Final Exam

Question 1

What are nutrients?

Answer 1

Ingested food
To provide energy (ATP)
To grow and develop

Like macronutrients and micronutrients

Question 2

What is metabolism?

Answer 2

Broking down molecules to release ATP (produces energy)

Question 3

What are macronutrients ? What is it’s function?

Answer 3

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins

Produce energy

Question 4

What are micronutrients? What is it’s function?

Answer 4

Vitamins D,A,K,Biotin,Folic acid
Minerals/Elements Na,CL,Ca,Po4, Fe,Mg,Mn
Not Used for Energy

Question 5

What is Glycogen?

Answer 5

Is a polysaccharide stored in liver

Question 6

Breakdown Lipolysis

Answer 6

Pyruvate gets converted in AcetylCoA and Excess glucose goes to glycogen

Triglycerides >glycerol >Pyruvate
Triglycerides > 3 fatty acids >beta oxidation > Excess AcetylCoA

Question 7

Protein Synthesis

Answer 7

Protein are broken down into amino acids

Can be Deaminated(removed NH3 combine with CO2 forms Urea)

Question 8

What happens when there is Excess of AcetylCoA

Answer 8

Keto genesis- acetylCoA in liver produce Ketone bodies

Question 9

Name the male reproduction system parts and functions

Answer 9

Scrotum- outer covering of testes
Testes- site of sperm production 
Epididymus- stores sperm cells
Vas deferens- long tube brings sperm to body
Urethra- carries both urine + semen
Penis - delivers sperm to female

Question 10

Where is testosterone produce?

What is Testosterone.

Answer 10

In the Testes by seminiferons tubules inside the interstitial cells produce Testosterone is the second male characteristics

Question 11

Parts of the Testes

Answer 11

Túnica Vaginalis- outer 2 layers continuos with peritoneum

Túnica Albiginia- fibrous capsule producing lobes

Question 12

Name the accessory organs to the male reproductive system

Answer 12

Seminal Vesicles- contains proteglandis

Prostate Gland- doughnuts shape, secretes citric acid and enzymes

Bulbourethral Gland- secretes semen

Question 13

Name the 3 parts of the Urethra?

Answer 13

Prostate Urethra- surrounds by prostate gland
Membranous Urethra- determines fluid release
Spongy Urethra- runs thru penis

Question 14

Describe Spermatogenesis

How does it start?

Answer 14

Starts in the testes with the production of sperm cells as spermatogonia than gets diploid divided by mitosis. 1 cell goes to Meiosis other keep producing sperm cells.
In meiosis spermatocytes at primary meiosis I produce a haploid secondary spermatocyte goes thru meiosis II to give Spermatid (stored in epididymis)goes thru a developmental process gets small and thinner. Grows a tail in spermatozoa a mature sperm cell. A mature sperm cell is a acrosome long flagella

Question 15

What is Nitricoxide?

Answer 15

A vasodilator

ex: viagra

Question 16

Purpose of the Male Reproductive System?
Primary sex organs?
Secondary sex organs?

Answer 16

Production of offspring Sperm cells (gametes) and secretion of hormones to support other functions
Primary sex organs: tested produce gametes
Secondary sex organs: ducts, tubes (Deliver of gametes)

Question 17

Name the parts of the Female reproductive System

Answer 17

Ovaries- gamete production (egg cells)
Fallopian Tubes- connects ovaries to uterus
Uterus- site of offspring development
Vagina- for intercourse

Question 18

What happens in ovaries?

What are the 2 important process?

Answer 18

Gamete production site to become a zygote
1. Oogenesis the development of the gametes
egg cell is undergoing Meiosis
2. Folliculogenesis development of follicle
The egg needs all the supporting cell

Question 19

What is FSH?

What is it’s function?

Answer 19

Follicle stimulating Hormone
Allows one of the primordial follicle to divide and mature

Release by Pituitary Hormone

Question 20

What is LH?

What is it’s function?

Answer 20

Lutenizing Hormone
Causes Follicle to rupture

Release by Pituitary Hormone

Question 21

Describe the steps of Oogoenesis

Answer 21

Start with Oogonia primordial 1 layer of follicle stimulated by FSH.
In Mitosis divided into multiple layers now a primary follicle becomes granulosum cells. Goes to Meiosis I now a secondary Follicle produce Zona Pellucida. Here Meiosis is arrest become Tertiary Follicle forming Antrum secrete fluids LH release the egg Here is Ovulation.
Egg cell goes to the Fallopian tube can get fertilize or not. If fertilize egg cell goes to Meiosis II and becomes a zygote. If not fertilize egg cell dies.

Question 22

What is the function of Estrogen and Progesterone

Answer 22

promoting the growth of the endometrium

Question 23

What happens in the Fallopian tube?

Answer 23

Fertilization takes place.
If fertilization does not happen the egg cell dies
If fertilization happens the egg cell continues with Meiosis II and becomes a Zygote

Question 24

What happens in the uterus.

What are the 3 layers of membranes?

Answer 24

Site of embryo development
Perimetrium- thin layer serious membrane
Myometrium- smooth muscle
Endometrium- inner lining

Question 25

Describe the 2 layers of the Endometrium in the uterine cycle

Answer 25

1. Stratum Functionalists- consistently growing and shed off in menstruation 2. Stratum Basalis- allows for renewal of functionalist

Question 26

Describe the vagina

Answer 26

Inner walls contains reggae folds to extend in case a baby needs to go through and retracts after birth For Intercourse

Question 27

3 stages of Hormone regulation

Answer 27

Follicular phase- secretes Estrogen Inhibit FSH to initiate follicle maturation in ovary Ovulation Phase- causes LH abs allow ovulation Lutheal Phase- release of Corpus Luteum Release Estrogen and Progesterone (last about 15 days)(FSH and LH will not start)

Question 28

4 Stages of development

Answer 28

Cleavage- rapid mitosis Gastrulation- form 3 germ layers Neurulation- development of nervous System Organogenesis- formation of organs, heart beat & limbs

Question 29

What is the 3 germ layers in Gastrulation? | Where we begging to call it an embryo

Answer 29

Ectoderm- outside skin Mesoderm- middle Endoderm- inside

Question 30

What are the 4 extra embryonic membranes in trophoblast?

Answer 30

1. Chorion- outer most layer fuse with endometrium becomes Placenta 2. Ammion- fluid sac around embryo 3. Yorlk sac 4. Allontis

Question 31

Positive Feed back theory

Answer 31

Oxytocin secretion | Stretches the uterine cervix increases action potential increasing contractions of the uterus for delivery of baby

Question 32

Mammary gland and Milk production

Answer 32

Produce colostrum first than produce milk. | Milk is Initiated by Prolactin

Question 33

Compare Spermatogenesis vs Oogenesis

Answer 33

Spermatogenesis- produce 4 gamete | Oogenesis- produce 1 gamete

Question 34

Why is female gamete production more intense than male gamete production.

Answer 34

Because the female gamete is going to become the zygote | And it has to have everything to support the development of the zygote

Question 35

What is the purpose of the placenta? | Where it came from? what is for?

Answer 35

Placenta develops in the uterus during pregnancy. | Provides oxygen and nutrients to support the developing embryo.