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SCM 303 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Process for integrating marketing and operations plan to develop a tactical plan

A

Sales and Operations Planning (S&OP)

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2
Q

S&OP attempts to balance ____ and ____

A

Supply and demand

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3
Q

S&OP balancing objectives Finance (3):

A
  • High ROI
  • Maximize return
  • Minimize risk
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4
Q

S&OP balancing objectives Marketing/Sales (3):

A
  • Many product variations
  • Fast response, high service
  • Maximize revenue
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5
Q

Balancing objectives Operations (4):

A
  • Fewer products
  • Long, stable production runs
  • Maximize output, minimize cost
  • Reduce variance, maintain ‘up-time’
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6
Q

Quantitative benefits of S&OP (4):

A
  • Improved forecast accuracy
  • Higher customer service
  • More stable supply
  • Better new product information
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7
Q

Qualitative benefits of S&OP (4):

A
  • Better organizational teamwork
  • Faster and better aligned decision making
  • Better business visibility
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8
Q

Operations planning costs: People costs (6):

A
  1. Regular Production
  2. Overtime
  3. Hiring
  4. Fire/Layoff
  5. Weekend (1.5x or 2x on Sundays)
  6. Holidays (2x or 3x)
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9
Q

Operations Planning Costs: Material Costs (3):

Also must consider:

A
  • Holding inventory
  • Shortage
  • Subcontracting

Must also consider require resource investment

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10
Q

S&OP Strategies (3):

A
  • Level
  • Hybrid
  • Chase
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11
Q

Produce at the same rate every period

A

Level

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12
Q

Produce any combination of level or chase

A

Hybrid

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13
Q

Produce exactly what is needed each period

A

Chase

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14
Q

Most common S&OP strategy

A

Hybrid

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15
Q

S&OP strategy ideal for supply chain

A

Level

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16
Q

S&OP strategy ideal for marketing

A

Chase

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17
Q

Multiple Objectives to what S&OP strategy is best (4):

A
  • Costs
  • Employee considerations
  • Customer expectations
  • Difficulty or ease of adjusting capacity
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18
Q

The ability to product, hold, receive, store, or accommodate

A

Capacity

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19
Q

An approach for determining the overall capacity level of capital intensive resources, including facilities, equipment, and size of overall labor force

A

Capacity planning

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20
Q

Capacity ratings (3):

A
  • Design capacity
  • Available capacity
  • Actual capacity
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21
Q

Design capacity is capacity that you ___ and should be ____

A

Paid for

Achievable

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22
Q

Available capacity is ____ capacity minus ____

A

Design

Lost units

Quality issues: scrap and rework

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23
Q

Actual capacity is ____ capacity minus _____

A

Available

Inefficiencies

Ex. Breakdowns, late starts/Early quits, shortages of input materials

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24
Q

Proportion of design capacity being used

A

Capacity utilization

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25
Q

Capacity utilization % = [___/___] x ___

A

[Actual output/Design capacity] x 100

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26
Q

Accounts for issues with design capacity

A

Efficiency Percentage

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27
Q

Efficiency % = [____/____] x ____

A

[Actual output/Actual capacity] x 100

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28
Q

Determining capacity requirements (3):

A
  1. Forecast sales for each individual product or service
  2. Calculate equipment and labor requirements to meet the forecasts
  3. Develop and Evaluate capacity alternatives (internal and external)
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29
Q

Capacity alternatives: Internal sources (4):

Investment and Risk low to high:

A
  • Efficiency
  • Flexibility
  • Expansion/Addition
  • New facilities
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30
Q

Capacity alternatives: External sources (5):

Investment and Risk low to high:

A
  • Outsourcing
  • Subcontracting
  • Sharing capacity
  • Joint ventures
  • Acquisitions
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31
Q

Computer-based information system that schedules and orders dependent-demand inventory components (internally focused)

A

Material Requirements Planning (MRP)

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32
Q

Material Requirements Planning (MRP) uses 3 primary inputs:

A
  • Master Production Schedule (MPS)
  • Bill of Materials (BOM)
  • Inventory records
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33
Q

Material Requirements Planning (MRP) outputs recommendations (2):

