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Biology 1102 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

Don't Fail (60 cards)

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1
Q

Macro-evolution

A

Major Evolutionary change over a long period of time

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2
Q

Phyletic gradualism

A

Model of Evolution where most speciation is slow/gradual over time

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3
Q

Punctuated equilibrium

A

Isolated episodes of rapid speciation between long periods of no change

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4
Q

Genetic variation

A

Differences in DNA sequences between individuals in a population

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5
Q

Genetic divergence

A

Process where one species becomes 2

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6
Q

Inbreeding depression

A

Reduced fitness due to inbreeding

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7
Q

Reproductive isolation

A

No gene flow, individuals cannot breed, sterile offspring

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8
Q

Pre-zygotic isolation

A

Mating and fertilization are prevented

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9
Q

Temporal isolation

A

Species don’t breed at the same time

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10
Q

Behavioral isolation

A

Different mating behaviors

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11
Q

Ecological / Habitat isolation

A

Species live in different environments

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12
Q

Mechanical isolation

A

Sexual organs do not match

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13
Q

Post-zygotic isolation

A

Mating occurs, but offspring dies or is sterile

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14
Q

Genetic architecture of speciation

A
  1. Traits involved in RI are often quantitative
  2. Many RI genes are under positive selection
  3. Many RI genes are transcripted
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15
Q

Haldane’s Rule:

A

If in the offspring of two different animal species one sex is absent, rare, or sterile, that sex is the heterogametic sex.

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16
Q

Geographic Speciation Models (3 models): How geography can block gene flow

A
  1. Allopatric Speciation: Geographic ranges do not touch or overlap
  2. Parapatric Speciation: Ranges touch, but don’t overlap significantly
  3. Sympatric Speciation: Ranges overlap significantly
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17
Q

Speciation by Polyploids:

A

New species formed when chromosome number in hybrids doubles, allowing polyploid hybrids to mate with other polyploid hybrids. Reproductively isolated from parent species

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18
Q

Extinct

A

Species doesn’t exist at all

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19
Q

3 processes of extinction

A

Large scale extinction event, Loss of diversity, Loss of species diversity

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20
Q

Permian-Triassic Extinction Event

A

250mya. 95% of marine life and 70% of plant life died. Comet/Asteroid impact

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21
Q

Cretaceous Extinction Event

A

65mya. 52% of marine life and 18% of land animals went extinct (including the dinosaurs)

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22
Q

Extinction is natural, it occurs at a natural “background” rate of about ______ species per year. We’re now losing species at x1000 that rate.

A

1-5 species per year

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23
Q

Extirpate

A

locally extinct, present in other locations

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24
Q

Endemic

A

Restricted to a certain area for survival

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25
How old are the Primates?
50-55 million years old
26
When is Human-Chimp divergence?
5 - 7 million years ago
27
Homo erectus
- 1.8 million - 100,000 years ago. - Brain = 1000cm^3 - 5.5 feet tall - Hunter gatherer - Evidence of shelter/control of fire - Fully adapted for running endurance
28
Homo sapiens
- Arose 320,000 - 200,000 years ago - Arose in Africa, colonized the world. - Brain = 1300cm^3 - Advanced tools - Agriculture
29
Did H. sapiens, Neanderthals, and Denisovans interbreed?
Yes, but less than 5% of Ancient DNA in modern humans.
30
MRCA
Most Recent Common Ancestor
31
Where is Human genetic variation the greatest?
Africa
32
The SRGAP2 gene
Leads to slower Neocortex maturation. Gene duplication during hominid evolution increased brain size and complexity
33
Speech in human evolution
Voicebox is lower than chimps, resulting in complex communication
34
Very short body hair in human evolution
1. Thought to help keep body and brain cool | 2. Reduces body parasites
35
Why did humans evolve dark skin?
1. Dark skin protects against UV | 2. Sunburn is teratogen. Sun burns can cause birth defects
36
Why did humans evolve light skin?
Allows you to make Vitamin D which is vital for health
37
What is Demography?
The statistical study of human populations
38
Population
Individuals of the same species
39
Range
Geographic area inhabited by the population
40
Meta population
Comprised of distinct population with gene flow
41
Source population
Supplies new individuals to different populations
42
A population with a pyramid shape indicates:
Rapid growth
43
A population with a column shape indicates:
Slow population growth
44
What is the most common dispersion pattern in animals?
Clumped, for social/protection
45
Semelparity
Large number of offspring produced at once
46
Iteroparity
Small number of offspring produced several times
47
R-selected species
Rapid growth and reproduction
48
K-selected species
Slow growth and reproduction
49
Global Fertility rates are also highest in regions were __________ rates are also highest
Infant Morality
50
What is a Life-Table?
Age-specific summary of the survival of a population
51
Life Table (Type 1)
High survivors through early and middle ages
52
Life Table (Type 2)
Constant survivorship through life
53
Life Table (Type 3)
Low survivorship in early life
54
Do males and females of the same species have the same survivorship curves?
Yes
55
Human post-menopausal survival:
Selection favors survival of grand parents that help their children and grand children.
56
Exponential population growth:
Maximum growth rate under ideal conditions
57
Logistic population growth:
Population growth is limited by carrying capacity.
58
Density-Dependent factor on controlling population size
Factors that become more intense as the population increases
59
Allee Effect
Individuals in a population may have a hard time surviving or reproducing if population size is to small
60
Density-Independent factors on controlling population size
Factors that affect large or small populations (i.e. Natural Disaster)

Biology 1102 (1 decks)

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