Final Exam

Question 1

A method of penal control pioneered by Philadelphia’s Eastern State Penitentiary in which inmates were kept from seeing or talking to one another. This method is comparable to solitary confinement in modern prisons.

Answer 1

Separate-and-silent system

Question 2

A style of penal control pioneered by the Auburn System, in which inmates were allowed to eat and work together during the day but were forbidden to speak to each other and were locked alone in their cells at night.

Answer 2

Congregate-and-silent system

Question 3

A prison term that is determined by a parol board and does not state a specific period of time to be served or date of release.

Answer 3

Indeterminate Sentence

Question 4

An incarceration philosophy developed by Alexander Maconochie in which inmates earned the right to be released, as well as privileges, goods, and services.

Answer 4

Marks-of-commendation system

Question 5

A system in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in which companies and individuals could purchase the labor of prison inmates from state and county governments.

Answer 5

Convict Lease System

Question 6

Established within the Department of Justice in 1930, this federal agency manages and regulates all federal penal and correctional institutions.

Answer 6

Federal Bureau of Prisons

Question 7

A prison term that is determined by law and states a specific period of time to be served.

Answer 7

Determinate Sentence

Question 8

In reference to criminal justice, a term that describes state laws that require an offender’s third felony to be punishable by a severe sentence, including life imprisonment.

Answer 8

Three Strikes

Question 9

A method of control in which an offender is prevented from committing more crimes by either imprisonment or death.

Answer 9

Specific Deterrence

Question 10

A method of control in which the punishment of a single offender sets an example for the rest of society.

Answer 10

General Deterrence

Question 11

A philosophy that states that an offender who commits a heinous crime deserves death.

Answer 11

Just Deserts

Question 12

A style of control in which offenders are punished as severely as possible for a crime and in which rehabilitation is not attempted.

Answer 12

Retribution Model

Question 13

A closed environment in which every aspect, including the movement and behavior of the people within, is controlled and structured.

Answer 13

Total Institution

Question 14

Deprivation that define the punitive nature of imprisonment.

Answer 14

Pains of Imprisonment

Question 15

An extremely secure type of prison that strictly limits inmate contact with other inmates, correctional staff, and the outside world.

Answer 15

Supermax Prison

Question 16

A sociological term that describes how an individual’s actions are transmitted into group actions that can exceed what any of the individuals in the group intended.

Answer 16

Collective Behavior

Question 17

Groups established by women in prison to imitate familial roles in society.

Answer 17

Pseudofamilies

Question 18

Legislation that restricts litigation by prison inmates based on the conditions of their confinement.

Answer 18

Prison Litigation Reform Act

Question 19

The judicial attitude toward prisons before the 1960s in which courts did not become involved in prison affairs or inmate rights.

Answer 19

Hands-off Doctrine

Question 20

A secure facility that typically holds arrestees, criminal suspects, and inmates serving sentences less than a year.

Answer 20

Jail

Question 21

A form of corrections in which criminal offenders are managed in the community instead of in correctional facilities.

Answer 21

Community Correction

Question 22

Punishment that is considered to be deserved.

Answer 22

Retribution

Question 23

A perspective that considers recidivism to be a consequence, in part, of the negative labels applied to offenders.

Answer 23

Labeling Theory

Question 24

A phenomenon through which criminal justice programs pull more clients into the system than would otherwise be involved without the program.

Answer 24

Net-Widening

Question 25

The suspension of all or part of a sentence to certain conditions and supervision in the community.

Answer 25

Probation

Question 26

A compromise reached by the defendant, the defendant's attorney, and the prosecutor in which the defendant agrees to plead guilty or no contest in return for a reduction of the charges severity, dismissal of some charges, further information about the offense or about others involved in it, or the prosecutor's agreement to recommend a desired sentence.

Answer 26

Plea Bargain

Question 27

The report prepared by a probation officer to assist a judge in sentencing; also called a pre-sentence report.

Answer 27

Pre-sentence Investigation

Question 28

A form of probation supervision that is contracted to for-profit private agencies by the state.

Answer 28

Private Probation

Question 29

The conditional release of a prison inmate who has served part of a sentence and who remains under the court's control.

Answer 29

Parole

Question 30

The time deducted from an inmate's prison sentence for good behavior.

Answer 30

Good Time

Question 31

Time deducted from an inmate's sentence for doing something special or extra, such as getting a GED.

Answer 31

Meritorious Time

Question 32

A personal status that overwhelms all others.

Answer 32

Master Status

Question 33

A form of supervision that requires frequent meetings between the client and probation officer.