A
  • When to release new orders

- When to reschedule open orders

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34
Q

Expansion of MRP that also considers labor, MRO, equipment, etc. in addition to materials (internally focused to organization)

A

Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRP II)

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35
Q

Expansion of MRP/MRP II that also considers all of the external/outside factors from needed suppliers outside of the organization in addition to internal needs or inputs from other departments

A

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

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36
Q

Demand for an item is independent of the demand for other items. These demands are typically determined by outside customers

A

Independent demands

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37
Q

Demand for a component is dependent on the demand for the end-item into which the component goes

A

Dependent Demand

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38
Q

Independent demand involves ____

A

Forecasting

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39
Q

Dependent demand involves ____

A

MRP, MRP II and ERP

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40
Q

Logistics is _____, _____, and _____, the efficient, effective flow and storage of __________ from point of origin to point of consumption

A

Planning, implementing, and controlling

Goods, services, and related information

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41
Q

Logistics includes ___ and ___ flows

A

Forward and reverse

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42
Q

Logistics are typically focused ____ firms but flow ____ firms is also logistics

A

Between

Within

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43
Q

Inbound logistics =

A

External upstream (suppliers)

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44
Q

Material flow =

A

Internal firm or company (OEM facility or network)

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45
Q

Outbound logistics =

A

External downstream (Customers)

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46
Q

Logistics military roots (2):

Conquest through _____

A
  • Alexander the Great
  • Romans

Conquest through better logistics

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47
Q

Logistics transportation (2):

A
  • Steam power (Ships and Railroads) (1800s)

- Internal combustion engines (Trucks and Planes) (1900s)

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48
Q

Logistics communication (2):

A
  • Electrical (mid 1800s)

- Digital (1990s)

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49
Q

Logistics is ___ to the _____

A

Key

Global economy

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50
Q

Logistics accounts for approximately ___% of the US GDP

A

10%

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51
Q

Over $___ per year spent on logistics

A

$1 trillion

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52
Q

Logistics accounts for approximately ____ jobs and ___% of the total labor force

A

15 million jobs

14%

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53
Q

Logistics can be ___ of economic ____

A

Basis

Activity

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54
Q

Some industries could obtain productivity improvements of ___-___% by focusing on logistics

A

20-35%

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55
Q

Top global logistics hubs for freight (seaport) (5):

A
  1. Shanghai
  2. Singapore
  3. Tianjin
  4. Guangzhou
  5. Qingdao
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56
Q

Top global logistics hubs for freight (airports) (5):

A
  1. Hong Kong
  2. Memphis
  3. Shanghai
  4. Anchorage
  5. Incheon
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57
Q

Logistics costs:

Motor carriers __%

Other carriers __%

A

Motor carriers 49%

Other carriers 13%

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58
Q

Logistics costs:

Warehousing __%

Inventory carrying cost __%

Other costs __%

A

Warehousing 11%

Inventory carrying cost 22%

Other costs 4%

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59
Q

Logistics cost total = $___

A

$1095 billion

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60
Q

The 7 “Rights” of Logistics (In perfect order)

A

Right..

  1. Product
  2. Customer
  3. Time
  4. Place
  5. Condition
  6. Quantity
  7. Cost
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61
Q

Logistics value add (3):

A
  • Availability
  • Final transformation
  • Costs
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62
Q

Availability value (3):

A

Time, place, quantity

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63
Q

Final transformation value (2):

A

Packing/Presentation and postponement

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64
Q

Costs value (3):

A

Production costs, distribution costs, reduced risks

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65
Q

Logistics value = [____/____]

A

Quality or Utility / Cost or Price

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66
Q

Current logistics challenges:

A
  • Outsourcing
  • Just-in-time (JIT)
  • Security
  • Transportation infrastructure
  • Fuel price volatility
  • Pressure on margins
  • Globalization
  • Talent management
  • Sustainable practices
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67
Q

Current outsourcing challenge =

A

Logistics growth

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68
Q

All the activities from the time of a sales inquiry until the order is delivered to the customer

A

Order fulfillment

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69
Q

Order fulfillment includes ____, ____, and _____ with all associated information flows

