Final Exam

Question 1

Why is homeostasis important to all forms of life? Give two separate examples of homeostasis.

Answer 1

Being able to stay constant

Ex: Body Temp/ Shivering & Hunger/Glucose

Question 2

What is the major difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes (be specific)?

Answer 2

Euk- Nucleus

Pro- No Nucleus

Question 3

What is the smallest unit of life?

Answer 3

Cells

Question 4

What four elements make up 96% of all living matter?

Answer 4

• Carbon
• Nitrogen
• Oxygen
• Hydrogen

Question 5

How do isotopes of an element differ from one another (think subatomic particle)?

Answer 5

Neutrons charge

Question 6

A solution has the following: [OH-]= 10^-9. What is the pH of this solution?

Answer 6

[OH-]= 10^-9
[H+]= 10^5
pH= 5

Question 7

Name a protein with Quaternary structure (bonus for one not named in class).

Answer 7

Ion channel

Question 8

What is the function of the nucleus?

Answer 8

House DNA

Question 9

What is the function of the ribosome? What makes ribosomes different from the other organelles (besides their function)?

Answer 9

• Make protein

- Both Pro & Euk; 2 subunits & no membrane

Question 10

Why can mitochondria be used to trace your matrilineal heritage?

Answer 10

The egg destroys the sperm mitochondria

Question 11

What is the function of the central vacuole in plants?

Answer 11

Structure & Support

Question 12

You are looking at some animal cells in a microscope. Accidentally, you knock over a bottle containing an unknown substance and it spills on the sample the cells immediately swell up. How would you classify the osmolarity of this solution?

Answer 12

Hypertonic, because it has a high level of concentration in the solute.

Question 13

What is the function of kinase?

Answer 13

Transferring from the phosphate group

ADP –> ATP

Question 14

What is the purpose of cellular respiration?

Answer 14

Complete the oxidation of glucose

Question 15

What is the terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

Answer 15

O2 (Oxygen)

Question 16

What are the three products of cellular respiration?

Answer 16

1 Glucose —> 6CO2 + 2H2O + 38ATP

Question 17

What is Dr. Stanley’s favorite STD?

Answer 17

Syphilis

Question 18

What ratio of women who have Type II Herpes? What ratio of men have it?

Answer 18

Women = 1/4
Men = 1/5

Question 19

What is the most common bacterial STD in the US?

Answer 19

Chlamydia 1/20

Question 20

What products of the light reactions are required for the Calvin cycle?

Answer 20

NADPH & ATP

Question 21

What is required to produce one glucose molecule in photosynthesis?

Answer 21

1 Glucose= 6CO2 + 12H2O + 18ATP

Question 22

What is the function of NADP+?

Answer 22

Primary electron transported for energy

Question 23

What is the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis?

Answer 23

Mitosis is the division of the nucleus

Cytokinesis is the division of the cell

Question 24

You perform a genetic cross between a bean plant that has violet flowers and another that has white flowers. However, instead of getting offspring with all violet flowers, all of the F1 progeny have lavender flowers. When you self- pollinate these offspring, you discover that you now get a ration of 1 violet: 2 lavender: 1 white. What could cause these results?

Answer 24

Incomplete Dominance

Question 25

In Griffith's experiments, genetic material was transferred from one organism to another. What is this called?

Answer 25

Transformation

Question 26

What is Chargaff's rule?

Answer 26

A=T | C=G

Question 27

What features of DNA structure allow it to serve as a template for replication?

Answer 27

Base Pairing | Anti Parallel

Question 28

What enzyme is responsible for elongation of the new DNA strand?

Answer 28

DNA pol

Question 29

What is the purpose of primers? What are they made of? What enzyme is responsible for their synthesis?

Answer 29

- Replicate - RNA - Primase

Question 30

What is the role of mRNA? tRNA?

Answer 30

mRNA: Messenger tRNA: Transfer/decode

Question 31

What are the two major types of mutations? How are they different?

Answer 31

Substitutions: switch out one base for another Frameshifts: Insertions/Deletions: take out one base and leave it out or add another base to the sequence

Question 32

What are four effects that a mutation can have on a protein?

Answer 32

- No change - Change to similar a.a. - Change to different a.a. - Change to a STOP codon

Question 33

What was Plato's philosophy on the origin of species? Aristotle's?

Answer 33

Plato's: perfect eternal and imperfect world | Aristotle's: scala nature

Question 34

Who was Carolus Linnaeus, and what was his role in biology?

Answer 34

Father of Taxonomy; the creator of the Nomenclature System

Question 35

Compare and contrast the theories of Lamarck and Darwin.

Answer 35

They both believed in evolution but their mechanisms were different Lamark 1) use and disuse 2) inheritance of acquired traits Darwin 1) Natural Selection 2) Adaption

Question 36

Given the following allele frequencies. What the probability of getting homozygous dominant offspring? Heterozygotes? Homozygous recessive? p = 0.50

Answer 36

p=0.5 q=0.5 p2= 0.25 q2=0.25 2pq= 2(0.5)(0.5)= 0.50

Question 37

What four non-Darwinian agents can affect the gene pool of a population?

Answer 37

1. Genetic Drift 2. Gene Flow 3. Mutation 4. Nonrandom

Question 38

What is the only agent that affects the gene pool of a population that can lead to the accumulation of beneficial traits?

Answer 38

Natural Selection

Question 39

How does nonrandom mating affect the gene pool? What are the two kinds of non-random mating?

Answer 39

The small population change due to chance. 2 kinds: Inbreeding (close neighbors) Assortative (certain characters)

Question 40

What is Ellis-van Creveld syndrome? What aspect of a Hardy-Weinberg population has been affected?

Answer 40

A disorder of the bone which can result in stature (dwarfism) -Nonrandom mating

Question 41

What are the three parts of a photosystem?

Answer 41

- Antenna Complex - Reaction Center Chlorophyll - Primary Electron Acceptor