Final Exam Flashcards
All Chapters including Chapter 11 and Chapter 12 (188 cards)
1
Q
Chemistry is the study of what?
A
matter
2
Q
The active ingredients found in soap are what?
A
surfactants
3
Q
Minerals are micronutrients or macronutrients?
A
micronutrietns
4
Q
Proteins and carbohydrates are macronutrients or micronutrients?
A
macronutrients
5
Q
Name of few things that make involve chemistry.
A
dry cleaning
agriculture
medicine
dyeing and printing
6
Q
Trees are examples of renewable resources (T/F)
A
True
7
Q
Water is an example of a renewable resource. (T/F)
A
True
8
Q
Fossil Fuels are examples of renewable resources (T/F)
A
False
9
Q
Green chemistry is the general chemical practice that aims at depleting resources and increasing toxic waste. (T/F)
A
False
10
Q
Improper manufacturing of a good could be damaging to the environment (T/F)
A
True
11
Q
Fossil fuels, such as coal and petroleum, will (decrease/increase) in their overall total amounts over time with continued use.
A
decrease
12
Q
Life-cycle assessments require the application of chemistry to the___of environmentally friendly consumer products.
a. design
b. production
c. use
d. disposal
e. all of the above
A
e. all of the above
13
Q
Fundamental research that increases our understanding of the world.
A
Basic Research
14
Q
Chemist can do which of the following:
a. analyze substances to determine their chemical compositions and properties
b. synthesize new compounds
c. understand and control chemical processes
d. formulates many types of new products, including medicines, cosmetics, foods, cleaning products, agricultural chemicals, and paints
e. all of the above
A
e. all of the above
15
Q
What is the SI unit for length?
A
Meter
16
Q
What is the SI unit for time?
A
Second
17
Q
How many meters are in one kilometer?
A
1,000
18
Q
How many grams are in one milligram?
A
0.001
19
Q
There are 2.54 cm in one inch. Given this information, how many cm are in 15 inches?
A
38.1
20
Q
What is the fundamental particle of matter?
A
Atom
21
Q
What is the elemental symbol for sodium?
A
NA
22
Q
What is the symbol for sulfur?
A
S
23
Q
The nucleus of the atom has positive charge inside it (T/F)
A
True
24
Q
What is the subatomic particle that is positively charge?
A
Proton
25
What is the subatomic that is negatively charged?
Electron
26
What subatomic particle is not found in the nucleus?
Electron
27
What element with the atomic number is equal to 8?
Oxygen
28
Sulfur has__protons,___electrons, and___neutrons. (fill in the blanks)
16, 16, 16
29
Sodium has an atomic mass of 22 and possess 11 protons. What is the number of neutrons belonging to sodium?
11
30
```
Which are examples of a compound or molecule?
a. SeO2
b. HCl
c. C6H12O6
E. all of the above
```
e. all of the above
31
Which are examples of elements?
a. Se02
b. HCl
c. Fe
d. Ne
c. Fe and d. Ne
32
The atomic number (number of protons) distinguishes one type of element from another. (T/F)
True
33
The number of neutrons distinguished one type of element from another. (T/F)
False
34
Which are isotopes?
a. hydrogen
b. deuterium
c. tritium
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
35
What is the most common isotope of hydrogen?
H
36
The mass of a proton is greater than the mass of an electron. (T/F)
True
37
The columns found in the modern periods table are called groups/ (T/F)
True
38
Often gases or brittle solids and are poor conductors of heat and electricity
Nonmetals
39
Tend to be shiny solids and are good conductors of heat
Medals
40
Nitrogen is a nonmetal. (T/F)
True
41
Carbon and germanium should have similar chemical properties. (T/F)
True
42
Which of the following possess the same number of valence electrons?
a. Lithium and Cesium
b. Boron and Magnesium
c. Carbon and Nitrogen
d. Potassium and Barium
a. Lithium and Cesium
43
What is the most abundant element in the Earth's crust?
Oxygen
44
What is the most abundant element in the Earth's hydrosphere?
Oxygen
45
What is the most abundant element in the Earth's atmosphere?
Nitrogen
46
What is the most abundant in the human body?
Ocygen
47
0.400 L=____mL
400mL
48
16. 9 fl.oz.=___L
| 0. 0338 fl.oz=1 mL
0.500L
49
15. 0 lb=___kg
| 2. 20ib=1 K
6.82 kg
50
Chlorine has 5 valence electrons. (T/F)
False
51
There are a maximum of 6 electrons in the second quantum shell. (T/F)
False
52
Give an example of green chemistry
Using less harsh chemicals for cleaning
53
What are valence shells?
