Final Exam

Question 1

Which electron transitions emit/absorb energy?

Answer 1

increase n(move away from nucleus) requires absorbing energy. decreasing n(moving towards nucleus) requires emitting energy

Question 2

Planetary electron

Answer 2

electron the moves about the atomic nucleus(a normal electron)

Question 3

inert gas

Answer 3

A gas with 8 valence electrons

Question 4

Isomer

Answer 4

multiple compounds with the same formula, but different arrangements of atoms in the molecule and different properties

Question 5

From what can the existence of quantized energy levels in an atom be inferred?

Answer 5

Atomic line spectra because they are quantized and they represent the emission and absorption spectra/levels of atoms

Question 6

Electropositive atom

Answer 6

A positively charged atom, more like to form polarized bonds

Question 7

p orbital shape

Answer 7

dumbell shaped

Question 8

Resonance structures

Answer 8

When multiple lewis structures of a molecule can be drawn. The actual structure is an intermediate of the resonant lewis structures, showing a limitation of lewis structures

Question 9

When do ionic bonds form

Answer 9

when atoms exchange electrons, combination of cations and anions

Question 10

What do high/low electron affinities indicate

Answer 10

High: Readily accept electrons to form negative ions

Low: Not ready to accept electrons and not form negative ions

Question 11

What do high/low ionization energies indicate

Answer 11

High: Element will not readily lose electrons to form positive ions

Low: Element will readily lose electrons and form positive ions

Question 12

What makes a bond hybridized?

Answer 12

If a central atom has to bond to one or more outer atom, especially if it is a different atom

Question 13

Coordinate covalent bond

Answer 13

a covalent bond where both electrons come from the same atom. both nuclei are attracted to the electrons, holding the atoms in a bond

Question 14

Dipole moment

Answer 14

Quantity that describes 2 opposite charges separated by a distance(polarity)

Question 15

Factors that affect dipole moment magnitude

Answer 15

Dipole moment magnitude is directly related to distance, electronegativity difference and number of lone pairs

Question 16

Network covalent solids

Answer 16

SiO2, Cdiamond and Cgraphite. These compounds form networks of bonds and there are no single molecules. SiO2 and Cdiamond form 109.5 degree bond angles and Cgraphite forms 120 degree bond angles

Question 17

Avogadro’s principle

Answer 17

Equal volumes of any gas under constant temp. and pressure have the same number of particles

Question 18

Relationship between velocity and molar mass of particles

Answer 18

average velocity is inversely proportional to the square root of the molar mass

Question 19

Calorimeter constant

Answer 19

heat capacity of the calorimeter

Question 20

Heat evolved and heat gained in a calorimeter reaction

Answer 20

Heat evolved: mass•🔼Hcombustion

Heat gained: calorimeter constant•temp change

Question 21

How do you tell how many oxidation states an element has?

Answer 21

look at how many unpaired electrons are in it’s valence orbital

Question 22

hard water

Answer 22

water with Ca2+ and Mg2+

Question 23

Which metal reacts with concentrated NaOH to produce H gas?

Answer 23

Aluminum

Question 24

Predominant nitrogen pollutant

Answer 24

NO2

Question 25

What is true when transition metals form compounds(in terms of color) and their melting/boiling points

Answer 25

The have high melting/boiling points and form colored compounds

Question 26

If your driving the water out of a salt by heating it and getting the salt mass, what will the effect of not getting rid of all the water be?

Answer 26

There will be artificial mass, because the water left in the salt will make the mass heavier. The salt will have larger proportion than it should when compared to water in the compound

Question 27

When heating a salt to drive off water and record it’s mass, why should this be done in an open space?

Answer 27

If it is in a closed container, the water vapor will be trapped and can rehydrate the salt, giving it “artifical mass”. When the salt is weighed it will display a heavier mass than the actual salt mass, giving the salt a mitakenly larger proportion when compared to the water

Question 28

Litmus paper

Answer 28

Blue litmus paper turns read in acidic conditions and red litmus paper turns blue in basic conditions

Question 29

Why can only 2 electrons fit in one orbital?

Answer 29

there can only be one electron in each orbital with a spin of + or - 1/2

Question 30

Characteristics of hybridization bonds

Answer 30

they are equivalent