Final Exam Flashcards
know dis shit! (135 cards)
1
Q
How do bacteria protect us from pathogens?
A
Compete with bacteria that cause disease while in our bodies or on our skin
2
Q
Ideal conditions for the emergence of a new disease:
A
Cities- lack of hospitals, bad sewer, poverty
Remote areas- Access of wild animals
Due to commerce- Travel and food from around the world
3
Q
Study on Strepto type A
A
Found on skin and in throats
Throat cultures from school, eventually the strept grew resistant to the antibiotics.
4
Q
Influenza viruses get into cell and uncoat?
A
- attach to cell surface
- englufed into the endozome
- change shape and endozome allows it in the cell
5
Q
Challenges in combating malaria?
A
- global changes in climate
- resistant to a lot of antibodies
- transferred by mosquito, which become resistant to DDT
6
Q
Relationship between copepods and cholera?
A
bacteria live in the copepods, cholera is similar, copepods might be a vector.
7
Q
Aquificales
A
Found in hot springs in yellowstone and deep sea thermal vents
8
Q
Lithotrophs
A
Iron build, black filaments, surface reduction
9
Q
16srRNA and Diversity
A
They find different base patterns
10
Q
Life cycle of a Biofilm
A
- bacteria come in contact with the surface
- turn OFF flagellum, turn ON pili, make signals
- make themselves different shapes and sizes
11
Q
Bacterium loses biofilm?
A
Loses the ability to make extracellular polymers, which are querem sensing molecules…MIGHT gain flagella
12
Q
Bioleaching
A
- basically bio-mining.
- gets more metals out, low toxicity, though may pollute the environment
13
Q
Gangrene
A
- Bacteria
- Vehicle=food borne
- watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps
- cytotoxin
14
Q
Botulism
A
- bacteria
- vehicle=food soil
- paralysis,double vision, abdominal cramps
- neurotoxin
15
Q
Anthrax
A
- bacteria
- vector=biological
- resemble the flu
- cytotoxin
16
Q
Staphy aureus
A
- bacteria
- vehicle=contact
- red or swollen skin rash
- cytotoxin
17
Q
Food posioning
A
- bacteria
- indirect contact
- skin infections, pneumonia, sepsis
- enterotoxin
18
Q
Strept throat
A
- bacteria
- droplet contact, inhaltion
- pharyngitis
- cytotoxin
19
Q
gonorrhea
A
- bacteria
- direct contact
- men=painful urination
- women=symptomatic P.I.D
20
Q
Chlamydia
A
- bacteria
- direct contact, sexual birth
- swollen lymph nodes, lesions
21
Q
Measels
A
- virus
- sexual birth, eyes
- koplik spots (lesions)
- vaccine=live, attenuated virus
22
Q
Polio
A
- virus
- inhaltion
- muscle spasms, paralysis
- some live, some inactive
23
Q
Respiratory disease
A
- virus
- ingestion
- dyspnea
24
Q
salmonella
A
- bacteria
- food
- fever, cramps, vomitting
25
West nile
- virus
- hands
- flu like symptoms, swelling of the brain
26
TB
- bacteria
- droplet nuclei, airborne
- cough lasting longer then 3 weeks
- live vaccine
27
Chicken pox/Shingles
- virus
- droplet nuclei, airbone
- itching, fever
- live
28
Herpes
- virus
- direct/indirect
- type 1-sores around mouth/lips
- type 2-sores around genitals
29
Rubella virus
- virus
- respiratory
- similar to the flu, fever, swollen glands
- live, attenuated vaccine
30
Malaria
- protozoa
- mosquito
- death, fever, chills, vomitting
31
Lyme disease
- bacteria
- tic vector
- circular rash, facial rash, meningitis
32
Mononucleosis
- virus
- oral transmission, saliva
- fever, sore throat, fatigue
33
Toxoplasma
- protozoan parasite
- ingestion
- toxoplasmosis-fever, resembles pneumonia
34
Hepatitis B virus
- virus
- blood borne, needles, sex
- jaundice
35
Giardia
- protozoan
- ingest cyst, drinking H2O
- acids, loss of immune functions
36
HIV
- virus
- contact with bodily fluids sexual
- Aids, loss of immune system
37
What is the Ig called if we know what it binds to?
Antibodie
38
IgM size
It is the largest in serum size
39
IgG common?
