they decided to go to a lunch counter at a
Woolworth’s Department store and order food. The servers refused to serve them, but the students refused to leave. These lunch counter protests spread throughout the U.S. Many white students came along to support the African-Americans. The students always stayed peaceful, even when attacked or arrested. This made them look good and made the racists look hateful and evil. This strategy was successful for convincing White people to support civil rights for minorities. Led to increased national sentiment at a crucial period in US history.
58
What happened with Little Rock, Arkansas Central High School in 1957?
Orval Faubus – Governor of Arkansas tried to stop 9 African American students from attending the school. But he failed as the 101st Airborne was sent in by President Eisenhower to enforce the court order to desegregate
59
What was the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
ended all racial discrimination by the federal and state governments and in public facilities such as restrooms, restaurants, buses, movie theaters, and swimming pools.
60
What was the Voting Rights Act of 1965?
-Prohibited discrimination at voting polls
-Established bilingual ballots in areas with large amount
of non-English speaking minorities
-Outlawed literacy tests for voters
-Gave Federal Government power to oversee all elections
61
What was the Civil Rights Act of 1968?
-Fair Housing Act
-Created to enforce equal housing opportunities for all
races
-One cannot refuse to rent or sell a house to anyone,
anywhere, based upon their race
62
Who was Daisy Bates?
-Activist in the U.S. Civil Rights movement. Also a
publisher, journalist, and lecturer.
-Used anger from mother's murder for work in Civil Rights
-Co-founded and co-published the Arkansas State Press, a weekly statewide newspaper that became a strong voice for civil rights before the national movement took off.
-Elected president of the Arkansas chapter of the NAACP.
-Her house was HQ for Little Rock Nine
63
Who is Charlotte Bunch?
- activist, author, and organizer in the
women’s, civil, and human rights movements
-Rutgers Professor
-"Women's Rights Are Human Rights"
-knew of her privilege and used it to everyone's advantage
64
What are the primary objectives of the Women's Rights Are Human Rights movement?
- Raise awareness that women’s rights are human rights.
- Demonstrate how traditionally accepted human rights abuses are specifically affected by gender.
- Demonstrate how many other violations against women have remained invisible.
- Reflect on women’s collaborative efforts across diverse contexts.
65
What is the Global Campaign for Women’s Human Rights?
a loose coalition of groups and individuals worldwide, first formed in preparation for the UN Conference on Human Rights, held in Vienna in 1993. Petition was addressed. It was to pressure the Vienna conference to address women’s human rights at every level of its proceedings. also called for recognition of gender violence as a violation of human rights requiring immediate action. “Violence against women violates human rights”. Pressure forced the UN to declare on the Elimination of Violence Against Women
opened spaces for women from different backgrounds to meet on a consistent and continuous basis, leading to:
- New knowledge and women learning from each other’s experiences
- Organization of joint projects and collaborative efforts
- New issue-based networks at local, regional, and global levels
- Cutting-edge research to empower women’s advocacy
- Strengthening of women’s leadership skills and self-confidence
- Links between researchers and activists
- Growth of a global women’s movement that expanded its agenda from a narrow definition of women’s issues to one that embraced a range of concerns for human rights
- Development of a constituency that fought for a more humane world
- Networking
66
What are the four major UN World Conferences on Women?
1. Mexico
2. Copenhagen
3. Nairobe
4. Beijing
67
What are some of the obstacles to recognizing gender-based abuses as human rights violations?
In some cultures, it's more seen that physical abuse is accepted. Women are seen as second-class citizens. "Economic globalization is experienced in different forms according to context (economic liberalization, structural adjustment, downward pressure on wages, and loss of job security), but women affected by the global economy can join in making common demands." Developing countries don't have labor force. Gender bias doesn't exist in some of these places, unless the bias offends the men.
68
Why is it necessary to assert that women’s rights should indeed be considered human rights?
