Final Exam Flashcards
(39 cards)
1
Q
Mithridates VI
A
DATE: 132-63
Mithras: God of Death/Ressurection
“Poison King”
A. King of Pontus surprise attack
B. Rebellion of Eastern Empire (80,000 Roman Dead)
microdoses posion to build a tolerance
- paranoid someone will try to kill him
- Eventually commits suicide
2
Q
Lucius Cornelius Sulla
A
DATE: c. 138 - 78
- Put down Rebellion against Mithradates –> made example of two cities Cornith and Athens
- Outlawed by Senate –> Too powerful –> Rome does not like dicators
- First Self Appointed Dicator
- Public Works Project
- Regulated Grain
- Retire in 79 BC
Triumph:
- Sulla fights “total war” against a handful of Greek Cities
- Rebellion is stopped; becomes millionarie (allegations of bribery by Mithradates)
- Gives himself little bits of poison
Dictatorship
- Public works projects; regulation of grain
- Colonization of his troops; retires from office in 79 BC
- Battle for control of Empire by Rival “strong men”
- Write laws, and reform/fix the republic
- De Facto end of republic
3
Q
Praetorian Guard
A
- Augustus Caesar dictatorship (30 BC)
- Military Reforms: Legions and the Auxililaries
- Desired military reform
- Established, bodyguard for the emperor - 5,000 men under arms for this position
- Everyone wanted to be in this position, pays well, 15 years of service
- Lives in military barracks within walking distance of the emperor
4
Q
First Triumvirate
A
DATE: 60/59 BC
- Pompey: Defeated Pirates, Conquest of Judea –> tries to outlaw Caesar (2nd Civil War) –> Fled to Greece –> Battle of Pharsulus (48BC), had more men than Caesar but Caesar was general -> Fled to Alexandria to his Ally Ptolemy –> Died
- Crassus: Defeated Spartacus –> Battle Carrhae (Parthia), 3 legions (DEAD, Betrayed by scout) died with son, Lost ROMAN FLAGS
- Julius Caeser: Public Speaker in Rome –> Conquest of Gallia/Germania (47,000 troops), not enough manpower, gaining popularity= Conquering, memiors, tried to be outlawed by Pompey –> Beat Pompey in the Battle of Pharsulius
5
Q
Marcus Licinius Crassus
A
DATE: 112-53 BC
Defeat of slave rebellion of Spartacus (73BC)
Slum award
- Given a command to wage war in Parthia
- Battle of Carrhae (53BC)
- 3 legions are annihilated
- Crassus and his son are killed –> scandel
- Battle flag taken
6
Q
Spartacus War
A
Date: 73-71 BC
- Slave Market – Capua
- On Death row: Spartcus
- 60/70 thousand men –> by the time rome heard about (up and down the countryside
- Spartcus Army: Diverse – Greeks, Romans
- Half of the army went north => killed by Crassus
- Other half went to south –> traped in the boot of italy –> killed by Crassus
- Cruxified
- Impressive b/c rome was scared of slaves and helped crassus gain popularity within the triumvirate
- 1st Triumvirate: 60/59 BC
7
Q
Pompey the Great
A
DATE: 106-48 BC
The defeat of pirates;
the suicide of Mithradates VI and annexation of Pontaus;
conquest of Judaea (67-62 BC) = millions of dollars in the treasury of Rome
hated Crassus
wanted to be the next Sulla,
5 years of power
40 days to defeat two pirates
added new territory to Rome, wanted to catch Mithradates
force the Jewish people. – proconsular imperium
- Battle of Pharsalus (48 BC)