The outermost quantum shell of an atom
54
What is the number of valence electrons for magnesium?
2
55
Sulfur's electronic configuration for quantum shells 1, 2, and 3 are__, __, and __, respectively.
2, 8, 6
56
In the compound MgO, the magnesium atom donates how many electron(s) to the oxygen atom so that the oxygen atom can have an octet?
2
57
What compound is CH4?
Nonpolar covalent
58
A chemical bond resulting from the mutual attraction of oppositely charged ions
Ionic Bond
59
A bond consisting of a pair of electrons shared by 2 atoms
Covalent Bond
60
An electrically neutral assembly of atoms held together by covalent bonds
Molecule
61
The formula calcium chloride is CaCl2 (T/F)
True
62
What is the total number of electrons in the covalent bonds of SH2?
4
63
What is the total number of electrons in the covalent bonds of CO2?
12
64
Water (H2O) has the bent shape. (T/F)
True
65
CH4 has the tetrahedral shape. (T/F)
True
66
How many carbon atoms are in 2-methylbutane?
5
67
How many carbon atoms are in 2, 2-dimenthylpropane?
5
68
Butane and 2-methylpropane are isomers. (T/F)
True
69
Alkanes are a clasS of organic compounds that have only C and H atoms. (T/F)
True
70
A book resting no top of a 5 foot bookshelf has no kinetic energy. (T/F)
True
71
A car moving at 35 mi/hr has kinetic energy. (T/F)
True
72
Which sector of our US society consumes the greatest amount of our total energy?
a. industrial
b. transportation
c. commercial
d. residential
a. industrial
73
When methane is combusted, how many molecules of carbon dioxide are released per 6 molecules of methane?
6
74
Propane (C3H8) is burned with oxygen to produce heat and light. this reaction is a combustion reaction. (T/F)
True
75
Fossil fuels are considered to be renewable resources. (T/F)
False
76
Fuels derived form nonliving matter are called biofuels. (T/F)
False
77
Ethanol is a biofuel. (T/F)
True
78
What is the third stroke in the four-stroke cycle of a typical car's engine?
Power
79
Catalytic cracking uses catalyst to facilitate the cracking of___covalent molecules into___one. (fill in the blanks)
Larger, Smaller
80
What part of the earths sphere contains the fossil fuels in the Earth's crust?
Lithosphere
81
Photosynthesis converts CO2 and H20 into O2 and C6H12O6 (T/F)
True
82
CO2 is found where?
a. lithosphere
b. hydrosphere
c. atmosphere
d. biosphere
Both b and c
| Hydrosphere and Atmosphere
83
Which has the smallest carbon footprint?
a. burning octane
b. burning coal
c. burning biomass
d. photovoltaics
d. Photovoltaics
84
Carbon dioxide gas absorbs infrared radiation, its bonds undergo rapid vibrations. (T/F)
True
85
Measure of how much CO2 is released into the atmosphere by a particular product or activity
Carbon Footprint
86
Which has the greatest carbon footprint?
a. burning methane
b. bruning coal
c. burning biomass
b. Burning coal
87
Compressed natural gas (CNG) is composed primarily of methane. (T/F)
True
88
1 Calorie is equal to how many calories?
1,000
89
Name examples of a macronutrient
Fats
Oils
Carbohydrates
Proteins
90
No carbon-carbon double bonds
Saturated Fatty Acid
91
one or more carbon-carbon double bonds
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
92
A glycerol backbone connected to 3 fatty acids by ester linkages
Triglycerides
93
At ordinary temperatures, fats are what?
a. solids
b. liquids
c. gases
A (Solids)
94
At ordinary temperatures, oils are what?
a. solids
b. liquids
c. gases
B (Liquids)
95
Triglycerides with low melting points tend to be what/
a. oils
b. fats
c. cabohydrates
A (Oils)
96
Unsaturated fats have___intermolecular associations than saturated fats.
a. greater
b. equal
c. less
d. random
C (Less)
97
What are the unintended byproducts of catalytic hydrogenation?
Trans Fats
98
What class of nutrients are known to provide quick energy?
Carbohydrates
99
Select all of the elements exclusively found in carbohydrates.
a. carbon
b. hydrogen
c. oxygen
A, B, and C (Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen)
100
What is the smallest, simplest carbohydrate?
Monosaccharide
101
When 2 monosaccharides are joined together by a covalent bond and 2 water molecules are lost what is made?
Disaccharides
102
Lactose and sucrose are what?
Disaccharides
103
Sucrase helps hydrolyze what?
