Final Exam Flashcards
(31 cards)
NPT
(Nuclear Nonproliferation treaty) : 1970 An international agreement that seeks to prevent horizontal proliferation by prohibiting further nuclear weapons sales, acquisitions, or production.
INF
(Intermediate-range nuclear forces) : 1988 The U.S.– Russian agreement to eliminate an entire class of nuclear weapons by removing all intermediate and short-range ground-based missiles and launchers with ranges between 300 and 3500 miles from Europe.
CTBT
(Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty): 1996; bans all testing on nuclear weapons
CWC:
(Chemical Weapons Convention): 1993; requires all stockpiles of chemical weapons to be destroyed
Collective Security
A security regime agreed to by the great powers that sets rules for keeping peace, guided by the principle that an act of aggression by any state will be met by a collective response from the rest.
BWC
The Biological Weapons Convention (1975) is a legally binding treaty that outlaws biological arms.
Peacekeeping
The efforts by third parties such as the United Nations to intervene in civil wars and/or interstate wars or to prevent hostilities between potential belligerents from escalating, so that by acting as a buffer, a negotiated settlement of the dispute can be reached.
Peacemaking
The process of diplomacy, mediation, negotiation, or other forms of peaceful settlement that arranges an end to a dispute and resolves the issues that led to conflict.
Positive Peace:
Positive Peace is defined as peace with justice for all. Often times, “peace” is mistaken simply as the absence of some negative force, such as tension or violence. But Dr. King reminded us that peace is not only the absence of tension, but the presence of justice
Just War
The moral criteria identifying when a just war may be undertaken and how it should be fought once it begins. Influenced by christian doctrine and humanist reformers Hugo Grotius
Functionalism:
an approach to the formation of international organizations that advocates international cooperation on scientific, humanitarian, social, and economic issues.
Functionalists argue that mutual trust and habits of cooperation between governments are more likely to develop through the sharing of discrete public-sector responsibilities, or functions (e.g., collecting meteorological data, coordinating international air-traffic control, the prevention of pandemic diseases, and promoting sustainable development)
Neofunctionalism:
Neofunctionalism reintroduced territorialism in the functional theory and downplayed its global dimension. Neofunctionalism is simultaneously a theory and a strategy of regional integration, Neofunctionalists focused their attention solely on the immediate process of integration among states, i.e. regional integration. Initially, states integrate in limited functional or economic areas.
ECSC
(European Coal and Steel Community) 1951: The beginning of European Integration (European Union)
Bretton Woods system: 1944
The perceived causes of the economic catastrophes of the previous decade, as well as the states’ beliefs about the need for active U.S. leadership, shaped the proposals.
The United States sought free trade, open markets, and monetary stability—all central tenets of what would become the “Bretton Woods system”—based on the theoretical premises of commercial liberalism, which advocates free markets with few barriers to trade and capital flows.
Rested on 3 political bases
Power was concentrated in the rich Western European and N American countries
Compromise between American and Britain Ideology| honored liberal and mercantile desires
Embedded liberalism
Worked because the US assumed the burdens of hegemonic leadership
World Bank
(Post 1944 Bretton Woods Conference):
July 1944, 44 countries created the world bank
Originally established to support reconstruction efforts in Europe after WWII
Shifted from reconstruction to developmental assistance
Lower interest and longer repayments to less developed countries
IMF (International Monetary Fund)
Pre WWII | international community lacked institutional mechanisms to manage the exchange of money across borders
Post 1944 Bretton Woods Conference
a truly global IGO designed to maintain currency exchange stability by promoting international monetary cooperation and orderly exchange arrangements.
Further, the IMF sometimes functions as a lender of last resort for countries experiencing financial crises.
GATT/WTO:
1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
1995 (WTO): Has authority to enforce trading rules and to adjudicate trade disputes
WTO undermines the traditional rule of law that prohibits interfering in sovereign states’ domestic affairs,
OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries):
(OPEC), an intergovernmental organization of twelve oil-exporting developing countries that coordinates the petroleum policies of its members, remains important as well.
OPEC has set production targets for its members in order to manage the price of oil on the global market for both economic and political purposes.
Oil Crisis (1973)
The 1973 oil crisis began in October 1973 when the members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countriesproclaimed an oil embargo. The embargo was targeted at nations perceived as supporting Israel during the Yom Kippur War.[1] The initial nations targeted were Canada, Japan, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States with the embargo also later extended to Portugal, Rhodesia and South Africa.
By the end of the embargo in March 1974,[2] the price of oil had risen from US$3 per barrel to nearly $12 globally; US prices were significantly higher. The embargo caused an oil crisis, or “shock”, with many short- and long-term effects on global politics and the global economy.
Debt Crisis
Beginning in the late 1970s, escalating through the 1980s, and persisting to the present, a wave of financial crises—both in currency and banking—occurred (see Map 10.2). In the Global South, the situation was particularly grim during the 1980s and 1990s. A massive debt crisis in Latin America, as well as unsustainable debt levels throughout the developing and transitioning economies, raised alarms throughout the global financial system.
HIPC
Heavily Indebted Poor Countries: Debt reduction program starting in 1996 and targeted debt levels in forty developing countries
Command Economy
an economy in which production, investment, prices, and incomes are determined centrally by a government. Example
Soviet union
Underproduced items
Limited
Lack of incentives to innovate or improve efficiency
Contagion Economic Theory
It helps explain an economic crisis extending across neighboring countries, or even regions. … International financial contagion, which happens in both advanced economies and developing economies, is the transmission of financial crisis across financial markets for direct or indirect economies.
LDC’s
Least Developed Countries