A. Defeated Pompey (had more army).
and flight to Alexandria (where he was murdered)
8
Q
The Ides of March
A
DATE: March 15th 44 BC
Meaning: Middle of the Month
KILLING of CAESAR
- 23 stab wounds
- Neck wound was what killed him
- Marcus Brutuus (wife had affiar with Caesar)
- “You too son” => Caesar said to Brutius
- Caesar trying to cover his head==> not being humiliated
- 12 people stab him
- 60 People in the Senate
- Says Sic Semper Tryannus
- Becomes a Maryter – Mark Antony
9
Q
Dictator Perpetuo
A
Date: 44 BC
- Julius Caesar defeated Pompey the Greay during the Battle of Pharsalus in 48 BC
- This led to the death of Pompey in Alexandria
- The meeting of cleopatra and Julius
- Julius bringining her back to Rome, adopting of Egyptian calendar/ record keeping, too cocky
- this phrase was ona coin with his profile with laurel wreath => meaning dicator forever
- Conspiracy – Senators led this conspiracy – 12 people stabbed him – 23 stab wounds on Julius Caesar
- 60-70 senators
- Led to the assassination of Julius Caesar
10
Q
Second Triumvirate
A
DATE: 43- 33 BC
- Mark Antony -> Goes to Egypt –> Marriage to the siste Octavar, had affair with Cleopatra (Looking to attack both Antony and Cleopatra –> Claimed that Cleopatra had said her kids would rule –> declared war on Cleopatra (Battle of Actium -30 BC)
- Marcus Lepidus -> EXILED
- Octavius Caesar
Cleopatra –> women couldn’t be included
Goals of the Second Triumvirate
- Power
- Put down the conscipors
Lepidus accused of crimes that he does not comitt –> putting on trial by Anthony and Octavius Caeser –> Chose to be exiled
11
Q
Cleopatra VII
A
DATE: 69-30 BC
- Married to Ptolemy –> NOT HAPPY –> Arranged –> Ptolemy wanted Cleopatra to die
- Alliance with Julius Caesar –> Kill the Ptolemy –> Became wife of Julius Caesar –> Back to Rome
- Strange why: both married to different people, lived in different house (Cleopatra)–> Bragging about Pompey death, all of his conquering (dislike bragging)
12
Q
Cornelius Tactius
A
DATE: 55 - 117 AD
- Wrote the Annuls of Imperial Rome
- 115-117 –> Annuls of Imperial Rome –> Judio Claudian Dynasty
- Two keys to having power: 1. Bread and Circus (Feed and entertaining the people) 2. The seduction or support of the military
- Augustus came into power by the support of military, only stayed because of bread and cirucus + Support of military
13
Q
Res Gestae Divi Augusti
A
DATE: 14 AD
- Means deeds that were done God like Augustus
- Assisantion of Julius Caeser –> Autobiography
- First Line: When I was 19 years old I saved the Republic
- Talks about going to back to private life –> senate made him take all the power
- Autobioraphy: achievements, 30 pages, convincing people need a one man rule
- Posted in rome around empire
14
Q
Principate (Princips)
A
DATE: 27 BC-284 AD
- Meaning: one man rule
- Backing of the legions –> imposes the rule of Princips (The first ciizten of Rome)
- Rule of life: Ruling forever or how long he wants to rule
- Not a dictator–> wants to be with the people
- Theme of Augustus Caeser: Does what he tries to do –> Manupliates
- Gets rid of hundreds of senate
- Meets with the senate regulary –> makes them think they have power but truly to make sure they do what he wants
- Sentate: Freedom of speech – to scared of his power to say anything
- Before the august: Senate controlled foregin policy
- After Augustus: worked with the senate and had power over everything
15
Q
Virgil
A
DATE:70 - 19 BC
- Important poets rome produced
- Wrote the aeneid –> sequel to the Iliad
- Promotes the regime of Augustus Caeser/ Principate
- Prophezises a time and propersity under a one man rule
Aenied
- Written by Virgil - Sequel to Illiad - Rise of Power for Augustus/History of Rome - Death of Virigil -- asked to burn if not finished --> Augustus did not burn it he published
16
Q
Tiberius Caesar
A
DATE: 14-37 AD
A. Adopted by Augustus (Liva)
B. Married to someone else until Augustus makes him marry Julia
C. Tiberius was not a good emperor and did NOT want to be a Emperor
D. Tiberius was a drunk and depressed
E. Tiberius did have the support of the miliary BUT NOT Circus and Bread
F. Aelius head of pratreorian gurad =>
G. Coup was the last five years of Tiberius reign
H. Died of old age
I. Adopted nephew –> Gaius Coligia (Death is very important – way how he died is improtant
17
Q
Gaius Caligula
A
DATE: 37 - 41 AD
- Adopted Nephew of Tiberius
- NO marketable skills
- EVIL
- Nickname: Bootsy
- Named his horse consul
- Crazy – Cruel
- Had split brain
- Married his sister
- Cruel to his bodyguard
- Death: bodyguard stabbed in his genetial and neck
DEATH
- Body Guards –> treated horrible by Caligula
- Passwords insulted the Body Guards
- Only handful knew about killing Caligula
- Greek Actors wanted to put on a play for Caligula –> down a hallway –> Shut both doors and surrouned them
- Death: first stab in neck and jump up, stabbed in gential area 7 times –> slaughtered
- Senators wanted to go back republic
- Senators and Body Guards stabbed Caligula about 70 times
- Uncle Claudius –>
hiding in a closet (scared) –>
next in line for the throne –>
missing a foot?
