Final exam Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
Which Trypanosoma spp. have undulating membrane?
A
T. brucei brucei
T. congolense
T. vivax
2
Q
Which stages of Trypanosoma spp. have undulating membrane?
A
Trypomastigote
Epimastigote
3
Q
Which Trypanosoma stage is intracellular?
A
Amastigote
4
Q
Which stage of Trypanosoma development has a flagellum, but NOT an undulating membrane?
A
Promastigote
5
Q
Which stage of Trypanosoma does NOT have a flagellum?
A
Amastigote
6
Q
Which phenotype of trypanosomes has the kinetoplast anteriorly next to the nucleus, and is also provided with a short undulating membrane?
A
Epimastigote
7
Q
Which cells do Trypanosomes invade?
A
WBC’s
Macrophages
8
Q
Trypanosoma found in old and new world?
A
T. vivax
South America only
9
Q
For how long does Trypanosoma have…?
A
Many years
10
Q
Salivaria vs. Stercocaira; Which occurs in South America?
A
Both
Trypanosomes
11
Q
What is the size range of Trypanosomes?
A
10 - 40 um
12
Q
Name the cutaneous inflammation after an infection / infiltration with Trypanosoma
A
Chancre
13
Q
Nagana is caused by?
A
Trypanosoma vivax
T congolense
T. Bruce
14
Q
Which species are NOT affected by Nagana?
A
Wild animals (reservoir role)
Certain breeds of cattle
(Ru, Eq, Su, and Ca are affected)
15
Q
Which is the largest among the causative agents of Nagana?
A
T. brucei brucei
15-40 um
16
Q
Which is the largest Trypanosoma from the following:
A
T. brucei brucei
15-40 um
17
Q
Which Trypomastigote has a large undulating membrane?
A
Trypanosoma brucei brucei
18
Q
What is the most frequent cause of death in Nagana?
A
Congestive heart failure
19
Q
Which region of Africa has the acute, more rapid form of sleeping sickness (T. rhodensiense) occur?
A
Eastern
20
Q
What does Trypanosoma evansi cause?
A
Mal de caderas / Surra
21
Q
What is the causative agent of Surra (Mal de caderas)?
A
Trypanosoma evansi
22
Q
Which species are susceptible to Surra (Mal de Caderas)?
A
Broad host spectrum:
Horse, dog, camel, elephant, humans
23
Q
Which host has asymptomatic Trypanosoma evansi infection?
A
Cattle, water pig
24
Q
Surra is caused by which parasite?
A
Trypanosoma evansi
25
Surra is found where in the world?
North Africa
Asia
Central and South America
26
The vector of T. brucei plays a role as
| what type of vector?
Mechanical vector
27
Mal de Caderas symptoms:
Oedema of limbs
28
What does Trypanosoma cruzi cause?
Chaga's disease
29
The amastigote of Trypanosoma cruzi occurs where?
In mesenchymal cells
Amastigote (mesenchymal cells) --> Infected cells rupture, disintegrating amastigotes elicit an inflammatory response --> Epimastigote --> Tropomastigote (infect new cells and tissues (muscles, nerves))
30
How can dogs be infected with Trypanosoma cruzi?
Eating bugs
31
Which phenotype (developmental stage) is NOT characteristic of Trypanosoma cruzi?
Promastigote
Can see amastigote, epimastigote (in blood stream), and trypomastigote
32
What is NOT caused by Trypanosoma cruzi?
a. Fever
b. Neural signs
c. Megalomania
d. Oedema of face and trunk
c. Megalomania
33
Which has the biggest kinetoplast or soma of the 4 Trypanosoma?
a. T. evansi
b. T. brucei brucei
c. T. cruzi
d. vivax
c. T. cruzi
34
How can the kissing bug inoculate Trypanosoma cruzi in a host?
With their faeces
| scratched into bite wound
35
Trypanosoma brucei equiperdum causes?
Dourine
| Exanthema coitale paralyticum
36
Which Trypanosoma species causes asymptomatic infection in dogs?
