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CRJ 270 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Which of the following types of criminal intent is associated with the most severe punishment in the U.S. legal system?
A. purposive conduct with specific intent
B. conduct that is done knowingly
C. reckless conduct
D. negligent conduct
E. none of the above because it depends on the type of felony

A

A. purposive conduct with specific intent

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2
Q

Hyperlexis

A

excessive use of law

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3
Q

Hyperlexis is common under which condition?

A

weak informal social controls within a society

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4
Q

How would a legal definition of crime explain why smoking marijuana is illegal in all states but smoking cigarettes is legal for persons over 18 years old?

A

find answer (marked wrong) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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5
Q

Surveys indicate that Americans disagree on the rating of the seriousness of occupational crimes like employee theft and income tax evasion (T/F)

A

TRUE

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6
Q

The majority of money spent by local governments for criminal justice activities is in the area of

A

police protection

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7
Q

In contemporary American society, most politicians who accept bribes for political favors, inside traders on Wall Street, and corporate heads who fix prices on goods and services are most often perceived as

A

secret criminals

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8
Q

Legally, crime is defined as law-violating behavior that involves:

A

A physical act (actus reus), a mental state (mens rea), and concurrence (the union of the physical and mental elements).

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9
Q

When counting crime and compiling data, police departments use a ________ definition of crime.

A

legal

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10
Q

A normative definition of crime is most appropriate in describing the content of criminal laws in which of the following types of societies?
A. highly diversified, heterogeneous societies
B. most modern, industrial societies
C. most tribal or pre-industrial societies.
D. only a) and b) are true

A

C. most tribal or pre-industrial societies

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11
Q

According to Becker’s definition of crime, an example of a secret criminal would be:

A

A CEO engaging in illegal business practices or a politician taking a bribe

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12
Q

The majority of Americans will be a victim of a violent crime in their lifetime (T/F)

A

TRUE

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13
Q

Laws that focus on teen drinking, disorderly conduct, hate crimes, compulsory school attendance and similar problems demonstrate the concept of ____________

A

Social engeneering

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14
Q

Studies of differences in crime rates between U.S. and other countries are examining differences in the

A

epidemiology of crime

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15
Q

Epidemiology of Crime

A

social, spatial, and temporal distribution

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16
Q

In pre-industrial societies, crime is mostly discouraged by ___________, while in industrial, modern societies, crime is mostly discouraged by ____________.

A

informal social control, formal social control

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17
Q

Labeling theorists assume that acts like adultery, teenage drinking, and prostitution are inherently wrong. (T/F)

A

False

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18
Q

“Dead letter” laws are never enforced (T/F)

A

False

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19
Q

What is considered a “national disease” in contemporary American society?

A

hyperlexis

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20
Q

Normative definition of crime

A

Criminal behavior represents conduct that violates public standards of morality

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21
Q

What types of societies use normative definitions of crime?

A

small agrarian/tribal societies

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22
Q

Legal definition of crime

A

assumes that crime is a violation of legal rules

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23
Q

Labeling/Interactionist definition of crime

A

No behavior is inherently criminal, definitions of crime are socially constructed
-derives from conflict theory of social order

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24
Q

Conflict Theory of Social Order

A

Criminal law is an instrument used by the ruling class to to protect their interests

