Final Exam Flashcards
Mortality rate
Number of deaths from disease found in defined population at stated time
Distinguish between the following:
Iatrogenic disease and nosocomial infection
Disease or condition that is the result of a medical practitioner’s actions
Hospital-acquired infection that is transmitted to a patient by hospital personnel other patient or their own endogenous flora
Distinguish between the following
Symptoms of disease and signs of disease
Symptoms are the complaints of the patient
Signs are the abnormalities found on examination
Four techniques for obtaining tissue samples by biopsy
- Excision biopsy
- Incision biopsy
- Needle biopsy
- Endoscopic biopsy
Ubiquitin
A type of HSP which acts as a cofactor of proteolysis of old/damaged proteins
Lipofuscin
Visible yellow-brown granules called the “wear and tear” pigment common in ageing tissues with cellular atrophy
Explain what metaplasia is and how it occurs
Metaplasia is a reversible transformation from one mature cell type to another cell type, mainly affecting epithelial or mesenchymal cells and is due to long-standing environmental stimuli. The new cell types are mature and more stable to better withstand environmental stress
It occurs by abnormal regulation of growth factors or cell signalling system. Growth factors with tyrosine kinase activity – peptides which act upon specific cell-surface receptors i.e. growth factor receptors – trigger intracellular messenger systems. The secondary messenger systems modulate transcription regulation and therefore gene regulation processes. In other words, the growth factors activate cells to alter gene expression.
Name the four phases of apoptosis
- Induction/signalling phase
- Effector phase
- Degradation phase
- Phagocytic phase
Describe the distinct structural changes in a normal cell seen with haematoxylin and eosin staining
Open nucleus with visible nucleolus
Pale pink cytoplasm with a hint of purple from cellular RNA in Rough ER
Describe the distinct structural changes in a sublethally injured cell seen with haematoxylin and eosin staining
Open nucleus with visible nucleolus
Pale pink cytoplasm with a hint of purple from cellular RNA in Rough ER
Cytoplasmic vacuolation
Describe the distinct structural changes in a necrotic cell seen with haematoxylin and eosin staining
Small and eosinophilic
Irregularities in contour due to cell membrane breakdown
Karyorrhexis – fragmentation of nucleus via nucleases into small pieces
Describe the distinct structural changes in a late necrotic cell seen with haematoxylin and eosin staining
Cytoplasm deeply eosinophilic
Karyolysis – complete dissolution of nucleus
Mass of partly denatured protein
Rough outline of normal cell
What is the most common pattern of necrosis and what is it most commonly caused by
Coagulative necrosis commonly cause by occlusion of arterial supply to tissue
Indicate whether the following statements are false:
Potentially reversible cell injury caused by hypoxia includes high amplitude swelling of mitochondria
True
Name (incl. Latin words) the five clinical signs of acute inflammation and for each of them explain how it is produced
rubor: redness - Dilatation of small blood vessels within damaged area
calor: heat - Increased blood flow (hyperaemia) and vascular dilatation
dolor: pain - Tissue stretching and distortion caused by oedema and pus formation
Induction of chemical mediators liberated from damaged tissues which trigger nerve endings
tumor: swelling - Oedema from accumulation of fluid from fluid exudate in extravascular space
Functio laesa: loss of function - Inhibition due to pain and swelling