And maybe born of cerebral palsy (physically deformed) –>
in wealthy family and Caligula kept alive b/c mock and riduicle him –>
made him a laughing stock in front of the public
18
Q
Claudius
A
DATE: 41-54 AD
- The bodyguard made him became emperor
- (41 AD)
- Speech issues –> physically deformed
- Important Caesar –> why he was kept alive
- First emperor born outside of Rome
- Uncle of Caligula
- Death: at dinner possibly by his wife
19
Q
Nero
A
DATE: 54-68
- Rumor: Great Fire of Rome
- Comitted sucicde after losing the support of the miltiary and people of rome
20
Q
The “Year of Four Emperors”
A
DATE: 69 AD
- Tacitis => Think the four emperors are the worst thing
- Tacitis => The serect => The military make great Emperors
- EMPEROR => MILITARY MONARCHY
- Galba
- Otho
- Vitellius
- Vespasianus
21
Q
Flavius Vespasian
A
DATE: 69-79 AD
dated regin from being named in Syria,
first sucession between a father and son In history
- Mistress who was a free slave - Scandalized the roman aristrocacy
- He was the fourth emperor of Rome (year of fourth)
- Declared empeor in Syria
- Tactics: Vespasian dated his all documents from he accepted the title in Syria NOT in the Senate
- Great General and Great Emperor
- Lasted 10 years – great stablitiy and wealth
- Nero blamed for the fire - jewish rebellion
- Wining the jewish war
- Buliding the colsolleum
- War trophy
- Troops looed the temple
- Potter: Vespoan was a good politican
22
Q
Masada
A
DATE:73 AD
- By the Dead Sea
- Roman made an ramp with rubble
- 3 years in desert in hear 12th legion
- “Masada will never fall again” –> last line of the oath to be in the army
- Jews committed suicide avoiding capture by Rome
- 1960/1970 –> Archeologist found pottery of names
- Thousand Jews
- Flavius Silva –> Commander of the 12 legion of Rome
- Army of Jewish => Walk to top of Masada,
23
Q
Titus
A
DATE: 79-81
three years reign –> maybe posioned by his brother
24
Q
Domitian
A
DATE: 81 - 96 AD
- Challenged and undermined Senate and Republican Façade
- Divine, monarchic tilt
- Stalemate wars in Dacia (Illyricum)
- Assassinated in palace coup ( plot is hard to follow – Praetorians? Wife?)
- Legacy is tarnished by tyranny towards SPQR (revisionist defend)
- Was emperor during the destruction of Pompeii by natural disaster
25
Pompeii
DATE: 79 AD
- Destroyed by volcano but Preserved
- Most studied in archeology
- People went underground when the volcano erupted --> volcanic debris covered the bodies
- Head could exlplode with that amount of heat
- Garum (dead fish sauce) (number one industry that paid for murals = $
26
Trajan
DATE: 98-117 AD
27
Hadrian
DATE: 117 AD
28
Marcus Aurelius
DATE: 161-180 AD
29
1. How did Augustus Caesar's reign inaugurate a new era in not only Roman history but also in Western Civilization?
2. Discuss the key elements of his principate and its relationship to what he called Pax Romana.
3. Why was the Roman World so ready and wiling to accept one - man rule for life?
4. How did the Julio-Claudian dynasty as whole succeed or fail to live up to Augustus's ideals
One Man Rule:
- 3 civil wars:
a. Sulla (first self-appointed Dictator) vs Senate (84-83): Senate outlawed Sulla- Too much power.