Sucrose
104
Give examples of a low-glycemic food
Whole Grains, Whole Fruits, Beans, and Most Vegetables
105
In starch. glucose rings are joined together by___-links.
a. α
b. β
c. γ
A (α)
106
In cellulose, glucose rings are joined together by__-links.
a. α
b. β
c. γ
B (β)
107
A protein is a polymer made up of a long sequence of what?
Amino Acids
108
The sequence of amino acids inked together in a long strand is known as the protein's___structures.
a. primary
b. secondary
c. tertiary
d. quaternary
A (Primary)
109
Regions of a long strand amino acids that form coils are known as the protein's___structures.
a. primary
b. secondary
c. tertiary
d. quaternary
B (Secondary)
110
When 2 or more tertiary structures bind together this is known as the protein's__structures.
a. primary
b. secondary
c. tertiary
d. quaternary
D (Quaternary)
111
Hydrogen bond are an attractive force between a phosphorus atom and a nearby hydrogen atom bonded to a phosphorus atom (T/F)
False
112
Condensation is the reverse of freezing (T/F)
False
113
H2O has the ability to have hydrogen bonds (T/F)
True
114
The weak attractive force between non polar molecules in close proximity
Dispersion Forces
115
Process of a liquid turning into a gas at its surface
Evaporation
116
During the process of sublimation a__changes directly to a___.
a. solid, liquid
b. liquid, gas
c. liquid, solid
d. solid, gas
D (solid, gas)
117
What i the most abundant gas in the Earth;s lower atmosphere?
Nitrogen (N2)
118
What is the 2nd most abundant gas in the Earth's lower atmosphere?
Oxygen
119
At a constant pressure, as the temperature of a gas increases its volume will (increase/decrease).
Increase
120
At a constant temperature, as the volume of a gas decreases its pressure will (increases/decreases).
increases
121
0 Kelvin is known as absolute zero. (T/F)
True
122
```
Select the correct choice of the coefficients needed to balance the equation.
__CH4+__O2-->__CO2+__H2O
a. 1, 2, 1, 2
b. 1, 2, 2, 1
c. 1, 1, 1, 1
d. 1, 1, 1
```
A (1, 2, 1, 2)
123
```
Select the correct choice of the coefficients needed to balance the equation.
__H2O-->__O2+__H2
a. 1, 2, 1
b. 1, 2, 2
c. 1, 1, 0
d. 2, 1, 2
```
D (2, 1, 2)
124
A balanced chemical equation will show conservation of mass. (T/F)
True
125
A chemical change is a process that produces substances with a new chemical composition. (T/F)
True
126
In the balanced equation, Zn+2HCl-->Cl2+H2, the number 2 shown before HCl is a subscript. (T/F)
False
127
In the balanced equation, Zn+2HCl-->Cl2+H2, the number 2 shown before HCl is a coeffiecient. (T/F)
True
128
12 g Carbon is equal to 1 mole of carbon. (T/F)
True
129
1 Mole of oxygen gas is equal to 16 grams of oxygen gas. (T/F)
False
130
An amount of substances that contains 6.02 x 10^23 chemical particles is defined as a mole. (T/F)
True
131
What are the differences in structure between soap and detergents?
Soaps are the sodium salt of a long-chain carboxylic acid.
| Detergents contain hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails
132
Give examples of different types of detergent
Micelles and Sodium laurel sulfate
133
What was the origin of soap as a cleaning agent?
Help clean oily and greasy dirt from various substances
134
The sodium salt of a long-chain carboxylic acid
Soap
135
A cleansing agent consisting of molecules that contain hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails
Detergent
136
What are Hydrophobic portions of molecules?
Hydrocarbon chains can protrude through and away from the water molecules at the surface
137
What are Hydrophilic portions of molecules?
Carboxylate groups can become embedded among the water molecules of the surface
138
Waters that’s rich in the salts of calcium, magnesium, and/or iron
"Hard" Water
139
Describe additives found in laundry detergent and some environmental hazards that might cause.
Alkylbenzenesulfonates; can find it’s way into lakes and streams and can kill fish and other wild life
140
Name different components in cosmetics and their characteristics
Talc: provides bulk and improves spreadability
Kaolin: Absorbs water
Zinc oxide: helps mask blemishes
141
Describe the layers and components of skin
Dermis contains nerves, blood vessels, sweat glands and the active portion of hair follicles.
Epidermis consist of several tiers of cells.
Stratum Cornell is the outermost layer of the skin.
142
Types of emulsions
Skin lotions and Skin creams
143
Very dilute solution of inorganic ions (true sweat glands)
Eccrine Sweat Glands
144
How do sweat glands function
They regulate body temperature by secreting water to the skins surface, where the heat is removed by evaporation
145
Makes up the the normally visible part of the tooth
Tooth Enamel
146
How do tooth enamel and conditions effect the hair?