Answer 33

Intensive-Supervision Probations (ISP)

Question 34

The practice of sentencing offenders to prison, allowing them to serve a short time, and then granting them probation without their prior knowledge.

Answer 34

Shock Probation

Question 35

Continuing to break the criminal law and returning to the criminal justice system after being processed for past offenses.

Answer 35

Recidivism

Question 36

A person, usually under the age of 18, who is determined to have committed a criminal offense of status offense in states in which a minor is declared to lack responsibility and cannot be sentenced as an adult.

Answer 36

Juvenile Delinquent

Question 37

Latin for "father of the country", the philosophy that the government is the ultimate guardian of all children or disabled adults.

Answer 37

Parens Patriae

Question 38

A session that takes place without a jury before a judge or magistrate in which evidence and/or arguments are presented to determine some factual or legal issue.

Answer 38

Hearing

Question 39

Guarantees by the Fifth, Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendments that establish legal procedure that recognize the protection of an individual's life, liberty, and property.

Answer 39

Due-Process Rights

Question 40

An act that is considered a legal offense only when committed by a juvenile and that can be adjudicated only in a juvenile court.

Answer 40

Status Offense

Question 41

A perspective that considers recidivism to be a consequence, in part, of the negative labels applied to offenders.

Answer 41

Labeling Theory

Question 42

Similar to a "charge" in the adult system in which an authority, usually the police, parents, or the school, determines that a youth needs intervention from the juvenile court.

Answer 42

Referral

Question 43

When the parties to a lawsuit accept a judge's order that is based on an agreement made by them instead of continuing the case through a trial or hearing.

Answer 43

Consent Decree

Question 44

A period during which a juvenile is required to stay out of trouble or make restitution before a case is dropped.

Answer 44

Informal Probation

Question 45

The effort to deinstitutionalize delinquent and neglected children.

Answer 45

Diversion

Question 46

A phenomenon through which criminal justice programs pull more clients into the system than would otherwise be involved without the program.

Answer 46

Net-Widening

Question 47

The process in which a juvenile court determines whether the allegations in a petition are supported by evidence.

Answer 47

Adjudicatory Hearing

Question 48

A term describing the manner in which U.S. criminal trial courts operate; a system that requires two sides, a prosecution and a defense.

Answer 48

Adversarial Process

Question 49

A person who files a lawsuit; also called a plaintiff

Answer 49

Petitioner

Question 50

An order by a judge upon conviction or before a trial that sends a person to jail or prison. Also, a judge's order that sends a mentally unstable person to a mental institution.

Answer 50

Commitment

Question 51

The party who must reply to a petitioner's complaint. Equivalent to a defendant in a lawsuit.

Answer 51

Respondent

Question 52

Any sentence of a juvenile delinquent to a residential facility where the juvenile is closely monitored.

Answer 52

Residential placement

Question 53

A form of waiving a juvenile to criminal court in which a judge sent the juvenile to adult court.

Answer 53

Judicial Waiver

Question 54

Provisions that exclude, without hearing or waiver, juveniles who meet certain age, offense, or past-record criteria from the jurisdiction of the juvenile court.

Answer 54

Statutory Exclusion

Question 55

A form of waiving a juvenile to criminal court in which a prosecutor has the discretion to file charges in either juvenile or criminal court.

Answer 55

Direct Filing

Question 56

The rate of ex-offenders who commit new offenses and are returned to prison.

Answer 56

Recidivism Rate

Question 57

The policy of removing mentally ill people from public mental-health institutions and closing part or all of those institutions.

Answer 57

Deinstitutionalization

Question 58

The theft or taking of money or property by a person who is charged by an employer or other authority to be responsible for those assets.

Answer 58

Embezzlement

Question 59

The increased reliance on incarceration, surveillance, and law enforcement in the United States and its relationship to the establishment of for-profit incarceration and probation/parole services, and businesses that supply goods and services to prison and jails.

Answer 59

Prison-Industrial Complex

Question 60

Emendation of laws or statutes to lessen or remove penalties for specific acts subject to criminal prosecution, arrest, and imprisonment.

Answer 60

Decriminalization

Question 61

The total removal of legal prohibitions on specific acts that were perviously proscribed and punishable by law.

Answer 61

Legalization

Question 62

The use of information technology to analyze vast amounts of data to allow law enforcement to better target their resources toward potential crime.

Answer 62

Predictive Policing

Question 63

A law signed by President George W. Bush on October 26, 2001, in response to the terror attacks of September 11, 2001.

Answer 63

USA Patriot Act

Question 64

A law signed by President Obama in 2015 that reauthorized parts of the USA Patriot Act but limited the bulk collection of U.S. residents phone records and Internet data.

Answer 64

USA Freedom Act