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BCS 111 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

CT scan

A

computerized axial tomography, x-ray energy, older technology

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2
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging, no nuclear radiation, better image quality, but patient restrictions

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3
Q

EEG

A

good temporal resolution

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4
Q

PET

A

positron emission tomography, uses radioactive compound, measures blood flow to brain regions, showing which region is most active, expensive older tech

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5
Q

fMRI

A

functional magnetic resonance imaging, relies on magnetic properties of blood, shows activity of brain

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6
Q

Cognition

A

mental action/process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses. Involves perception, attention, memory, representation, language, problem-solving and decision making

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7
Q

Behaviorism

A

People: John Watson, Pavlov, Skinner
Views: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, pointed out flaws in introspection, contributions and insights into learning, language development and moral & gender development
Problems: only discusses nurture, no analysis of mental processes

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8
Q

Neuron

A

dendrites receive input from other neurons, cell body integrates info, axon transmits output of processing to other neurons, myelin insulates and speeds up AP, synaptic gap “connects” neurons

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9
Q

Independent variable

A

manipulated by experimenter, what you see the effect of

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10
Q

Dependent variable

A

measure of performance/behavior, indirect indicator of mental activity

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11
Q

Visual system components

A

cornea, aqueous humor, pupil, lens, vitreous humor, retina, optic nerve

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12
Q

Frontal lobe

A

motor cortex, PFC (planning, decision making, WM)

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13
Q

Parietal lobe

A

somatosensory cortex

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14
Q

Occipital lobe

A

visual information

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15
Q

Temporal lobe

A

auditory info and object recognition

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16
Q

Sensation

A

process of sensing out environment through touch, taste, sight, sound and smell

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17
Q

Perception

A

the way we interpret these sensation and therefore make sense of everything around us

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18
Q

Rods

A

scotopic vision
high sensitivity, night time, no color, low-acuity/high-convergence (many rods to one ganglion), sensitive to shorter wavelengths

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19
Q

Cones

A

photopic vision
low sensitivity, daytime, color vision, high-acuity/low-convergence (1 cone to 1 ganglion), sensitive to longer wavelengths

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20
Q

Selective attention

A

focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus; attention as a filter or spotlight theories

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21
Q

Divided attention

A

some cog resources are specialized; verbal & spatial tasks can be performed simultaneously because each use diff. parts

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22
Q

Dichotic listening task

A

one ear receives a recording, the other receives a different recording. Subject is asked to repeat back or pay closer attention to one side. People are accurate at shadowing, listeners are able to detect physical info of unattended sounds but not meaning

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23
Q

Capgras syndrome

A

recognize loved ones, but think they are impostors; PFC damage impairs reasoning so illogical thoughts are not filtered out, factual & emotional knowledge are dissociated (amygdala linked to emotional processing in general)

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24
Q

Bigrams

A

sequence of two adjacent elements from a string of tokens (letters, syllables or words)

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25
Q

Subjective experience

A

Gestalt psych studied this; how people use or impose structure and order on their experiences

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26
Q

Implicit

A

non-declarative, automatic, retention independent of conscious recollection

27
Q

Explicit

A

declarative, memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and recollect

28
Q

Schema

A

mental representation of how we expect the world to be

29
Q

Loftus & Palmer (1974)

A

Experiment: students watched clips of car accidents and were then given leading questions
ex: verb contacted resulted in a lower average speed than smashed

30
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

inability to retrieve information from one’s past

31
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

inability to form new memories

32
Q

Misinformation effect

A

incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event

33
Q

Godden & Baddeley (1975)

A

context-dependent learning; tested student’s learning & recall on land and underwater

34
Q

Modal model of memory

A

(1968 Atkinson & Shiffrin) sensory input –> sensory memory (unattended information is lost) –> short term memory (unrehearsed info is lost) –> long-term memory some info lost through decay or inference

35
Q

Primacy effect

A

improved recall of words at the beginning of a list

36
Q

Recency effect

A

improved recall of words at the end of a list

37
Q

Smith (1979)

A

context-dependent learning; tested learning and recall in different locations (room A and room B)

38
Q

Collins & Quillian (1969)

A

semantic memory = network of connected ideas

39
Q

Hierarchical organization

A

a model of semantic memory organized in terms of nodes and links that store properties at the highest relevant node to conserve cognitive economy

40
Q

Fisher & Craik (1977)

A

participants told to remember the second word of a pair that was either semantically related or simply rhymed

41
Q

Encoding specificity

A

phenomenon of remembering something better when the conditions under which we retrieve information are similar to the conditions under which we encoded it

42
Q

Semantic memory

A

general knowledge

43
Q

Procedural memory

A

holds information concerning action and sequences of action; muscle memory

44
Q

Intrusion/interference

A

some information can displace other information making it harder to retrieve

45
Q

Decay

A

unrehearsed information

46
Q

Heuristic

A

shortcuts, used to make every day decisions, reasonably efficient and accurate, gain efficiency but lose accuracy

47
Q

Representativeness heuristics

A

if something looks like a member of the category, then it is a member

48
Q

Availability heuristics

A

specific case of attribute substitution, ease with which examples come to mind is an index of frequency or likelihood

49
Q

Ill-defined problem

A

missing or incomplete information or too broad (solution: turn into series of well defined sub-problems)

50
Q

Well-defined problem

A

know the goal, operators, and all states

51
Q

Framing

A

wording; can change people’s choices

52
Q

Means-end problem solving

A

can the current state be made more similar to the goal state, using available operators? leads to subproblems, each w/ own goal

53
Q

Flynn effect

A

intelligence scores are going up over time; possible product of better nutrition, more complex world, economic improvement

54
Q

Hill climbing

A

always getting closer to goal (difficulties encountered when backtracking is a better strategy)

55
Q

Confirmation bias

A

looking only for information that confirms your hypothesis/opinion; more responsive to evidence that confirms one’s beliefs

56
Q

Belief perseverance

A

tendency to continue endorsing a belief even when evidence has completely undermined it

57
Q

System 2

A

refers to thinking that is slower, effortful, and more likely to be correct

58
Q

System 1

A

refers to thinking that is fast, automatic and uses heuristics

59
Q

Operators

A

means of moving from one state to another (available tools or actions)

60
Q

Analogies

A

exacting operators used to solve a source problem and applying them to solving a problem in a different domain (notice, map, apply)

61
Q

IQ

A

intelligence quotient

mental age/chronological age x100

62
Q

History of cognitive science

A

1950’s: cognitive revolution 1956: “birthday” of cog. sci by George Miller

1977: first journal issue of Cognitive Science
1979: first meeting of Cognitive Science Society

63
Q

Episodic memory

A

holds memories of specific, personal events

BCS 111 (1 decks)

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