A

Processing, preparing, and shipping customer orders

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70
Q

Items are available when and where desired by the customer

A

Product Availability

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71
Q

Items are unavailable when and where desired by the customer

A

Stockouts

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72
Q

Typical stockout frequencies:

Brick and mortar retailers:

Non-advertised items ___%
Advertised items ___%

Online retailers __%

A

Non-advertised items 7-10%

Advertised items 16%

Online retailers <5%

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73
Q

% of ordered items delivered

A

Item fill rate

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74
Q

% of order lines filled in total

A

Line fill rate

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75
Q

Orders shipped complete

A

Order fill rate

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76
Q

Customer Expectations (5):

A
  • Speed
  • Consistency
  • Flexibility
  • Transparency
  • Recovery
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77
Q

Speed = ____

A

Order-to-delivery (OTD)

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78
Q

Consistency = (2)

A

On-time delivery, promised lead times are met

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79
Q

Flexibility =

A

Agility (react to short-term changes)

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80
Q

Transparency = (3)

A
  • Real-time information
  • No surprises
  • Bad news does not improve with age
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81
Q

Recovery = (2)

A
  • Contingency planning

- Improve customer satisfaction?

82
Q

Contingency planning lifecycle (6):

A 
Disruption planning->
Risk Assessment->
Recovery plan->
Enact/Execute->
Evaluate->
Improve
83
Q

The time between recognition of need until the product is delivered and ready for use

A

Order Cycle

84
Q

Stocked Product =

A

Make-to-stock (MTS)

85
Q

Make-to-stock similar processes exist for (3):

A
  • Assemble-to-order (ATO)
  • Make-to-order (MTO)
  • Engineer-to-order (ETO)
86
Q

Handle orders (Steps 1-3)

\_\_\_ = fast and accurate
\_\_\_ = no errors
\_\_\_ = available to deliver, available to promise
A

Inquiries

Order entry

Promise date

87
Q

Available to Deliver (ATD) =

Available to Promise (ATP) =

A

In stock

Reliably on the way

88
Q

Partial fill =

Drop-ship =

A

Partially in-stock

Direct from factory

89
Q

One large shipment made of many smaller shipments

A

Consolidation

90
Q

Consolidation can happen by (3):

A
  • Market Area (Combine small shipments from one shipper going to the same area)
  • Pooled delivery (Combine small shipments from different shippers going to the same area)
  • Schedule delivery (delivery at specific times)
91
Q

Shipping Plan (Steps 5-7)

  1. ___ = where is it going, who will move it
  2. ___ = what route to follow, transportation management system (TMS)
  3. ___ = Size/weight of order, delivery timing
A
  1. Build loads
  2. Route
  3. Choose carrier
92
Q

Gather items (Steps 8-12)

  1. ____ = (if from external source)

9.

10.

  1. ____ = shipping documents - shipper, packing list, manifest

12.

A
  1. Receive product
  2. Pick order
  3. Pack order
  4. Load order
  5. Ship order
93
Q

Delivery at customer (Steps 13-15)

  1. ____ = customer checks for perfect order, match shipper with receipt
  2. ____ = If needed
  3. ____ = Customer matches this, receipt, and PO - mistakes/delays are costly
A
  1. Customer receipt
  2. Install/prep
  3. Invoice
94
Q

Why is fulfillment important? (3 part triangle)

Top to bottom:

A
  • Customer success (Assist customers in meeting objectives)
  • Customer satisfaction (meet or exceed customer expectations)
  • Basic service (product availability, lead time performance, service reliability)
95
Q

Its more than just technology/system. But technology is useful in data gathering about customers to develop strategic relationships (often captured in this software such as: salesforce, oracle CRM, MS dynamics)

A

Customer Relationship Management (CRM)

96
Q

Revenue low, profit low

A

Review reason for doing business

97
Q

Revenue high, profit low

A

High basic service or customer satisfaction

98
Q

Revenue high, profit high

A

Commitment to customer success

99
Q

Revenue low, profit high

A

High basic service or customer satisfaction

100
Q

Commitment to customer success typical percentage of # of customers:

A

20-30%

101
Q

5 major modes of transportation:

A
  • Air
  • Truck
  • Pipeline
  • Rail
  • Water
102
Q

The durable physical assets required to facilitate transportation

A

Transportation infrastructure

103
Q

Truck (Motor carrier) carries ___% of US domestic freight

A

70%

104
Q

Truck normal US load limits ____ pounds

A

80,000

105
Q

Truck infrastructure paid for by ____ and shared with ____

A

Governments

Public

106
Q

LTL =

TL =

A

Less-than-truckload

Truckload

107
Q

LTL is too big to be handled ___, too small to ____

___ to ___ pounds

A

Manually

Fill a truck

150 to 10,000 pounds

108
Q

Truck carriers:

Terminals used to ____
Line-haul is from ____
Smaller trucks transport between _____

A

Consolidate loads

Terminal-to-terminal

Shippers and terminals

109
Q

Examples of LTL carriers:

A
  • Fedex freight
  • XPO logistics
  • YRC freight
  • Old Dominion Freight line
  • UPS freight
110
Q

Shipments move directly from the shipper location to the consignee location

A

Truckload (TL or FTL)

111
Q

Truckloads focus on _____ (usually ____ lbs

A

Full trailers

Greater than 10,000 lbs

112
Q

Truckload rates are less than LTL rates because (4):

A
  • Shipper loads goods and consignee unloads goods
  • One stop
  • No terminals
  • Administrative costs for 25,000lb shipment about the same as for 250lb shipment
113
Q

Truckload US carriers (3):

A
  • Swift
  • Schneider
  • J.B. Hunt
114
Q

Trucks cost:

Trucks speed:

Trucks reliability:

Trucks capability:

Trucks capacity:

Trucks flexibility:

A

Cost - moderate-to-high

Speed - fast

Reliability - weather, congestion

Capability - 80,000 lbs per truck (michigan is 164,000 lbs total)

Capacity - Available for hire

Flexibility - Very flexible

115
Q

____ is generally the fastest mode for shipments exceeding ___ miles

A

Air

600

116
Q

Air carrier

____ services adds cost and time

_____ used for rates

A

“Accessorial”

“Dimensional weight”

117
Q

Air carriers best suited for ____, ____, ____, _____, or ____ deliveries; examples:

A

High-value, lower-volume, urgent, perishable, or time-specific deliveries

Examples: electronics, cut flowers, spare parts

118
Q

Air carriers is used for ____ of US domestic freight

A

Less than 1%

119
Q

Air carriers:

Cost =

Speed =

Reliability =

Capability =

Capacity =

Flexibility =

A

Cost = expensive

Speed = Fastest

Reliability = Weather; congestion; intermingling with passengers

Capability = tight weight and size restrictions

Capacity = limited

Flexibility = Runways > 10k ft

120
Q

Pipeline carrier is only mode without ______ and is ____ transportation

A

vehicles/vehicle operators

One-way

121
Q

Pipeline tends to be the ____

A

Slowest mode

122
Q

Pipeline products must be ___, ____, or ____

A

Liquid, liquefiable, or gaseous

123
Q

Pipeline is capable of transporting _______ but has high ______, but very low ______ due to large product volume

A

Large product volumes

Fixed costs

Cost per unit

124
Q

Pipeline carriers:

Cost =

Speed =

Reliability =

Capability =

Capacity =

Flexibility =

A

Hugh investment but cheap to operate

Slowest speed

Extremely reliable

Liquids and gasses

Large

Very limited

125
Q

Rail carrier is wide _____ and large ____

A

Variety of cargo

Capacities

126
Q

Rail capacity is ___ per railcar and up to ____ per train

A

100+ tons per railcar

15,000 tons per train

127
Q

Rail carriers (4):

A
  • CSX
  • Norfolk Southern
  • Burlington Northern
  • Union Pacific
128
Q

Rail carriers dominated by ____ carriers, domination limits ___ and ___ options

A

Four

Service and pricing

129
Q

Rail carriers:

Cost =

Speed =

Reliability =

Capability =

Capacity =

Flexibility =

A

Moderate cost

Moderate speed

Congestion

Few restrictions

Large

Rail access

130
Q

Water carriers move about ___% of global trade and has a ____ of cargo

A

80%

Wide variety

131
Q

Water carriers:

Cost =

Speed =

Reliability =

Capability =

Capacity =

Flexibility =

A

Cheap cost

Slow speed

Arrival time variance

Very few restrictions

Hugh capacity

Water access

132
Q

Mode summary:
Best mode for:

Cost:
Speed:
Reliability:
Capability: 
Capacity:
Flexibility:
A 
Cost - Pipeline
Speed - Air
Reliability - Pipeline
Capability - Water
Capacity - Water
Flexibility - Truck
133
Q

Mode summary:
Worst mode for:

Cost:
Speed:
Reliability:
Capability: 
Capacity:
Flexibility:
A 
Cost: Air
Speed: Pipeline
Reliability: --
Capability: Pipeline
Capacity: Air
Flexibility: Pipeline
134
Q

Using a container or other equipment that can be transferred from the vehicle of one mode to the vehicle of another mode without the contents being reloaded or disturbed

A

Intermodal transportation

135
Q

Intermodal transportation is usually interchangeable among ___, ___, and ___ carriers and provides significant reduction in ____ costs

A

Rail, truck, and water

Freight handling

136
Q

Intermodal containers are large reusable ____ boxes used for intermodal shipments

A

Steel

137
Q

Prior to intermodal containers: $___/ton to load a ship

With containers: $___/ton to load a ship

A

$6.00/ton

$0.15/ton

138
Q

One TEU (twenty-foot equivalent) =

A

8’ x 8’ x 20’ long

139
Q

Parcels are packages weighing up to ___ pounds

A

150

140
Q

Offer service to shippers to consolidate small shipments into bulk shipments for better rates

A

Freight forwarders

141
Q

Freight forwarders splits shipment at ___ and can arrange ____

A

Destination

Local delivery

142
Q

Freight forwarders companies:

A
  • DHL
  • DB Schenker
  • Kuehne + Nagel
  • Sinotrans
143
Q

Shipper’s associations are similar to air and freight forwarders but are ____ organizations and primarily focus on achieving the ____ for members

A

Not-for-profit

Lowest rates

144
Q

Provide transportation to clients and often operate their own equipment

A

Third party logistics companies (3PLs)

145
Q

Third party logistic companies examples:

A

FedEx 3PL, UPS 3PL, CH Robinson

146
Q

Common carriers are legally obligated to offer _____ at nondiscriminatory prices to the general public

A

Transportation service

147
Q

Contract carriers offer ____ service to customers on a ____ basis

No obligation to service the ____ or to treat customers on an ___ basis

A

Specialized service

Contractual

General public

Equal

148
Q

Companies whose primary business is other than transpiration and provide their own transportation services (ex. Wal-Mart)

A

Private carriers

149
Q

Commercial terms established by the ______

A

International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)

150
Q

ICC defines the __, __, __, and __ associated with the transportation and delivery of goods from seller to buyer

A

Tasks, obligations, costs, and risks

151
Q

ICC is widely used in ____ and ____ and is generally accepted _____

A

International logistics and procurement

Worldwide

152
Q

Delivery is the point in the transaction where the _____ to the goods is transferred from the seller to the buyer

A

Risk of loss or damage

153
Q

The point named in the incoterm to which carriage has been paid

A

Arrival

154
Q

Seller has an obligation to deliver the goods to a named place for transfer to a carrier

A

Free

155
Q

To file shipper’s export declaration and get export permit

A

To clear for export

156
Q

Storing products at or between point of origin and point of consumption

A

Warehousing

157
Q

Bringing together similar stocks from different sources, consolidating

A

Accumulating (bulk making)

158
Q

Breaking larger quantities into smaller quantities

A

Allocating (bulk breaking)

159
Q

Building up a variety of different products for resale to particular customers

A

Assorting

160
Q

Receiving product and shipping it out the same day or overnight without putting it into storage

A

Cross-docking facility

161
Q

Warehouse design considerations:

___ over ___

____ and ____ to be handled

____

A

Function over form

Quantity and character of goods to be handled

Purpose

162
Q

Efficient and effective warehousing management can be an ___ task - requires constant ____

A

Exacting

Diligence

163
Q

Packaging 3 general functions:

A
  • Promote
  • Protect
  • Identify (label) the contents
164
Q

Packing decisions involve a number of departments within an organization:

A

Engineering, manufacturing, marketing, warehousing, transportation, quality

165
Q

Regulations govern labeling (3):

A
  • Weight
  • Specific contents
  • Instructions for use
166
Q

The short-distance movement that usually takes place within a building such as a plant or DC and the load/unload to a transportation service provider

A

Material handling

167
Q

Material handling

Value =

A

Quality or Utility / Price or cost

168
Q

Consolidation of several units into larger units to improve efficiency in handling and to reduce shipping costs

A

Unit loads

169
Q

Most common unit load platforms (2)

A

Pallets and skids

170
Q

Network design:

Design implies ____ vs. organic/evolutionary growth over time

A

Intentional action

171
Q

Intentional network design (3):

A
  1. Customer
  2. Look for patterns and clusters
  3. Balance economics of supply, manufacturing, storage, and transportation
172
Q

Cost per unit of weight decreases as shipment size increases

A

Economy of scale

173
Q

Cost per unit traveled decreases as distance moved increases

A

Economy of distance

174
Q

Network dimensions (4):

A
  • Vertical integration
  • Flexibility
  • Cooperation
  • Geographical dispersion
175
Q

Facility location factors (4)

A
  • Cost
  • Customer service expectations
  • Accessibility
  • Availability
176
Q

A network design used when a consistent set of cities are targeted for delivery

A

Hub and spoke

177
Q

Integrated logistics is management of _______ as a _____, instead of separate management of _____ functions

A

Entire logistics chain

Single entity

Individual logistics

178
Q

Shift cost from one logistics function to another to achieve better total system cost

A

Cost-to-Cost trade-offs

179
Q

Increased service levels -> increased costs

A

Cost-to-service trade-offs

Ex. Zappos overnight shipping

180
Q

Sum of all product and logistics related costs

A

Total landed costs

181
Q

Planning, evaluating, implementing, and improving sourcing decisions, both routine and strategic, for all goods and services

A

Procurement

182
Q

Purchased goods and services account for ___-to___% of every dollar of revenue

A

50%-90%

183
Q

Direct labor costs typically account for only about __% of the sales dollar

A

10%

184
Q

Categories of goods (3):

A

Direct
Indirect
Strategic

185
Q

Raw materials, parts, pieces, components

A

Direct goods

186
Q

Maintenance, repair, and operating supplies

A

Indirect goods

187
Q

Facilities and major machinery and equipment

A

Strategic Investment goods

188
Q

Procurement is usually the ___ authorized agent

A

Sole

189
Q

Buyer has no firm commitment/timeline for spending, determine supplier capabilities and interest

A

Request for information (RFI)

190
Q

Suppliers suggest solutions with corresponding quotes, often use with complex specs, permits supplier input/creativity/innovation, increases difficulty of evaluation

A

Request for Proposal (RFP)

191
Q

Suppliers quote to specs, Almost always used for simple specs, but can be used for complex specs if no deviations allowed

A

Request for Quote (RFQ)

192
Q

Using one supply source for a justifiable reason

A

Single or Sole-source

193
Q

Multiple sources (usually 3-12 suppliers) bid on RFQs or RFPs

A

Competitive bidding

194
Q

Multiple suppliers (often >10) are invited to bid on a single RFQ

A

Reverse auction

195
Q

Supplier trade off between ____ and _____

A

Competition and complexity

196
Q

Evaluate potential suppliers (3):

A
  • Financial health
  • Track record
  • Ethics
197
Q

Two steps to evaluating quotes/bids:

A
  1. Develop criteria (before bids are received)

2. Compare and analyze

198
Q

Quotes/Bids criteria (5):

A
  • Price
  • Quality
  • Delivery
  • Capability
  • Risk
199
Q

Quote/Bid total cost (3):

A

Acquisition cost
Ownership cost
Post-ownership cost

200
Q

Quote/Bid quality (4)

A
  • Conformance
  • Performance
  • Durability
  • Warranty
201
Q

Quote/Bid delivery (2):

A

Timing

Mode

SCM 303 (1 decks)

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