b. Caesar vs Pompey (c.48 BC): Sulla retired the first triumvirate formed (PCC) --> Crassus died in Parthia --> Pompey and Caesar were at war - Caesar conquered Gaul and Germania-- Outlawed Caesar -> Battle of Pharsalus
c. Mark Antony vs Augustus: Second Triumvirate (43-33 BC) --> Lepidus (Exiled) -> Alexandria with Cleopatria --> Betraying wife Octava --. Augustus tricked Antony to marrying known he cheating --> Battle of Actium (30 BC) --> Antony and Cleopatra die
READY: any means of stopping these violent wars even if it was under a dictators
Key Elements of Pax Romana/ Principate
- Meaning: One man Rule
- started with him working with the Senate (clean it out)
- Allowed the Senate to criticize Augustus
- Senate held power while controlling everything from behind the scenes --> led to the control of the military and religion and Politics
- Reformed legions, created Praetorian Guard and made the Auxiliares.
- Reform of legions: was voluntary and 20 years
- Reform of Praetorian: best position, bodyguard, 15 years
- German Mercenaries: Paid Solider- for land, money, and citizenship
- Religion and Politics: Pax Romana (Peace 200 years)
a. art form of propaganda --> Princips
b. Autobiography: Res Gestae Divi Augustae
c. All this for the pave the away for his adopted son Tiberius Caesar
Augustus Reign
- Using Propaganda and reforming the military
- Believed the Romans needed one-man rule
- Wanted the Roman Remeber: the republic caused the three civil wars
- Built the city from bricks and Mud
- Autobiography
- Started the dynasty
Judilo-Claudian Dynasty (Failure/Sucess)
- Julius -> only military, no faith of the people, too powerful (FAILED)
- Augustus -> had bread and circus, power with senate, propaganda (SUCESS)
- Tiberius -> didn't have the people or military left a lot - Shared power with the military leaders --> stopped a coup (SEMI SUCESS)
- Caligula -> no military experience, VERY cruel to bodyguards but he was young and likable, killed by a bodyguard. (FAIL)
- Claudius -> Deformed, speech issue, first emperor outside of Rome, created jobs and had good rules, had the people and he conquered Britain, good relations with Senate, didn't handle power well (SUCESS)
- Nero -> Step son of Claudius, crazy, Comitted Sucidie, Blamed for great fire of Rome (FAIL)
30
Battle of Pharsalus
DATE: 48 BC
A. Defeated Pompey (had more army). and flight to Alexandria (where he was murdered)
- Caesar's alliancce in Ptolemaic Egypt; Cleopatra VII (69-30 BC); son, Ptolemy Caeser XV
- Caesar Returns to Rome with Cleopatra VII as his concubine
31
Battle of Actium
DATE: 30 B C
- Part of Romans/Mercenaries --> Anthony's Army
- Cleopatra was foreign women --> myth of how she died, strangled or octavian killed her or sucidie
- Octavius was sleeping throughout the war --> fabricated his image
- Cleopatra flees to Alexandria -->
Anthony follows leaving his army -->
Falling on his own sword Anthony thinking Cleopatra was dead (take hours to kill himself -> hit his ribs)
32
Pantheon
DATE:
118-125 ADOnly structure remaining from the time of Augustus Caesar Today
- Trophy for Roman Victory over Cleopatra
Temple to "all gods"
Now a Roman Catholic Church
33
Ara Pacis Augustae
DATE: 13 BC
unearthed in the 1920s --
Pagan altar of sacrifice
Augustus
- General
- God
Altar for Augustus
- Represent how he controlled the people
Tactis:
- Bread and Circus (People and Military)
How Augustus Controlled Rome
- Religion and Poltics -> Propaganda
- Autobiography --> Propaganda
Represents the control using religion and propaganda
34
Julius Caesar
DATE: 100- 44 BC
Public Speaker in Rome -->
Conquest of Gallia/Germania (47,000 troops),
not enough manpower,
gaining popularity= Conquering,
Wrote memoirs: Civil War and War on Gaul
tried to be outlawed by Pompey -->
Beat Pompey in the Battle of Pharsulius
35
Gaius Suetonius
- Born in N. Africa (Algeria), son of Roman Offical
- Served as imperial secretary to Trajan (98-117) and Hadrian (117-138); dismissed for misconduct with empress (Sabina)
- Had access to now-lost primary sources in Imperial Library
DATE: 169 AD
Wrote the 12 lives of caesar
Sic Semper Tyrannus
LIVED AFTER CAESAR
36
Pax Romana
DATE:27-180 BC