Women are human as well. Women are valued less than men. Women go through more risks than men do in places like the healthcare (abortion, birth control, etc.) These risks include and affect humans altogether (men included).
69
Why do you think some countries including the U.S., Iran, Sudan, and Somalia refuse to sign & ratify CEDAW?
For the countries that have signed and ratified CEDAW, they have to be held accountable, uphold it, and face the consequences if they violate it. These countries that have not signed and ratified do not have to be held accountable for any mistreatment that could be see. No consequences given if violated.
70
Why are the discourses and practices of some First World women’s rights organizations viewed as problematic when they are advocating for the rights of women from the Third World?
You can't speak for other people. You're not in their shoes. Doesn't have the same weight. Talking about an experience that's not yours is using your position of privilege to talk over those in the lower position.
71
Name some Women's Rights
the right to ...
- vote
- have agency over their body
- children
- education
- divorce/marry
72
What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII) not do?
Did not prohibit employment discrimination
| due to sexual orientation. This means that LGBTQ+ aren't protected in the workplace.
73
What did Obama do in July 2014?
-signed Executive Order banning workplace discrimination against LGBT employees of federal contractors and the federal government
- Executive order has two parts:
*Illegal to fire or harass employees of federal
contractors based on their sexual orientation or gender
identity
*Explicitly bans discrimination against transgender
employees of the federal government.
-Obama did not include a sweeping religious exemption in the executive order -- something the LGBT community
feared could happen in the wake of the recent Supreme
Court ruling in the Hobby Lobby (exemption from law) case.
-Obama added the categories of sexual orientation and
gender identity to an existing executive order that
protects employees of federal contractors from
discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex or
national origin.
74
What did Trump do in 2017?
reversed Obama’s executive order in 2017.
75
Who is Apple CEO, Tim Cook?
Gay. said that unequal treatment LGBT employees face
| all over the country was a critical factor in his decision.
76
How many states is it still legal to fire or harass someone at work for being LGBT? And what could be done?
29 States.
Congress could remedy that by passing the Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA), which already passed the Senate. ENDA would provide
protections for all LGBT Americans working for employers with at least 15 employees. But Speaker John Boehner (R-Ohio), who just stepped down, has refused to bring the bill to vote in the House.
77
What are the wage effects of sexual orientation discrimination?
-Found that gay and bisexual male workers earned from
11% to 27% less than heterosexual male workers with
the same productivity characteristics.
-Lesbian and bisexual women also earn less than
heterosexual women, but the result is not statistically
significant.
78
What is the effect of LGBT inclusion on economic
| development (chart)?
Measures of inclusion: index of legal rights for LGB
people, and an index of legal rights for transgender
people. When countries are legally inclusive, workforce is productive, individuals achieve their capabilities, and there is more economic development
79
Explain LGBT Rights by Income Level for homosexuality being a crime, employment protection based on SO and Relationship Recognition.
*this is the graph
Low Income
- gay=crime: 57%
- employment protection based on SO: 5%
- relationship recognition: 0%
Middle Income
- gay=crime: 42%
- employment protection based on SO: 37%
- relationship recognition: 9%
High Income
- gay=crime: 19%
- employment protection based on SO: 74%
- relationship recognition: 54%
80
Which eleven countries have 0 laws that protect LGBT (since 1966)?
1. Egypt
2. El Salvador
3. Guatemala
4. Honduras
5. Kenya
6. Malaysia
7. Morocco
8. Pakistan
9. Peru
10. Thailand
11. Turkey
81
Which country has a perfect score (8)?
SOUTH AFRICA
82
What does an increase in GDP per Capita mean?
more inclusion
83
What does an increase in trans rights mean?
more GDP per Capita and more inclusion
84
How much is one additional right?
+ $320 GDP per cap
85
What happened in 1981 with the HIV/AIDS epidemic?
first cases of 5 healthy men were reported. GRID - Gay-Related Immune Deficiency
86
What happened in 1982 with the HIV/AIDS epidemic?
