Final Exam Flashcards
(36 cards)
1
Q
Brown v. Board
A
- 1954 Supreme Court case
- Racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional
- Helped establish the precedent of “separate-but-equal” education
2
Q
Convict Lease
A
- employed convicts to replace slave labor
- leased, not owned labor
- about 30% black men, then some white men, and some black women
3
Q
Crop Lien
A
- 1860s to 1930s
- Was like share cropping, it was a product with no cash
- credit system used by cotton farmers
- White populists did not want to reform the crop lien
4
Q
Disfranchisement
A
- starting in 1890’s
- suppression of voting
- open acknowledgement of goal to limit the amount of blacks that could vote but also hurt poor whites
- poll tax, literacy test, understanding clause, grandfather clause
- opposition from white populists, white republicans, white democrats who lived in the upcountry
- supported by upper class white democrats who lived in the black belt, lawyers, business men
- voting schemes overturned in 1965 by voting rights act
- gave white southern democrats foothold in national politics
5
Q
Emancipation Proclamation
A
- 1863 (during civil war)
- issued by Lincoln
- “that all persons held as slaves” within the rebellious states “are, and henceforward shall be free.”
- wasn’t really Lincoln’s original goal/intention
6
Q
Fence Laws
A
- hunting and fishing rights
- homestead exemption
- yeomanry supported open range of animals but white elites did not
7
Q
Freedmen’s Bureau
A
- 1865 created by congress
- managed the contracts that freed people entered into with landowners
- standardized the process of sharecropping becoming the main system of labor
8
Q
Girls’ Tomato Clubs
A
- Engelheardt
- segregated
- created to help girls become financially independent and learn skills they could use in the future
- used a lot of their earnings for education
9
Q
Grandfather Clause
A
- loophole for white voters who couldn’t pass literacy tests
- had to demonstrate they descended from someone who could vote in 1867
10
Q
Jim Crow
A
- everything from barber shops to prisons were segregated
- certain spaces separated by law and certain by custom
- to secure a social order in which blacks and whites together but unequal
- constrained size and quality of the land black farmers owned (smaller and less fertile)
11
Q
Ku Klux Klan
A
- Following the Civil War, the KKK was created to suppress, scare, and kill newly freed slaves
- It is a hate group
- Scare blacks from voting
- Lynched people
12
Q
Lynching
A
- 1890’s was one of the heights
- violence used to keep blacks from voting or convincing them to vote a certain way
- predominantly affected black men but also impacted white men and black women
13
Q
New South
A
- boosters were men who were trying to promote the south for immigration and economic investment
- redeeming the south from the inept rule of former slaves who held office during reconstruction to gain back political control
- couldn’t proceed without the work of blacks
- some say not much changed through this period (child labor, sharecropping/convict leasing still exploitative forms of labor)
- some say this was very different
- new manufacturing and mining industries
- prohibition
- disfranchisement
- segregation
- considered underdeveloped as oppose to undeveloped
14
Q
Plessy v. Ferguson
A
- 1896
- Plessy sued in Louisiana over his right to ride in whatever railroad car he wanted
- decision upheld constitutionality that maintained segregation in railway cars and segregated stations
- marked Supreme Court sanction of segregation as the law of the land (Jim Crow)
15
Q
Poll Tax
A
- form of disfranchisement
- the payment of tax was prereq for voting
- the 24th amendment abolished poll taxes
- had a significant effect on voter turnout
16
Q
Populism
A
- the South and Midwest (1880s-1890s)
- political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite
- associated with farmers, rural population, Farmers Alliance
- Populist Party (was biracial, pro-Civil Service exam, pro-Silver, anti-big corporations, big business)
17
Q
Redeemers
A
- 1870’s-1910
- southern democratic politicians who tried to gain back control after reconstruction
18
Q
Rosa Parks
A
- anti rape activist who helped investigate rape of Recy Taylor in 1944
- pivotal role in Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955
19
Q
Segregation
A
- “separate but equal”
- emerged for humiliation, etiquette, to insert hierarchies
- meant to enforce inferiority for African Americans but also played a role in terms of class between white people
20
Q
Sharecropping
A
- mostly for newly freed slaves, and poor whites
- became prominent after the civil war
- labor access to land, tools, feed, other necessities from landowners
- sharecroppers had no legal rights to the crop
- worked as family units
- felt more like free labor
21
Q
Solid South
A
-the politically united southern states of the US, traditionally regarded as giving unanimous electoral support to the Democratic Party
22
Q
Southern Farmer’s Alliance
A
- agricultural reform organization of the 1880s which called for measures to improve the quality of rural life, regulation of monopolies in the interests of farmers, and inflation of the currency
- ultimately frustrated with their inability to influence legislation, they merged with the other Farmers’ Alliances, labor organizations, and Greenbackers to form the Populist Party
23
Q
States’ Rights
A
- competing explanation for why there was a civil war
- political powers held for the state governments rather than the federal government
24
Q
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
A
- Ransby
- 1960
- Civil rights organization formed by Ella Baker
- organized “Freedom Summer” in Mississippi and tried to register poor African Americans to vote for their rights
25