IgG is the most common serum
40
IgG and IgM rates
IgM increases first, IgG increases second
41
B cell and T cell recognition
B cell only recognizes 1 antigen
| T cell only recognizes 1 antigen
42
Ig or antibodie protein determination
The Ig or antibodie protein determines which antigen a B cell will respond to
43
TCR determination
TCR protein determination the antigen specifity of T cell
44
B lymphocyte
B lymphocyte= B cell
| differentiates into plasma cell
45
of MHC proteins/adaptive immune response
2 MHC proteins are involved with this response
46
Antigen presenting cells in Th lymphocytes
These presenting cells place the epitope on the MHC II
47
What cells are likely to produce granzyme/perforin?
NK cells and macrophages-Innate defense
| Tc-Adaptive defense
48
What lymphocyte has CD4? CD8
CD4- Th or T helper lymphocyte
| CD8- Tc or cytotoxic lymphocyte
49
Cells that Th cells help?
Th signals B lymphocytes for T dependent antigens
Th signals Tc lymphocytes
Th signals NK cells and macrophages via gamma interferon
50
What cells have TCR and CD4? TCR and CD8
TCR and CD4- Th lymphocytes
| TCR and CD8- Tc lymphocytes
51
What lymphocyte responds to antigen on MHC proteins?
MHC I- Th lymphocyte
| MHC II- Tc lymphocyte
52
Role of Th for B cell induction?
B lymphocytes present antigen to Th and in turn receive signal from Th to switch class type. After Th are activated they can signal Tc to fully activate and go kill target cells
53
T independent/dependent antigens
T Independent antigens are repetitive and the B cell doesnn't need the T cell help
T dependent antigens are more unique and B cell does need T cell help
T independent antigens don't develop memory of B cells, T DEPENDENT DO!
54
Artificial immunity
Human intervention to induce an adaptive response
| passive- short term (6 months), vaccination 3-10 years
55
Natural Immunity
Without human intervention
passive- lasts 6 months
active- lasts for years
56
Measels vaccine
Attenuated and live vaccine
57
Influenza vaccine
Killed and inactivated vaccine
58
Diptheria vaccine
Toxoid
59
hepatitis B vaccine
Component (protein from virus)
60
Tetanus vaccine
Toxoid
61
Component capsule
Component capsular polysaccharide is used for strepto pneumonia
62
What Ig for type 1 HS
IgE
63
Characteristic associated with the antigen in type II HS
The antigen is a cell
64
Characteristic with type III
The antigen is soluble
65
Accessory molecules need to initiate type II HS
Complement, neutrophils are in all cells
66
What immune HS are affected by complement activation?
```
Type II (cytotoxic)
Type III (immune response)
```
67
What type of immune HS uses Th and Tc
IV cell mediate/delayed type
68
which immune HS occurse the most rapidly?
I allergy/anaphylaxis
69
Passive immunity
passage of antibodies from an immune individual to a non-immune individual.
lasts 6 months
70
Active immunity
Individual is exposed to an antigen and mounts a T cell or B cell response
last for years
71
Herd immunity
One un-immune individual is protected because the population that he is surrounded by IS immune
72
3 different vaccines
Attenuated-live organism
Inactivated-killed, whole organisms
Components or products-toxoids, cell material of capsules and proteins
73
What immunity is the transfer of Ig from one person to another
Passive immunity
74
What vaccines should never be given to immunoconprimised people
Attenuated vaccines
75
Killed vaccine examples
Polio, Pertusis, Influenza
76
Live vaccine examples
BCG for TB, measels, mumps, shingles/chicken pox
77
Rubella
Is an example of an attenuated, live vaccine
78
Major effects of Compliment
Lysis of bacteria bound to terminal pathway
Opsonization (helping phagocytosis), stimulate inflamation which stimulates chemotaxis of WBC (complement clevage component)
79
Activation defense
An inactive protein or cell is modified to make it active
| ex: complement
80
Induction defense
Protein was not there before but a cell has been modified to produce it.
ex: interferon
81
Stages of phagocytosis (4 of them)
1. Adherence- phagocyte binds microbe to plasma membrane
2. Ingestion- Phagocyte internalizes the microbe in a phagosome.
3. Digestion- lysozome fuses with phagosome and enzyme degrades peptidoglycan
4. Elimination- digested molecules are removed (exocytosis)
82
Phagolysozome?
When a phagosome and lysozome join they create a vaccuole called this.
83
Opsonins
Enhance ability of the phagocyte to bind to the microbe.