T. eqiperdum
| Does not affect dogs
37
Which species does the causative agent of Dourine belong to?
T. brucei
38
In scientific terms, what is a dollar spot?
Uritricia
39
Which ocular problems does Dourine NOT cause?
Nystagmus (strabismus)
Lacrimation
Mydriasis
40
Dourine is caused by?
Trypanosoma brucei subsp. equiperdum
41
Dourine has been found where in the EU in the last 10 years?
Italy
42
What is the main sign seen towards the end of Dourine?
Paralysis, mainly in the hindlimbs
Genitals --> Skin --> Nerves
43
Geographical locations and symptoms following: Nagana
Central Africa, south of Sahara
Haemorrhages on mucosal surfaces
Inflammatory-necrotic changes
Death due to congestive heart failure
44
Geographical locations and symptoms following: Sleeping sickness
Africa
Leptomeningitis followed by cerebritis
45
Geographical locations and symptoms following: Surra / Mal de caderas
EU, North Africa, Asia, Central and South America
```
Oedema
Neurological signs (Horse)
Ocular signs (Dog)
```
46
Geographical locations and symptoms following: Chaga's disease
South and Central America
"Mega signs":
Cardiomegaly, mega-oesophagus, megacolon
47
Geographical locations and symptoms following: Dourine
Third world countries, Italy
"Dollar spots"
Genitals, Skin, nerves
48
Name two protozoans that can be seen with GIemsa staining
Theileria
Trypanosoma
49
What type of vector does SIlvaria-type Trypanosoma have?
Biological vector: Glossina spp. (Tsetse flies)
Mechanical vector: Stomoxys and Tabanus spp. (Blood-sucking flies)
50
Which phenotype / form is possible for the pathogenesis of Leishmania?
Amastigote
Amastigote in host: Intra-cellular in macrophages
Promastigote in sandfly vector
51
Leishmania developers from what form?
Amastigote
52
What is the incubation period of Leishmania?
Several years
After incubation period of 3 months to 7 years; Chronic outcome
53
What is the vector of Leishmaniosis?
Sandfly (Phlebotomus)
54
Sandflies can be the vector of the pathogens of which disease?
Leishmaniosis
55
How can the host be infected with Leishmania?
Female sandflies
Vector disease
Requires biting
56
Leishmania can be transmitted how?
Vector-borne (Sandfly)
| Transplacental
57
What is / are characteristics of pathogenesis of leishmaniosis?
MPS killing amastigotes
| Hyper-globilinaemia
58
What does the visceral form of Leishmania involve?
```
Distended intestines
Lymph nodes in spleen and liver enlarge
Fever
Anaemia, emaciation
Vomit, diarrhoea
Rhinitis, coughing
Melena
Conjunctiva problems
Hyperaemic spleen
PU / PD
```
59
What does the cutaneous form of Leishmania involve?
```
Hair loss
Hyper-keratosis
Desquamation
Seborrhoea
Small papules
Ulcers
Crusts
Excessively long claws (Onychogryphosis)
```
60
What is the cause of death in Leishmania?
Renal insufficiency / Failure
61
Which country LACKS autochthonous (indigenous, native) cases of Leishmaniosis?
Germany
62
What is the approximate size of a Giardia trophozoite?
10-17 um
63
What is the approximate size of a Giardia cyst?
10-20 um
64
How do humans get Giardia?
Swimming in, drinking, washing food, or washing surfaces with contaminated water
65
How do chickens get Giardia?
Infection per os by contaminated water
Water-borne infection
66
How does Giardia infect?
VIa contaminated water
67
Where can we find Giardia extra-intestinally?
Bile and pancreatic ducts; liver and pancreas
68
What is the location of Giardia cysts?
Environment (infective form)
69
What is the location of Giardia trophozoites?
Host (vegetative form)
In intestines, bile duct, and pancreatic duct
70
Which Giradia duodenalis occurs in dogs?
Genotypes A-D (out of A-G)
71
What is the difference between Trichomonas and Tritrichomonas?
