Final Exam Flashcards
(39 cards)
1
Q
“Fourer” Shiism
A
- Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya
- son of Ali
- Rebellion based in Kufa
- Movement died out
2
Q
“Fiver” Shiism
A
- Zayd ibn Ali
- Different from other types of Shiism in that they believe any descendent of Ali could be imam; Imamate only required piety and fight against injustice, no hidden imam
3
Q
“Sevener” Shia (Ismailis)
A
- Ismail
- Imam sometimes hidden, sometimes visible
- Imam mediates secret truth
- Spread by missionaries (“callers”)
4
Q
“Twelver” Shia (Imamis)
A
- Minor occultation: 11th imam had son who was hiding from Abbasids
- 12th imam in hiding
- Representatives speak on his behalf
- Greater occultation: 12th imam left because world was too wicked; will return one day with a sword
5
Q
Buyyids
A
- Shia, but maintain Abbasid caliphate
6
Q
Imami School of Law
A
- Imam serves as correct inerpreter of Qur’an and hadiths
- Gate of ijtihad never closed (we can no longer use reasoning to figure out sharia, we must look at legal tasks to make a decision)
7
Q
Wilayat al-faqih
A
- Idea that jurists have the right to rule (means Imami jurists can rule the state)
8
Q
Veneration of the Imams (in shiism)
A
- Fourteen pure ones
- Holy days focused on the birthdays and death anniversaries of the imams
9
Q
Ayyubids
A
- Descendants of Saladin
- Relied on Turkish slave-soldiers (Mamluks)
10
Q
Mamluk
A
- Based on the slave-military machine, foreign-born/origin
- Heirarchy centered on personal allegiance
- Iqta system
- Supported culture and arts
- Portrayed themselves as very religions
- Firmly sunni
11
Q
Byzantine empire to the 11th century
A
- Culturally Greek but considered themselves Roman
- Split with Western church
- Resurgent under Basil II
- Seljuk Turks were “game changers”
12
Q
The Rum Seljuks
A
- Little central control
- No established succession
- Continuation of nomadic ideals
- Sunni, but prone to sufism
13
Q
Changes in Anatolia
A
- Conversion to Islam: desire to avoid jizya, wanted to join on lucrative conquests, access to power
- Invasion of Mongols: destruction of traditional centers of Islamic civilization, flights of scholars west, politically destructive, Rum Seljuks destroyed
14
Q
Anatolian Principles
A
- Ottomans: given land for service to the Rum Seljuks, prime real estate for gazis, capable leaders, open to non-Muslim advisors, played enemies off each other, sought support from sufi orders
- Byzantium weak in 13th century
15
Q
Murat I
A
- Expansion under Murat I
- Anatolia: marriage and purchase to the borders of Karaman
- Serbia: vassalage and conquest
16
Q
Mehmet I
A
- Rebellion of Turkish nomads
17
Q
Murat II
A
- Hungarian resurgence
- Renewal of Bayezid’s policy of devshirme
- Equipped the janissaries with firearms
- Patronized the arts
18
Q
Bayezid
A
- Creation of bureaucracy, creation of new army (yeni ceri become janissaries, devshirme), change from outright conquest to vassalage
19
Q
Mehmet II
A
- Why conquer Constantinople? Economic prize, psychological prize, conditions were right, political and military implications
- Destruction of the Candarli Grand Vezirs (problems with Candarli: members of the ulama, held high positions in the early Ottoman state, sided with Turkish noblity against devshirme)
- Attempted to move further into Hungary
- Attempted conquest of Rome
- Reorganized Janissaries
20
Q
Selim I
A
- Chaladrian
- Savid
- Finished conquest of the Mamluks
21
Q
Suleyman the Magnificent
A
- Conquest of Hungary
- Conflict with Habsburgs
- Complete triumph of devshirme
- Rise of the harem (power emenated from closeness to the sultan)
- Kanuni (lawgiver): his vezirs and ulema wrote a great body of law, laws of state could infringe upon sharia, ulema co-opted by the state
22
Q
Success of the first 10 sultans
A
- The slow development of the empire (not rapid expansion, gave them opportunity to adapt)
- Administrative pragmatism
- Ability to adapt to new military environments
23
Q
Sources of sultan’s power/authority
A
- Theory and religion
- Kapi kullari/devshirme
- Control over Empire’s religions leaders
24
Q
Restrictions of the sultan’s powers
A
- Delegation and lack of information
- Islam
- Tradition
- Size of empire
25
Ottoman Governance: Palace
- Focus of government
- The harem
- Valide sultan
- Power determined by closeness to sultan
26
Ottoman Governance: Imperial Council
- Divan
| - Viziers and grand viziers
27
Ottoman Governance: Finances
- Timar
| - Tax farming
28
Ottoman Governance: Religious Establishment
- Seyhulislam (elder of Islam)
| - Controlled and organized the education system
29
Ottoman Governance: Bureaucracy
- Initially mostly Christian
- Essentially Muslim by the time of Suleyman
- Product of devshirme
30
Ottoman Governance: Military
- Most significant aspect of the government
- Turkish nomads (sometimes shock troops and sometimes raiders, settled in periphery regions)
- Janissaries (core of the army, product of devshirme, small in number but superior in weapons and training)
- The navy
31
The Millet System
- Millet = religious community
- Official millets: Greek Orthodox, Armenian Church
- De facto millets: Syrian Orthodox, Nestorians, Maronites
32
Silk Road
- Extremely profitable for empire
- Foreigners had to accept capitulations: foreign trader got guaranteed access to the market, in return received state protection, also recieved reduced customs duties, were dar al-sulh, and treated as separate millets
33
Shah Ismail
- Qizilbash
- Battle of Chaldiran
- Resutls of battle: Shah Ismail becomes disconnected from governing, Iran suffers territorial losses, shattered qizilbash’s belief that Ismail was simi-divine, viziers become powerful
34
Shah Tahmasp
- First ten years, Tahmasp was under the control of the qizilbash regents
- Importation of huge number of slaves from the Caucuses (ghulams)
- Fighting on two fronts
- Adaption of firearms
- Balancing acts (Turkic vs. Iranian, Radical vs. moderate shiism)
35
Shah Abbas I
- Break the qizilbash power
- Ended two-front war
- Struggled with Sufi brotherhood
- Counteract growing European power in the region
- Supported the arts
36
Safavid Society
- In theory, shah had unlimited power
- Tension between Iranian and Turkic populations
- Relatively meritocratic
- Local lords gradually replaced by royal intendent
37
Decline of the Safavids
- The personality/behavior of the shahs themselves following the death of Abbas
- The rise in importance of the religious classes
- The increasing influences of the harem and vizier
- The taking back of lands for the crown
38
Kapi kullari
- Slave civil service institution
39
Devshirme
Boys taken from their Christian families, who were then converted to Islam with the primary objective of selecting and training the ablest children for leadership positions, either as military leaders or as high administrators to serve the Empire