CDC uses term “AIDS” (Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndrome) for first time, and releases the
first definition of AIDS: “a disease at least moderately
predictive of a defect in cell-mediated immunity,
occurring in a person with no known case for
diminished resistance to that disease.”
87
What happened in January 1983 with the HIV/AIDS epidemic?
CDC reported the first cases of AIDS in
| female sexual partners of males with AIDS
88
What happened in March 1983 with the HIV/AIDS epidemic?
AIDS reported among homosexual men with multiple sexual partners, people who inject drugs, Haitians, and hemophiliacs.
89
What happened in May 1983 with the HIV/AIDS epidemic?
Congress passed first bill funding AIDS
| research and treatment
90
What happened in November 1983 with the HIV/AIDS epidemic?
World Health Organization held first meeting to assess global AIDS situation
91
What happened in 1985 with the HIV/AIDS epidemic?
President Ronald Reagan mentioned AIDS
publicly for the first time, calling AIDS “a top priority”
and defending his administration against criticisms that
funding for AIDS research was inadequate.
Actor Rock Hudson died of AIDS-related
illness at age 59. First major U.S. public figure to
acknowledge that he had AIDS, marking a turning
point in public perceptions about the epidemic.
92
What happened in 1986 with the HIV/AIDS epidemic?
CDC reported that AIDS cases disproportionately
affected African Americans and Latinos, especially
children.
93
What happened in 1987 with the HIV/AIDS epidemic?
The Food and Drug Administration approved the
| first antiretroviral drug, zidovudine (AZT), adrug with major side effects
94
What happened in 1988 with the HIV/AIDS epidemic?
First needle exchange program established in
| Washington State. FDA announced it would allow small quantities of drugs from other countries
95
What happened in 1989 with the HIV/AIDS epidemic?
number of people with AIDS reached to 100,000.
SisterLove was founded to focus on women with HIV
96
What happened in 1991 with the HIV/AIDS epidemic?
More famous ppl were dying of AIDS
97
What happened in 1992 with the HIV/AIDS epidemic?
AIDS was #1 cause of death for men (ages 25-44)
98
What happened in 1993 with the HIV/AIDS epidemic?
female condom
NIH research on HIV/AIDS to include more women
99
What happened in 1994 with the HIV/AIDS epidemic?
AIDS was #1 cause of death for all Americans
100
What happened in 1995 with the HIV/AIDS epidemic?
500,000 cases of AIDS in US
101
What happened in 1997 with the HIV/AIDS epidemic?
HAART = new standard for HIV care
102
What happened in 1998 with the HIV/AIDS epidemic?
UN said HIV/AID was affecting more women than men in Sub-Saharan Africa
103
What happened in 2001 with the HIV/AIDS epidemic?
CDC wanted to cut annual HIV infections in U.S. by 1/2 within 5 years
104
What happened in 2004 with the HIV/AIDS epidemic?
FDA approval of low cost, safe, and effective co-packaged fixed-dose combo
105
What happened in March 2006 with the HIV/AIDS epidemic?
first annual National Women and Girls HIV/AIDS Awareness Day in U.S.
106
What are the trends in marriage and divorce?
-Over the last 150 years the divorce rate has risen, while the marriage rate has fluctuated around a relatively stable mean
-Marriage rates rose with the two world wars and fell with the Great Depression
-Factors: rise of women’s liberation movement, the sexual revolution, the Supreme Court granting marriage as a “fundamental” right, abolishment of laws restricting
interracial marriage, the rise in women’s labor force
participation
-Number of people entering marriage has been falling for the past 25 years in the U.S. and currently (in 2007) at its lowest point in recorded history
107
What patterns emerged with marriages and divorces?
-Proportion married at each age has stayed stable
-The 1960s were an anomaly – more marriage & earlier
marriage
-The 2000s show less marriage for young adults, but more prevalent at older ages
-Those over 65 are more likely to be married that at any
other time in the past as of 2007
108
What happened as a result of changing the age profile of marriage?