Trichomonas:
4 flagella, occurs in birds
Tritrichomonas:
3 flagella, occurs in cattle
72
If the following condition is present, the animal is more susceptible to Trichomonas
Vitamin A deficiency
73
How do pigeons acquire Trichomonas?
Squabs:
Via ingesting regurgitated feed content
Adults:
Via kissing or from contaminated drinking water
74
What is the general feature of Trichomonas in pigeons?
Penguin-like posture
| Birds stand upright with head high and neck straight
75
What is the characteristic lesion in the hepatic form of pigeon Trichomonosis?
Pea-size necrosis
76
What is / are the worst consequences in Trichomonosis in cows?
Early abortion
(6-16th week via absorption or elimination)
Pyometra
(greyish-white, odourless fluid swarming with Trichomonas)
77
Age when bulls are susceptible to Trichomonas spp.
Above 3 years
78
How does Trichomonas gallinae reach the liver in birds?
From the navel
Hepatic form - Through navel of squabs and into the liver - Greyish-yellow, pea-sized, necrotic foci
79
Geographical region with Tritrichomonas problems?
Certain states of America
| e.g. Florida, Nevada, California, etc.
80
How does Tritrichomonas foetus live in the genital tract?
Epi-cellularly
81
What is the Latin name for "Blackhead disease"?
Histomonosis
82
What is the name of the disease that Hostomonas causes?
Blackhead disease
83
What can be a transport host for Histomonas meleagridis?
Heterakis
| roundworms, earthworms
84
What can be a predisposing factor for Histomonosis?
Turkeys kept together with chickens
| asymptomatic carriers, frequently Heterakis infected
85
Liver of Histomonas infection is pathologically seen as?
Dry cutsurface
Characteristic, greyish-yellow, circular, deep / sunken, necrotic foci 1-2cm or more in diameter.
The border of the lesion shows a sharp demarcation, and the dry cut surface shows concentric structures doe to expanding necrosis of the hepatocytes on the periphery.
Pathognomic lesions!!
86
What are the characteristics of Histomonosis disease in birds?
Cyanosis of the head (blueish colour)
Also weakness, dropping of wings, yellow diarrhoea, and death within few days
87
Which clinical sign is NOT characteristic of TURKEY Histomonosis?
Head cyanosis
NO cyanosis of head or wattles in turkey
88
What is the morphology (site, size, and form) of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites?
Site: In mucosa (10-20 um) and in tissues (20-50 um, magnaform).
Ring-like nucleus (4 nuclei), endosome (karyosome), RBC in cytoplasm, no mitochondria, pseudopodia for movement
89
What is the morphology (size and form) of Enamoeba histolytica cysts?
10-20 um, round (vs. Giardia, which is round!), 4 nuclei, bluntchromatidal bars.
90
Which of the following is / are characteristic of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites? (MCQ)
Eccentric endosome
Phagocytised RBCs
91
What can cause anasomia (loss of smell)?
Entamoeba histolytica
92
Which cells does Entamoeba attack?
RBCs
93
Where does the skin abscess of Entamoeba come from?
Abscesses in liver
Peritonitis, pleuritis (if access ruptures)
Skin: Erythema, alopecia, hyper keratosis (desquamation)
94
Characteristics of Acanthamoeba
Free living
Soil inhabitant
Opportunistic amoeba
95
Chronic granulomatous encephalitis is caused by?
Acanthamoeba castellani
96
What is chronic granulomatous encephalitis (GAE) in humans caused by?
Acanthamoeba castellani
97
How can dogs become infected with Acanthamoeba castellani?
From water contact is there are skin lesions
Opportunism if the dog has distemper
98
How can horses become infected with Acanthamoeba castellani?
Via inhalation or through skin lesions
99
What is the morphology of Naegleria?
10-12 um, rounded
Trophozoite:
<20 um with a single amoebosome
Biflagellar form:
Swim large distances in water
Cyst:
10-12 um, uni-nucleated, round, ostiolum (tiny opening for excystation)
100
What is the shape and size of Neagleria cyst?
10-12 um
Uni-nucleated
Round
Ostiolum
101
What is the form that Naegleria fowleri does NOT have?