Keratin can influence both tooth enamel and the hair
147
Where did aspirin originate from?
Germany
148
How does aspirin function to relieve pain?
Calms down inflammation in the body. It blocks inflammation-causing compounds which receives pain and swelling.
149
How do drugs act in the body?
Tend to stimulate certain receptors, ion channels, act on enzymes or transporter proteins and cause the human body to react a certain way.
150
How do decongestants function in the body?
They work by narrowing the blood vessels in the nose. They decrease swelling and inflammation, allowing more air flow through and mucus to drain.
151
Describe the FDA approval process
Watchdog for potential medications seeking approval for use in the United States
152
A harmless pill, medicine, or procedure prescribed more for the psychological benefit to the patient than for any physiological effect
Placebo
153
Neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is receiving a particular treatment. Prevents bias in research results.
Double Blind Study
154
Where did antibiotics originate from?
Penicillin was the 1st true antibiotic and discovered by Alexander Fleming
155
How do antibiotics work?
Some dissolve the membrane of just bacteria cells
156
The ability of bacteria and other microorganisms to resist the effects of an antibiotic to which they were once sensitive
Antibiotic Resistance
157
Type of compounds in tranquilizers
benzodiazepines
158
What does the term "Steroid abuse"refer
Steroid Abuse
159
Like dissolves like (T/F)
True
160
Lighter fluid will dissolve oil better than water (T/F)
True
161
Solutions can display the Tyndall effect (T/F)
False
162
Colloidal mixtures have the property of scattering a beam of light (T/F)
True
163
Emulsions are exclusively made up of hydrophobic compounds (T/F)
False
164
When solute is dissolved in a solvent
Solution
165
When the maximum amount of solute is dissolved in a solvent
Saturated Solution
166
Hydrophobic tails of emulsifiers are (polar/non-polar)
Non-polar
167
Water forms strong intermolecular attractions to what?
Ions
168
At constant temperature, the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid directly proportional to the___of the gas above the liquid.
a. volume
b. density
c. pressure
d. moles
C. pressure
169
Henry's Law predicts that as we___the pressure of the gas over a liquid, its solubility___.
a. increase, decreases
b. decrease, increases
c. increase, increases
c. increase, increases
170
As cells consume O2 and produce CO2, the concentration of O2 drops to 40-mm Hg and the concentration of CO2 increase to 45-mm Hg. (T/F)
True
171
2.50 moles of NaCl are dissolved in 10.0 L of water. What is the molarity of this solution?
0.250 M
172
About 15% of the Earth's water is readily accessible and available for use as fresh, drinkable water. (T/F)
False
173
The maximum containment level for mercury in the public drinking water supply is 0.02 ppm. (T/F)
False
174
Desalination works by making use of osmosis. (T/F)
True
175
What is the second step in the hydrologic cycle?
Condensation
176
What type of water (salt, fresh, minerals, or both) do Glaciers contain?
Fresh Water
177
Basic materials can be identified by what test outcomes?
Form salts in the presence of acids
May feel slippery
May taste bitter
Turns litmus paper blue
178
Neutralization reactions typically produce what?
Water and Salt
179
Which can turn litmus paper red?
a. saliva
b. baking soda
c. grapefruit juice
d. sea salt
c. grapefruit juice
180
Two solutions, A and B, described below, were mixed together.
Solution A: 50 mL of 1.00 M aqueous HCl
Solution B: 100 mL
Before mixing, what best describes the system:
a. the pH is greater in solution B
b. the pH is greater in Solution A
c. the solutions are neutral
a. the pH is greater in solution B
181
A solution that has a pH = 10.3 means what?
The solution contains a larger number of OH- ions than H3O+
182
You accidentally forgot to label a sample bottle with the correct pH. You decide to do a quick litmus test. The litmus paper turns blue. What would the pH value of your sample be?
a. pH=3.0
b. pH=5.0
c. pH=7.0
d. pH=9.0
d. pH=9.0
183
What is commonly used as a digestive antacid?
Magnesium hydroxide and Calcium carbonate
184
What chemical characteristic is common for compounds used as digestive antacids?
They are weak bases
185
What happens to carbon dioxide gas when it dissolves in naturally occurring waters?
It forms carbonic acid
186
Which compound is considered to be the leading cause of ocean acidification?
Carbonic acid
187
What is the most likely side effects of ocean acidification?
Dissolution of the shells of marine organisms
188
Name a trait of a buffer
Adding a strong acid doesn't significantly change the pH