Peace of Rome
37
Mark Antony
DATE: 83-30 BC
Goes to Egypt -->
Marriage to the sister Octav
had affair with Cleopatra (Looking to attack both Antony and Cleopatra -->
Claimed that Cleopatra had said her kids would rule -->
declared war on Cleopatra (Battle of Actium -30 BC)
38
Battle of Carrhae
DATE: 53 BC
BEFORE : first triumvirate, Marcus Crassus had defeated spartacus rebellion 71BC
A large slave rebellion in Capua, spartacus was a gladiator slave, had 60-70,000 slaves with him by the time the Roman senate sent Crassus to defeat it--- he did defeat it, killed Spartacus
DURING : Given a command to wage a war in Parthia
To conquer more territory in the East- was Persian empire, Tigris/Euphrates river, kingdom
3 legions, Crassus and his son are annihilated at the
Battle of Carrhae (53 BC)
Got to the middle east (modern day turkey), Battle of Carrhae was Parthians vs. Romans
Realize when they get there that they have no plan and don’t know where they are
Hired a scout- Parthian spy
Made them march in circles in the desert until they were exhausted, dehydrated, and starving
AFTER: lead to consulship of Pompey and Julius, were the only ones left-- eventual outlaw of Julius by Pompey as Julius had gained too much power in conquering germania and gaul at the same time--- leads into battle of pharsalus 48BC and pompey’s defeat
39
Discuss the inevitability of the collapse of the Roman Republic.
Why was the civilian government of the original Republic unable to survive Rome’s many wars of conquest?
Discuss and explain the sequence of events that led to both the de facto and de jure end of the Roman Republic (the end, as a “matter of fact,” and the “legal end” of Republican government).
Collapse of Roman Empire
- De facto => Sulla (Self Appointed Dictator)
- De Jure => Augustus Caesar
Roman Republic
- 2 Consuls
- Senate
- Dicator
Why was civilian government of the original Republic unable to survive Rome's many wars of conquest
- The republic was incosisent and not reliable during the times of war, which lead to the violece during the punic wars --- Dicusss the consuls, the senate and th election of dictators
- Then introduce the idea of de facto and de jure end of republic
De facto end -- this happened with Lucius Cornelius Sulla in 83 BC and brough the defacto end of the republic as he became the first self appointed dicator of Rome
- Civil War between Sulla and Mithradates VI: Mithradates started a rebellion in the eastern half of the Roman empire, the Roman senate sent Lucius C. Sulla to put down the rebellion (87-85 BC)
- Chose Athens and Cornith to make examples ---- brutally put down the rebellion in these cities - using total warfare
- Senate outlaws Sulla (Senate is scared of men who are too powerful -- Sulla marches on Rome and becomes first self appointed dicator from 83-79 BC
A. Grain distribution
B. Fixed civilans lives
C. Retires in 79 and no plan for the next government
- Leads into the first triumvirate and the eventual dictatorship of Julius Caesar
De Jure end of republic 83 BC ---- following the death of Julius Caesar, there came about the second triumvirate (antony, octavian, lepidus) and the eventual defeat of Antony by Octavian -- octavian then takes up the role as dictator and this is the de jure end of republic
- Senate under Augustus: got rid of hundreds of senators, replaced them with the ones that he knew would agree with him most/were most intimidated by him -- met with the senate regulary, allowed them the freedom to critize him
- Before Augustus: the senate regulated foregin affairs -- under augustus they had control of all things in the roman empire -- this allowed augustus to then control all things
- Consul: Princips -- Consuls were elected for one year, there was always two (ex: Pompey and Julius Caesar)
- August became princips -- first citizen and principate -- one man rule
- Lifetime position this was his title as a way to get roman people
Dicuss and explain: Events leading to the De facto and De jure end of republic
- Defacto: Sulla
- De Jure: Augustus/Octavius/ Octavianus
Civilan Government: kept consuls for two years and change of order, scared of men with too much power