-declining role of fertility and child rearing in married life
-Rises in marriage without children and having children
without marriage
-Rises in remarriage after divorce
109
What is the marital life cycle for racial divides in family structure?
-Lower and slower entry into marriage for Blacks
-Divorces rates are similar for Blacks and Whites, yet
Blacks spent more time in their marriages
-Reentry into marriage is also lower and slower than
Whites
110
What is the marital life cycle for the divorce gap?
-Men with a college degree are more likely to be married
by age 45 than those without
-Women with a college degree are less likely to be married
by age 45 than those without
*Confounding variable: highly educated women often
marry later in life than those with less education
111
What is cohabitation?
-Emerged as either a precursor to or a substitute for
marriage
-Economic differences in marriage and cohabitation. Allocation of property rights following separation, tax treatment of the couple, social programs and
employment-related family benefits
-Rates have consistently grown from 1970 to now
-U.S. sees this as a stepping stone to marriage
-Most cohabitations do not end in marriage, but most
marriages are preceded by cohabitation. More likely to divorce in U.S. if you cohabit before marriage
112
What are the similarities and differences between Italy and the U.S.?
Italy has similar marriage trends to the U.S., except in
| divorce. Less remarriage in Italy
113
What is so special about Sweden?
has low marriage rates and high cohabitation rates
-Childbirth and marriage are not linked in Sweden, so
fertility is still high
-France, Canada, and the United Kingdom has similar rates to Sweden, meaning other high-income countries may be moving toward the “Nordic model” of the family
114
What is the Nordic Model?
Capitalism in the economic and social policies common to the Nordic countries
115
How did driving forces impact family change?
The birth control pill & greater access to abortions
-Control over fertility and family planning
The AIDS epidemic
-Changed the benefits of monogamous relationships
Household technology
- Women no longer needed to be full-time housewives
- Lead to more women in the labor market = meet more people who could be potential suitors
Wage structure changes
-Rising wage for women is correlated to later or no marriage
Legal changes of marriage
- Deregulation of who is “suitable” to get married
- Protection of “illegitimate” children
- Unilateral divorce laws
116
What is the marriage market?
The Internet has changed the marriage market
-Ease of meeting potential partners
-May already know details about them that are important
to you in a potential partner before even meeting
-Distance gap is closed on most dating sites/apps
117
How is marriage assessed?
whether it would be more beneficial to stay single or be coupled and the ease at which someone would be able to find another partner
118
What do the “Woman’s Right to Know” acts require?
those seeking abortions get information about fetal development, alternatives to abortions, and risks associated with abortion and pregnancy
119
What was the Planned Parenthood v. Casey Supreme Court Case?
Affirmed three principles central to the constitutionality of informed consent laws:
-The state has an interest in fetal life from the moment of conception
-The state could prefer childbirth over abortion
-The state could enact regulations to ensure that a
woman’s choice was “thoughtful and informed”
Court argued that these principles are consistent with
women’s rights to reproductive choice and doctor-patient medical privacy
States retained the power to provide to a woman with
information that had “no direct relation to her health,” but
was relevant only to “the effect on the fetus”
By the state claiming interest in fetal life, the state could
mandate regulations around abortion procedure
-Including providing information about the fetus prior to
abortion
The state preferring childbirth over abortion gives them the control to use this informational booklets as an attempt to persuade women out of getting an abortion
-The court held that the State has this jurisdiction,
meaning the information could be biased
Materials are meant to inform women of the probable anatomical and physiological characteristics of the unborn child at two-week gestational increments from fertilization to full term, including pictures
120
Why did the State believe informed consent laws were important?
this information is important in reducing the risk of a woman electing for an abortion then feeling her decision was not fully informed
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What patterns among abortions emerged?
