Final Exam Flashcards
(46 cards)
first 3 first for elbow
Observation, Fracture Screen, AROM
in acute elbow presentation, what are you observing for (in the first 3 first)
Antalgia . . .
o Atrophy
o Bruises/Cuts
o Scars
o Swelling
o Observations unique to elbow
▪ Cubitus varum (Gunstock Elbow) / cubitus valgum
▪ Pronated/Supinated forearm . . .
in acute elbow, what are you doing in the fracture screen
Light palpation, Percussion*, Tuning fork*, U/S (moving towards elbow)
Humerus:
- Shaft of humerus
- Medial and lateral supracondylar ridges
- Medial and Lateral epicondyles*
Ulna:
- Ulnar styloid*
- Ulnar ridge*
- Olecranon Process*
Radius
- Radial styloid*
- Radial shaft
- Radial head*
and Torsion Test
in acute elbow, what do you do for torsion test?
Step 1-
- Pt seated/standing with elbow @ 90° (if possible)
- Pt keeps his/her elbow at their side
- Doc instructs patient to “meet” doc’s hand with their hand
- IR stress
- ER stress
Step 2-
- Doc instructs patient to “meet” doc’s handin handshake position
- Pronation stress
- Supination stress
AROM for elbow flexion / extension / pronation / supination
Flexion (150°)
Extension (0° to -5°)
Pronation (80°)
Supination (80°)
perform Elbow Valgus Stress Test
Elbow Valgus Stress Test
- At 0˚ elbow flexion
- At 20˚-30˚ elbow flexion
perform Moving Valgus Stress Test
- Patient is supine or standing with the shoulder abducted to 90° and the elbow fully flexed.
- Doctor maintains a valgus stress to the elbow while quickly extending the elbow.
+ Reproduction of patient’s pain between 70°-120°, likely partial tear to medial collateral ligament
- Specificity 75%
- Sensitivity 100%
perform Elbow Varus Stress Test
- At 0˚ Elbow Flexion withforearm pronation
- At 20˚-30˚ elbow flexion, with forearm pronated
PE findings that if (+)ve suggest lateral epicondylitis / tennis elbow (4)
Palpation
- Thorough palpation of the common extensor bundle
- Also look at MFTPs that may refer to the lateral elbow
Cozen (Method 1)
Mill’s Test (Method 2)
Long Finger Test (Method 3)
perform Cozen’s Test (Method 1)
what muscle does this load primarily?
what is (+) sign?
- Examiner pulls towards wrist flexion, contacting radial side of hand
- Patient resists
This test primarily loads the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) whose contribution to the common extensor tendon is often inflamed in lateral tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis)
Alternate options include having the patient make a fist while loading as above and palpating over the common extensor tendon.
perform Mill’s test (Method 2)
what is (+) sign?
what does it mean?
This is a passive stretch test.
The patient is seated, the examiner fully extends and pronates the elbow while simultaneously flexing the wrist to stretch the common extensor tendon.
(+)ve Pain at lateral condyle = lateral epicondylitis.
↓ROM… arthritis, capsularadhesion or tendon contracture
This test also compresses the radial nerve, causing similar symptoms to tennis elbow. Electrodiagnostic studies can differentiate the two conditions.
perform Long (middle) Finger Test (Method 3)
what is (+) sign?
Support patient’s forearm
Press down on middle finger, while patient resists flexion
(+)ve Pain at lateral epicondyle
peform bible/heavy book test
DDX if (+)ve sign is at lateral vs medial epicondyle?
Lifting a heavy book with the affected arm may reproduce lateral or medial epicondyle pain
+ Pain at lateral epicondyle = Lateral Epicondylitis
+ Pain at medial epicondyle = Medial Epicondylitis
PE exams that suggest medial epicondylitis / golfers elbow
Palpation
Reverse Cozen’sTest
Reverse Mill’s Test
Book/Bible Test
perform Reverse Cozen’s
what is (+)ve sign?
Muscle testing wrist flexors (with ulnar deviation)
+ Pain at medial epicondyle
perform Reverse Mill’s
what is (+)ve sign?
what does it suggest?
Support elbow, extend supinated wrist passively
(+)ve Pain at medial epicondyle
suggests medial epicondylitis
perform Pronator teres provocation
What is (+) ve sign?
Patient sits with elbow flexed to 90˚
The examiner strongly resists pronation as the elbow is extended.
Tingling or paresthesia in the forearm and hand = +
perform tinel’s on ulnar nerve
where is this location?
Location: cubital tunnel
Tapping the nerve at exposed sites may indicate nerve irritation/entrapment
- Use finger pads (in this area)
- Look for reproduction of symptoms (ulnar distribution)
perform Elbow Flexion / Hyperflexion Test
what is suggested if there are Ulnar Sx? Median Sx?
Elbow flexion, wrist extension
Overpressure
Stretches Ulnar, compression
Median at elbow
Ulnar Symptoms = Cubital tunnel
Median Symptoms = Pronator teres entrapment
perform tinel’s at the wrist
A) median nerve
B) ulnar nerve
Median: fingertips on carpal tunnel
Ulnar: fingertips on tunnel of guyon
olecronon bursitis can be cause by? (3)
Trauma, Infection, Pressure
first 3 first of the wrist and hand: what might you observe?
OBSERVATION:
o Swelling, Atrophy, Bruises, Cuts, Scars…
o Boutonniere Deformity (flexion at PIP and extension at DIP- extensor tendon rupture at PIP joint)
o Swan Neck Deformity (extension at PIP, flexion at DIP- associated with RA or volar PIP ligament lesion)
o Mallet Finger (hyperflexion at DIP – associated with ED rupture at DIP)
o Heberden’s Nodes (associated with OA)
o Buchard’s Nodes (associated with OA, RA)
o Bishop’s Hand (associated with median neuropathy)
o Madelung’s Deformity (anterior translation of wrist/hand –associated with volar growth plate issue)
o Dinner Fork Deformity (associated with Colle’s Fx)
Fx screen of wrist and hand - where will you palpate / percuss / fork?
Ulna (full length)
- Olecranon/ Ulnar ridge/Ulnar Styloid*
Radius (full length)
- Radial head/Radial shaft/Radial styloid*
Carpals
- Scaphoid* (M/C carpal Fx)
- Carpal rows*
Metacarpals and Phalanges
- 1st through 5th *
how do you perform torsion test on wrist and hand?
- Doctor instructs patient to “meet” doctor’s hand in handshake position
- Pronation stress
- Supination stress
