Final Exam

Question 1

As stimulus intensity is increased, recording from a single neuron shows

Answer 1

The rate of firing increases

Question 2

Refractory period

Answer 2

Interval between the time one nerve impulse occurs and the next one can be generated in the axon

Question 3

The senses of __________ are referred to as the gatekeepers?

Answer 3

Tasting and Smelling (Chemical Senses)

Question 4

There are ________ different types of olfactory receptors in humans

Answer 4

350

Question 5

A fifth basic taste is ________

Answer 5

Umami

Question 6

The tiny bumps on the tongue that contain the taste buds are the ________

Answer 6

Papillae

Question 7

Information that remains constant even though the observer is moving is called ______

Answer 7

invariant information

Question 8

According to Gibson, the relationship between movement and flow is_________

Answer 8

Movement creates flow, which then provides information to guiding further movement

Question 9

Moving room studies have found that ________

Answer 9

Infants fall over, adults lose balance as well (Even when they know what is about to happen). Experiment shows that vision is such a powerful determinant of balance that it can override the traditional sources of balance information provided by the inner ear and the receptors in the muscles and joints (p. 159)

Question 10

Affordance

Answer 10

Describes What I could do with respect to an object in the environment. Is that doorway pass-through-able?

I perceive not only what I am doing but what I could do.

Question 11

Mirror neurons

Answer 11

Neurons in the Pre-motor cortex that were discovered in the monkey grasping experiment. The neurons fire when monkey is grabbing an object, but also when he observes someone else performing the same action!

help an individual understand another person’s actions and react appropriately, help the person
imitate observed behaviors, have been discovered in the premotor cortex

Question 12

Given what you know about time-to-contact, an outfielder attempting to catch a fly-ball would __________ if the rate of optical expansion was constant

Answer 12

Not need to move

Question 13

Both short and tall people perceive the boundary between what is “stair-climbable” or not, at ________ riserheights, but the _______ raiser-height to leg-length ratio.

Answer 13

(DIFFERENT) Riser Heights, but the (SAME) raiser-height to leg ratio.

Question 14

According to opponent-process theory of color vision, the red-green system

Answer 14

Red & Green are paired opposites. You can’t see reddish green. Green creates red after image

Question 15

A hypercomplex visual feature detector (cell)

Answer 15

Similar to a Complex cell; it activates when oriented stimulus is moving in a particular direction across the receptive field. But it also has an end-stopping property, meaning that it is very selective and stops firing when the size of the stimulus is out of it’s range.

Question 16

“Infer,” ”detect,” “organize” characterize, respectively, the theories of

Answer 16

Helmholtz: Indirect Perception

Question 17

One of the defining qualities of human language is its generativity. To what does this refer?

Answer 17

You can always generate new sentences to express new ideas by an infinite number of combinations of words. (Just like art, take the old and make it new.)

Question 18

Mirror neurons in the monkey fire

Answer 18

When monkey performs action, and observes someone else performing the action.

Question 19

Psychophysics investigates

Answer 19

The relationship between physical stimulus (Φ) and mental phenomena (ψ). Gustav Fechner is the founder.

Question 20

Phonemes

Answer 20

The smallest unit of sound-bearing quality. Speech

Question 21

Sensations

Answer 21

Your sense organs’ interpretation of physical stimulus

Question 22

According to the doctrine of specific nerve energies (qualities)

Answer 22

(Muller) Perception is dependent on the type of neural network activated by stimulus. Example) Poking you in the eye can elicit sensattions of flashes of light. Even though the stimulus was mechanical, it activated neurons in the retina, which sent signal to the occipital lobe. You perceive light because that is the only perception your visual nerve network can make.

Question 23

The classically defined problem of indirect perception is that

Answer 23

Conceptual Question: Input quality is not as good as output.

Perception is an achievement of brains

Question 24

Our perception of the environment depends on

Answer 24

Could ask DR or IR. or according to Helmholtz. According to Gestaltists?

both the properties of the environmental objects and properties of the electrical signals in the nervous system.

Question will be framed from a particular perspective

Question 25

What is the basic theme of Indirect Realism?

Answer 25

We know the world through intermediaries. Our senses produce a copy of environmental stimulus and we make inferences about our environment based on that copy and what we have previously learned about our environment. percept percept coupling

Question 26

Gestalt “principles of organization” and Helmholtz’s “principle of maximum likelihood” can be understood as “laws of simplicity” because they?

Answer 26

1

Question 27

Why does color perception have to be a two-stage process?

Answer 27

The Physical properties of light must be gathered by the optical parts and focused on the retina. That light stimulus must then be converted into an electrical signal that travels through the optic nerve into the occipital lobe. Our brain could not make sense of the stimulus if it were not transduced

Question 28

According to the Opponent Process Theory of color vision, which of the following should not happen?

Answer 28

We should not be able to see reddish-green or bluish-yellow. The Physiology of the process: Single neurons fire positively to one opponent and negatively to the other. A neuron would never fire positively for both red ang green, or both blue and yellow, or both black and white.

Question 29

The idea that the optical structure specifies its source in the environment is most commonly associated with

Answer 29

Direct Realism, Ecological Approach

Question 30

When I look through the front windscreen of a moving car there is ______ _______. When I look in the rear view mirror of a moving car there is _______ ______.