Tenant Farmer
- tenant farmers frequently owned plow animals, equipment, and supplies
- landowners often provided food and other necessities, then deducted the cost from the workers' share of the harvested crops
- popular after abolition of slavery
26
"Twenty-n***** Law"
- 1862
- spared the owners of 20 slaves or more from war effort
- supporters saw it as way to prevent slave rebellion & maintain agri/industry & therefore sustain the war effort
27
Yeomanry as a result of Civil War, emancipation, reconstruction
- yeoman women had huge impact on the war in the confederacy (were trying to help their families survive rather than help the war effort)
- poorer men had to fight the war for rich men
- had to deal with loss of population, lack of food, destruction of property
- expectations were to keep their land, remain self sufficient, retain political rights
- were much more reliant on their animals and crops for food after war
- homestead act repealed (if they had an unsuccessful crop year, the debt was forgiven so they could keep their homes)
- increasingly lost their land
28
Effect of civil war on slavery in confederate states
-McCurry, Glymph
-put an end to sovereignty slave owners had over slaves
-not having access to slaver labor or the money invested in slaves hurt economy
-turned the union into a force fighting for freedom
-slaves started to join the union
-slaves who couldn't run behind union lines started to resist slaveholders
-slaves expected freedom
(economic independence, land, control over their own labor, political/voting rights)
-for the first time, white women performed household tasks formerly delegated to enslaved women
-part time work gave black women flexibility to have more time at home
-paid housework had humiliation and low wages but offered cash that was vital to black households
29
Social and labor relations between freedwomen and plantation mistresses
- glymph
- enslaved women started to make new homes for themselves
- for the first time, white women performed household tasks formerly delegated to enslaved women
- mistresses did not believe their former slaves were capable of working or surviving without them
- part time work gave black women flexibility to have more time at home
- paid housework had humiliation and low wages but offered cash that was vital to black households
- material comforts were remembered as concrete evidence of freedom
- expansion of the southern market by four million new consumers
- former mistresses came to depend on the new market of black consumers
30
Why did white North Carolinians push for disfranchisement during late 19th century?
- Incubus (Gilmore)
- white democrats wanted to win back political power in the south
- created fear of black men through things like Incubus and rape rumors
- didn't want blacks in power or to have the ability to vote and keep them from power
31
Residential segregation in NC
- Herbin-Triant
- whites limit blacks education and want to limit them to only owning agricultural land
- residential segregation laws came out of the perception of black success, not keeping the peace
- these examples of North Carolina residential segregation legislation were the result of a campaign conducted on the behalf of middle-class whites
- thought blacks would lower their property values, social status
- Blacks in North Carolina could earn more than average, because of skilled tobacco work, so average whites felt threatened, thus pushing for residential segregation
- Elites relied on the work of blacks and didn't want rural segregation
- white middle class wanted rural segregation because they thought blacks were labor competition and lowered the living standard, also wanted to protect their women from black men
- middle class was unsuccessful in enacting rural segregation because elites called the shots
- elite economic goals were paternalistic
32
Girls' Tomato Club movement and what it says about rural south/role of food
-Engelhardt/Ferris
-food production/agriculture has been consistently important in southern culture
-at the time, food and domestic skills meant a possibility for economic freedom
-organized by 1910 by Marie Samuella Cromer
-to teach girls “to grow better and more perfect tomatoes” and “how to grow better and more perfect women.”
-spent a lot of the money earned on education for future jobs
-taught business lessons they could use when they outgrew the club
Important that the girls chose what to do with their earnings
33
Changes in the experience of workers in the South's textile mills between WWI and WWII
- Hall
- millworker strikes were supported by returning veterans of WWII
- wave of cotton textile strikes after WWII
- interwar years brought southern mill workers hope and depression (new tech, new channels of communication)
- many mill owners also broadened into new areas of production
- started the synthetic textile industry
- immediately after WW1, mills were closing
- by WWII, more than 70% of american rayon production took place in southern states
- violence in mills sometimes stemmed from differences of opinion between millhands and boss men
34
Role of wars in promoting change in southern society
- Shelton-Reed, McCurry, Glymph, Hall
- change in the dynamic between southern women
- lots of shifts in power
- economic changes (Agricultural impacts, industry changes, mills)
35
McGuire's interpretation of the sources and goals of the civil rights movement
-McGuire
-sexual exploitation of black women by white men had its roots in slavery and continued through 20th century
???
36
Changes in agriculture and industry that have taken place since the Civil War
- McFarlane, Friedman
- transition from agriculture to agribusiness
- mills
- businesses moving south due to cheap labor and no unions
- ups and downs of crop successes