Innate defense- complement clevage component
Adaptive defense- IgG, IgA
84
NK Cells
Natural Killer cells produce perforin and granzymes which kill viraly infected cells
85
Swelling, Redness and Pain symptoms
Erythema- Redness
Edema- Swelling
Heat and Pain
86
Granulocytes functions
Phagocytosis by neutrophils
87
Degranulation
Releases inflammatory chemicals by basophils and eosinophils
ex: histamine
88
Innate response
Innate response is the same each time, lasts for a short time period, is a pattern and not specific
89
Adaptive response
Adaptive response must be induced and increases with exposure to the pathogen (antigen). long lasting, highly specific
90
Cytokine
This is a protein that acts to signal between cells
91
Secondary adaptive response
Occurs faster and there is more of it then the primary response
92
Infections that antibody mediated immunity is best for?
xtracellular bacterial infections and their exotoxins
93
Proteins that include antibodies
Ig
94
What is a reservoir?
An organism or place where a pathogen can normally be found
95
Types of reservoirs
living-human
living-non human animal
nonliving-soil and water
96
What is a nosocominal infection
These infections are acquired in hospitals/health care settings
97
Sources of nosocominal infections
Exogenous- (microbes at the place)
Endogenous- (microbes in patient who gets infection)
Iatrogenic- In staff of health care settings
98
Endemic disease
Normal incidence for a disease
99
Epidemic
Sudden increase above normal for a disease over background levels
100
Incidence
of new cases of a disease in a population per unit of time
101
Occurence
Keeps track of new and on-going cases of a disease in a population per unit of time
102
Latent disease examples
Shingles/chicken pox, HIV sometimes
103
What defense does the skin provide?
Physical barrier
104
Physical Innate defense
Barriers
Flushing
Fever
105
Chemical Innate Defenses
Clotting factors
Complement
Anti-microbial peptides and enzymes
Interferon
106
Cellular Innate defenses
Tissue phagocytes
| WBC (not lymphocytes though)
107
Anti-microbial defenses do?
These form pores in bacterial membranes
108
Anti-microbial lysozomes do?
These degrade the peptidoglycan
109
Alpha/Beta Interferon
These are chemical innate defenses, the pathogens are the viral type
110
Interferon?
Indirect, they stimulate neighboring cells to stop protein synthesis, this makes the cell not able to make the virus
111
Complement?
This is a group of proteins found in blood plasma, they lead to lysis of attacked bacteria
112
3 Activation pathways
Classical- Uses antibodies (IgM, IgG) to start
Lectin pathway- sugar on bacteria to start
Alternate of properdin pathway- Involves spontaneous initiation (which is more of amplification)
113
Primary and Secondary Immunodeficiency
Primary is inherited
| Secondary is acquired and you can recover from it
114
Waste water has a high or low BOD?
HIGH
115
Purpose of waste water treatment?
Lower the BOD
116
4 stages of waste water treatment
Primary stage- removal of solids, lower BOD 25%
Secondary stage- lower the BOD 75%
Tertiary stage- disinfect the effluent before discharge
Sludge- reduce volume anaerobically
117
Steps for municipal potable water
Sedimentation
Flocculation
Filtration
Disinfection
118
Drinnking/Tap water treatments
Drinking water is treated to prevent disease spread
| Tap water is treated with chlorine, ozone light, or UV light
119
Example of Type II HS
Blood transfusions reactions, hemolytic anemia of the newborn (RH incompatability between mom) (RH-) and baby (RH+)
120
Multiple Sclerosis
Autoimmune disease, Tc are attacking the myelin sheath of ones own nervevs
121
Graves disease
Type II HS. antibodies binding to the cells of the thyroid
122
What autoimmunity involves antibody against self DNA and self protein?
Systemic lupus erythomatous, most just use systemic lupus
123
Which immune HS is associated with contact dermmatitis?
Type IV
124
Time for a IV immune response to manifest?
48 hours
125
Immediately released vasoactive molecule in allergy reactions?
Histamine
126
Molecules that must be synthesized before it is released in an allergy reaction?
Leukotriene
127
Accessory cells in allergy reactions?
Basophils and mast cells
128
What cells bind IgE?
Mast cells and Basophils
129
Systemic type I HS is called?
Anaphylaxis
130
Times for onset of HS
Type I HS- 30 mins
Type II HS- 6-8 hrs
Type III HS- 6-8 hrs
Type IV HS- 48 hrs
131
Infections with a B cell deficiency
B cell- Extracellular bacterial infections
| Tcell- Viral/fungal/intracellular bacterial infections
132
Lack of thymus does?
Lack of a thymus would make a person deficient in T lymphocytes
133
3 causes of acquired immunodeficiency
1. drugs
2. irradiation
3. certain viral infections (HIV)
134
Primary host cell for HIV
CD4 and cells also known as T helper lymphocytes
135
Why is HIV latent?
Because it can remain hidden for long periods of time.