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25
Non-criminals
don't engage in law violating behavior
26
Falsely accused
don't engage in criminal behavior but are perceived to do so
27
Social Engeneering
Using criminal law to eliminate social problems and promote constructive social changes
28
Loony laws
city ordinances and state laws that are weird and outdated
29
How is social order maintained in pre-industrial societies?
using strict enforcement of of social norms/customs (informal social control) -collective responsibility for crime
30
Why is crime uncommon in pre-industrial societies? (3 reasons)
1. members have shared views 2. collective responsibility for crime 3. effectiveness of informal social control
31
Formal Social Control
threat and enforcement of laws
32
3 approaches for counting crime
1. use of official crime statistics 2. self-report studies 3. surveys of crime
33
UCR
- widely used source of crime data - based off police reports - voluntary program - covers 95% of police agencies - single best national estimate
34
Primary classifications in UCR
Part 1 offenses - violent crimes (murder, rape) | Part 2 offenses
35
What is the most common part 1 offense?
property crimes | -larceny theft
36
Most common violent crimes? (UCR)
aggravated assaults and robberies
37
Why is there a higher clearance rate for violent crimes?
1. police have greater pressure to solve homicides 2. most murders involve family members and are easier to solve 3. offenders are likely to report the crime themselves
38
Explanations for the rise in crime
1. theory of legitimized violence 2. a rise in juveline gang activity 3. increased availability in handguns 4. changes in age structure of crime prone age groups 5. changes in routine activity and lifestyle
39
What region of the country are crime rates higher? pg 29
Southern and Western states
40
Why is there a higher violence rate in the south?
southern cultural history of violence
41
What groups are more likely to be arrested for violent and property crimes?
Male african americans
42
Why do 18-24 year olds commit more crimes according to Adolphe Quetelet?
They are less constrained or freer to commit crime because they are too young to be constrained to establishing a new family and too old to be controlled by parents
43
Why are black people overrepresented as arrestees for violent crimes?
1. historical legacy of racial opression 2. violence is more commonly used among blacks as a method of dispute resolution bc alternatives to that are not readily available 3. police are involved in more patrol related activities in minority neighborhoods increasing chances of getting arrested
44
Problems with UCR data pg 32
1. crimes known to the police are not representative of all crimes 2. national coverage problems - only covers 95% of jurisdictions 3. non-uniform reporting of ucr data across jurisdictions
45
Self Reports are used for what crimes? 35
- drug and alcohol use - employee theft 3. domestic violence 4. income tax evasion 5. sex offending
46
NVCS Data
estimates of the prevalence of both personal and household victimization and the characteristics of these victims
47
DIFFERENCES IN Violent victimization rates pg 40
- higher for women than men in nearly everything except robbery - higher for blacks than whites - higher for hispanics than non hispanics - higher for ppl under 25 - higher for household income less than 15k - western states have higher rates of violent victimization - urban areas have higher rates - property victimization are higher for female-headed households
48
Major problems with NCVS
1. particular groups of people with high risk of personal victimization are not included (homeless) 2. changes in the wording of screening questions used to elicit info about victimization experiences have affected reportings 3. Crimes committed by family members are under-reported 4. under accounts repeated victimization
49
Triangulation (combines UCR, self-report, and victimization surveys)
1. crime is a common in American society 2. Crime is committed by all social classes, but the type of crime varies by social class 3. Males engage in crime more than females 4. U.S. crime rate has been more stable 5. Young people are most likely victims and offenders of predatory crimes 6. Police apprehend and clear by an arrest only a small portion of offenders
50
Etiology
biological, psychological, situational, sociological factors that lead to the onset of criminal behavior
51
Epidemology
social and spatial distribution
52
Classical School of Crime pg 53
- human behavior is produced by free will and rational choice - master of your own destiny - guided by the pursuit of pleasure - ultimate solution: design a system of swift and severer punishment that is of a sufficient magnitude to make crime an unattractive choice
53
Positive School of Crime
- criminal behavior is produced by determinants that were internal or external to the individual - deterministic view of human behavior
54
Radical/Conflict School of Crime
- study of crime focuses on the relationship between crime and the wider structure of society - crime is an inevitable consequence of the unequal distribution of power and wealth
55
Rational Choice Theory pg 57
1. All people have problems and the free will to seek illegal or legal solutions 2. Criminal solutions to these problems may be preferred because they require less effort, skill, and more immediate rewards 3. The choice of the criminal solution to a problem may be controlled by the threat of social reaction 4. The more swift and severe the punishment the more likely it will deter people 5. The most effective method of crime control is punishment that is of a sufficient magnitude too make crime an unattractive choice
56
Cesare Beccaria pg58
- Beccaria's model of justice involved a check and balance system that seperated law making and law interpreting - developed uniform scales of punishments and criminal acts
57
Neo-Classical Criminology
- recognizes that punishment should fit the crime | - allows for special circumstances
58
Major criticisms of classic criminology pg59
1. failure too recognize that there is some amount of determinism underlying crime 2. failure to recognize the possibility that committing crime can be a rational choice for those with limited economic ability
59
Cesare Lombroso
- influenced by charles darwin's ideas about the origin of humans - humans have physical characteristics that place them at the lower stage of evolutionary development (stigmata) - born criminal, insane criminal, criminaloid
60
Lombroso's 3 types of criminals | pg 62
- born criminal: exhibited traits and physical stigmata of the atravist - insane criminal: suffered from low intelligence and serious psychological problems - criminaloid: exhibited no physical stigmata but would engage in criminal behavior when sparked by situational events
61
Enrico Ferri Major Cotributions
- critique of free will | - scientific investigation of the interrelationship between social, economic, and political factors of crime
62
Ferri 3 major criminogenic (crime causing) factors pg 62
1. physical environment 2. anthropological attributes 3. social factors
63
Raffaele Garofalo
Best known for psychological degeneracy ; rejected free will and supported the position that crime can be understood only when it is studied by the scientific method - sources of crime are lower intellectual abilities and psychological degeneracy - supported the death penalty - views endorsed by Nazi Germany
64
Psysiogomists pg 67
claimed that much could be learned about one's risk of being a criminal by explaining their facial features faces don't lie -watch out for weak chins, shifty eyes, and beak like noses!!!! lol
65
body type theorists
established the basic idea that ones biological structure determines our behavior
66
Mesomorphic body
muscular, aggressive, bold
67
Endomorphic
soft, round
68
Ectomorphic
lean, fragile, small
69
Bio-chemical explanations of crime
- testosterone - serotonin/dopamine - diet - vitamin/mineral deficiencies - environmental factors such as lead poisioning
70
Biological Theories of Crime pg 70
explain criminal acts as physiological responses
71
Psychosis vs. Neurosis
- PSYCHOSIS: severe mental disease in which the individual suffers from a severe break with reality and may exhibit dangerous behavior (delusions, hallucinations, catatonic state) - NEUROSIS: less severe mental disease that includes persons with compulsive and obsessive behavior
72
Psychoanalytic Theory
- human personality consist of id,ego, superego - the differences in human behavior are due to the interplay of the id, ego, superego - criminal behavior is the expression of the id impulses - primary cause of crime = childhood experiences
73
Learning Theory pg 76
1. classical conditioning, operant conditioning, social learning
74
Social Learning Theory Bandrua pg76
all human behavior may be reinforced through rewards and punishments

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