Answer 30

OPTIC OUTFLOW when moving forward, or towards objects, and OPTIC INFLOW when moving backwards, or away from objects When you move backwards objects condense towards the horizon, thus it is called Inflow

Question 31

The sensation of loudness is related to the ________ of sound waves.

Answer 31

Amplitude

Question 32

The notion that the whole is different from the sum of the parts

Answer 32

Indirect Realism, Helmholtz

Question 33

Elena looks at a banana and realizes that the banana is “eat-able.” This an example of

Answer 33

An Affordance

Question 34

The ecological and common coding approaches both emphasize the intrinsic link between

Answer 34

Perception and Action

Question 35

According to direct realists, if information is specific to its source, then

Answer 35

1

Question 36

Ecological researchers have suggested that when participants make perceptual judgments about object weight that they are detecting information about

Answer 36

suggest that we base perceptual judgements about object weight on Its Mass Distribution. An object's center of mass determines how difficult it is to move, Not its weight. Indirect Realists would argue that perceptual judgement is based on combining length and weight perception. Direct Realists Philosophy: Its about affordances, What can I do with this object?

Question 37

____________ can be cues to the distance of a painting but not the relative distances of objects depicted in the painting.

Answer 37

Binocular Depth Cues (e.g., convergence, accomodation)

Question 38

Stimulation of successive retinal locations could be caused by?

Answer 38

Motion DR, Ecological approach, Gibson: Could be either Global change or local change in global structure.

Question 39

The dark adaptation curve indicates that ____

Answer 39

observer's sensitivity increases in two phases. Rapidly for 3-4 minutes then stops. Then between 7-20 minutes is gradually increases. This discovery was the bases for determining that there are 2 distinct types of photoreceptors: Rods & Cones

Question 40

*****Receptive fields for ganglion cells vary in size.

Answer 40

1

Question 41

*****Bryce, a fan of the Houston Rockets basketball team, sees the player Yao Ming, who is 7’6” tall standing next to his coach Jeff VanGundy, who is less than 6 feet tall. Bryce correctly perceives the two men as being the same distance away from her. Which depth cue is most influencing here perception?

Answer 41

Law of Prior Experience?

Question 42

Which of the following depth cues is equally effective at both short (0-2 meters) and far (25-30 meters) distances?

Answer 42

****Interposition?

Question 43

Max is a participant in a speech experiment. He is asked to repeat back the word that is played to him through a loud speaker. The experimenter plays him the word “slit” over and over again. Each time the experimenter plays back the word “slit’ she slightly increases the amount of silence between the /s/ and /lit/. All of sudden Max stops repeating back the word “slit” and starts repeating back the word “split”. Max’s perceptual experience indicates that a range of silent intervals can substitute for _____________ phoneme. This finding reflects a ______ mapping.

Answer 43

90% of people missed this question on Exam 2. Look back at the slide Could not find slide. ______ Many:1 mapping

Question 44

A sound spectrogram is a plot of _______________ as a function of __________.

Answer 44

(FREQUENCY) as a function of (TIME)

Question 45

What depth cue could be classified as a binocular cue and an oculomotor cue?

Answer 45

Convergence

Question 46

Listening to someone speak a foreign language is used as an example of

Answer 46

1

Question 47

Susan holds two black cubes, a small (1 x 1 inch) one in her right hand and a slightly larger (2 x 2 inch) one in her left hand. An experimenter asks Susan if she perceives them to be the same weight and she reports ‘YES’. Given what you know about the size-weight illusion, this means that if you weighed the cubes on a scale

Answer 47

Most people missed this on 1st exam Must understand Types of Mapping. Understand information according to the IR approach. IR: Many:1 mapping

Question 48

Given what you know about the typical sensitivity of sensory systems, the graph to the right is likely to be wrong because it shows

Answer 48

1

Question 49

To say that psychophysics is a methodology that endorses Indirect Realist metatheory means

Answer 49

1

Question 50

In the Method of Limits, the threshold level depends on whether the series is ascending or descending. How does this support Indirect Realism?

Answer 50

1

Question 51

For Mach Bands, the darker area sends _______ lateral inhibition to the lighter area than the lighter area sends to the darker area.

Answer 51

1

Question 52

According to Weber’s Law

Answer 52

1

Question 53

Which of the following is an example of Müller’s assertion that the physiology imposes its character on experience?

Answer 53

1

Question 54

Which of the following is an illusory consequence of receptive fields?

Answer 54

1

Question 55

The first step in the procedure for ____________ is to present the participant a “standard stimulus” and assign a numerical value to that stimulus.

Answer 55

magnitude estimation

Question 56

The specific term for the “stimulus on the receptors” in visual processing is the

Answer 56

proximal stimulus

Question 57

The mechanical parts of the middle ear and the optical parts of the eye are alike in that they both

Answer 57

detect sense properties

Question 58

Humans perceive the /b/ sound (as in “bat”) to be the same, even when the co-articulation of the sound can be different. This is an example of

Answer 58

Phonemes

Question 59

Ecological researchers have suggested that when participants make perceptual judgments about object weight that they are detecting information about

Answer 59

size or weight metamers