Provided with one flagellum
| has biflagellar form
102
What is the acute primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) in humans caused by?
Naegleria fowleri
103
What disease does Naegleria fowleri cause?
Primary meningoencephalitis (PAM)
104
What can be seen in the case of infection with amoeba?
Large nucleus, large cyst
105
What is specific for opportunistic amoebas?
Big nucleus
106
True or false;
Schizogony occurs in gametogony (Eimeria)
False. It occurs in schizogony
Schizogony is initiated epithelially or sub-epithelially. Sporulated oocysts are more resistant than unspotulated ones. Occurrence of meronts with few merozoites is not characteristic.
107
What are the pre-disposing factors to Eimeria?
Young age
Intensive keeping (crowded, accelerated keeping)
Insufficient nutrition (lack of vit / min / protein in feed)
Litter (deep)
Neglected hygienic measures
Inter-current infections
108
Which Eimeria species occurs extra-intestinally?
E. ninakohyakimovae in goats - lymph nodes and gall bladder
E. danoilovi in ducks - cerebellum
109
What is the difference between Isospora and Eimeria spp.?
Only Eimeria has cap, micropyle, and residual bodies
110
What is the location and consequence of Eimeria tenella?
Caecum
Haemorrhagic enteritis and death
111
What is the location and consequence of Eimeria necatrix
Small intestine
Haemorrhagic enteritis and death
112
What is the location and consequence of Eimeria brunetti?
Rectum
Haemorrhagic enteritis and death
113
What is the location and consequence of Eimeria maxima?
Mid-small intestines
Moderately pathogenic
114
What is the location and consequence of Eimeria acervulina?
Duodenum
Subclinical coccidiosis
115
What is the location and consequence of Eimeria mitis?
The whole intestinal length
Subclinical coccidiosis
116
What is the consequence of Eimeria mivalti?
Subclinical coccidiosis
117
What is the location and consequence of Eimeria praecox?
Small intestines
Subclinical coccidiosis
118
What is the most pathogenic stage of Eimeria tenella?
2nd Schizont
119
What is the most pathogenic stage of Eimeria brunetti and E. necatrix?
2nd Schizogony
120
What is the most pathogenic stage of Eimeria burnetti?
2nd Schizogony, 3rd Gametogony
121
How many Eimeria spp. cause haemorrhagic lesions in the small intestines of chicken?
3
E. necatrix
E. maxima
E. brunetti
122
How many Eimeria spp. cause haemorrhagic or fibrinous lesions in the caeca?
2
E. tenella
E. brunetti
123
Which Eimeria in the small intestines does NOT cause haemorrhage?
(E. maxima)
E. acervulina
E. mitis
E. praecox
124
Which Eimeria causes haemorrhagic or fibrinous lesions in the caeca?
E. brunetti
125
Which Eimeria spp. in chicken is highly pathogenic?
E. tenella
| E. necatrix
126
Which Eimeria spp. in chicken is moderately pathogenic?
E. maxima
127
Which Eimeria spp. in chicken is less pathogenic?
E. acervulina
| E. mitis
128
Which Eimeria causes ladder-like white bands?
E. acervulina
129
Eimeria acervulina location?
Duodenum
| heavier infections extend to the jejunum
130
What is the location of Eimeria tenella (macro- and microscopically)
Caecum
Epithelial cells
Lymphocytes
Macrophages
Crypt epithelium
131
Which is the most pathogenic:
E. tenella or E. acervulina?
E. tenella
132
Which is / are the most pathogenic stage(s) of E. tenella?
2nd Schizont
133
Location of Eimeria maxima?
Jejunum
| occasionally in the duodenum and ileum as well
134
Which Eimeria sp. / spp. typically cause(s) coagulation necrosis?
E. brunetti
135
Which Eimeria sp. / spp. have a 6-7 day pre-patent period?
E. tenella
E. necatrix
(5-day pre-patent period = E. brunetti + E. maxima)
136
Which Eimeria species is probably NOT found in chicken?
E. duodenalis
E. Flavescens