Information regarding the first and second trimesters had higher levels of statements that the medical consultants were unsure of their accuracy or were medically inaccurate than the third trimester
-Typically in relation to activities of the fetus that aren’t
addressed in medical texts like thumb sucking, complex
facial expressions, fetal response to touch, and so on
-Or the statements pertained to fetal weight and size,
which vary widely between pregnancies
Fetal development was typically misrepresented as more accelerated than reality
-Intentionally trying to attribute human “intentionality” or
more “baby-like” characteristics to the embryo or fetus
Highest levels of inaccuracy in informed consent booklets were found in the South and Midwest
Statements about extremities had the highest level of
inaccuracy → limbs, nails, fingers and toes
Internal development were also highly inaccurate →
development of heart, liver, lungs, and kidneys, as well as skeletal and nervous systems
Viability statements, especially those in the second
trimester, were inaccurate and varied greatly between
states’ booklets
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What were the implications with abortion?
The brochures fell in line with the states’ motive to provide information about fetal development from fertilization with the interest of “potential life”
Information from the booklets is also consistent with
expressing the states’ preference for childbirth over abortion
The greatest amount of misinformation is found during the gestational period that the vast majority (over 90%) ofabortions are performed
Misinformation that could represent the embryo or fetus as having features close to a fully formed baby might place a deeper emotional burden on a woman seeking an abortion
- Could have “severely adverse” effects on patients
- Could undermine confidence in the integrity of the health care system and medical professionals
Medical information should be based on medical consensus, and in the absence of consensus information should not be presented as fact
Evidence calls for a rethinking of the court’s logic in
upholding abortion-related informed consent laws
-They may be producing “misinformed consent”
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What was the US Supreme Court’s 1973 Roe v. Wade decision?
prior to fetal viability, a woman has a constitutional
| right to obtain an abortion.
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What is "undue burden"?
Whether its unreasonable or not. Implicit definition gave antiabortion activists leeway
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What were the six major types of restrictive abortion laws enacted by states that Supreme Court has found to be constitutional?
1. The 1976 Hyde amendment that prohibits use of federal
Medicaid funds to pay for abortions for poor women.
2. Parental involvement laws require unmarried teen minors to obtain parental consent or require abortion provider to notify the minor’s parent before an abortion is performed.
3. Mandatory counseling laws require providers give to
women, at least 24 h before the procedure, state-mandated abortion-specific medical information about possible risks and side effects.
4. Two-Visit Laws that require women receive the mandatory counseling materials in person
5. Targeted Regulation of Abortion Provider laws (TRAP laws) which impose on abortion providers variety of burdensome staffing and physical plant requirements not imposed on other clinics performing comparable medical services
6. Laws banning a specific late-term abortion technique called dilation and extraction, commonly known as ‘‘partial-birth abortion.’’
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Where are abortions allowed (least restrictive) and not allowed (most restrictive)
Allowed: U.S., Central Asia
| Not allowed: Brazil, Mexico
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What is the Global Gag Rule?
places a gag on freedom of speech on health providers
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What does the GGR have to do with presidents?
Democratics are more likely to take it away (Obama)
Republicans are more likely to put it into place (Trump)
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What are the three key messages of GGR?
If the intent of the global gag rule was to discourage
women from getting an abortion in the developing world,
this policy failed to achieve its objective in the large
majority of countries exposed to the policy.
There is no conclusive and consistent relationship
between strict abortion laws and women’s likelihood of
having an abortion.
If anything, more restrictive laws associated with more
unsafe abortions
The 2017 expanded version of the global gag rule is likely
to have adverse effects on a dashboard of health
indicators for women, men, and children.
Access to prenatal and postnatal care, testing and treatment
for STI’s, antiretroviral treatment for people living with HIV, other reproductive health services, unsafe abortions, immunizations, cervical cancer screening, malaria treatment, prevention and treatment of other diseases (e.g. Zika virus).
Indirect effects associated with higher fertility rates
