Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

FRM > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

(95 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Steps of evidence-based practice

A

Formulate question, search for evidence, critical appraisal, apply to patient, evaluate performance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

where is research applied in the steps of evidence-based practice

A

critical appraisal, apply to patient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Simplified steps of evidence-based practice

A

Formulate, search, appraise, decide, reflect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In own words, definition of evidence-based practice

A

Appropriately integrating the best available evidence (obtained through systematic and thorough literature review), patient preference, and clinical expertise to make decisions about patient care.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the 5 A’s of evidence-based practice

A

Ask, acquire, appraise, apply, assess/adjust

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the types of EBP questions?

A

Diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, epidemiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

MeSH stands for

A

medical subject headings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

steps for case control study

A

Identify group with the disease (cases), identify healthy people who resemble the cases (controls), examine histories of cases and controls to identify possible causes, determine proportion of cases to controls who have the exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how many controls should there be per case in a case control study

A

1-4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what should be used to study a rare disease?

A

case control study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what size population do case control studies require

A

relatively small

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are case control studies best used for

A

identify possible causes of a rare disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

which study type uses odds ratio

A

case control study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the odds ratio

A

the likelihood that an effect will occur with an exposure over the likelihood that it will occur without an exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

odds ratio >1 means

A

increased occurrence of an event (correlation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

odds ratio <1 means

A

decreased occurrence of an event (protective exposure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is a cause

A

A condition that precedes an event such that if the condition were different, the event would not have occurred

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Bradford Hill’s elements of sufficient cause

A

Biological plausibility, temporal relationship, strength of association, experimental evidence, dose-response relationship, replication/consistency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

types of cohort studies

A

retrospective, prospective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

equipoise

A

the point at which a rational and informed person has no preference between two courses of action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

first RCT

A

streptomycin for TB infection in UK 1949

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

types of data

A

nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

nominal data

A

puts things into named categories without hierarchy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

ordinal data

A

puts thing into named categories with hierarchy but no assumption of equal intervals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
examples of nominal data
eye color, gender, marital status
26
examples of ordinal data
improved/same/worse
27
interval data
ordered but with the same distance between sets and an arbitrary zero
28
examples of interval data
Farenheit/Celsius, IQ
29
ratio data
ordered with same distance between sets and a meaningful zero
30
examples of ratio data
Kelvin, weight, height, length
31
Factors in evaluating health data
Timeliness of data, how representative is the data of the defined population, completeness of data, data collection issues, agenda of collecting organization, accessibility of data
32
Incidence and prevalence are measures of
disease frequency
33
Prevalence
amount of disease in a population at a given time
34
Prevalence is expressed in
percentage or proportion
35
point prevalence vs period prevalence
point prevalence is one point in time, period prevalence is over a defined amount of time
36
formula for prevalence
people with disease/people in population
37
Incidence
the rate of new disease development over a given period of time
38
what is implicit in most definitions of incidence
the population was initially free of disease
39
cumulative incidence aka
incidence proportion
40
cumulate incidence formula
number of new diseases over time/population without disease at baseline X 100
41
what is cumulative incidence used for
to monitor a specific population over time
42
cumulative incidence is like (EMS)
continuous infusion
43
formula for incidence rate
number of new diseases over time/person-time at risk X 100
44
what is a problem with calculating incidence rate?
difficult to calculate person-time at risk for a large population...they use census data and report in cases/100,000, but it's not exact
45
what is the only formula with time in the denominator
incidence rate
46
incidence rate is like (EMS)
drip rate for bolus
47
what types of studies determine prevalence
cross-sectional survey, descriptive
48
what types of studies determine incidence?
cohort, RCTs
49
another way to think of prevalence
incidence times duration
50
when should a highly sensitive test be used?
A case where a false negative would be really bad: Infectious disease, serious can't miss diagnoses...also at the beginning of a diagnosis process to narrow the possibilities
51
when should a highly specific test be used?
to confirm or rule in a suspected diagnosis, or when a false positive could harm the patient
52
predictive value of test aka
post-test probability
53
goal in ordering diagnostic tests re: post-test probability
to make the post-test probability significantly higher or lower than the pre-test probability
54
predictive values are influenced by
prevalence
55
positive predictive value formula
(true positives)/(total tested positive) x 100
56
negative predictive value formula
(true negatives)/(total tested negative) x 100
57
sensitivity formula
true positives/total with disease x 100
58
specificity formula
true negatives/total without disease x 100
59
what is positive predictive value
the probability that a person with a positive test result has the disease
60
what is negative predictive value
the probability that a person with a negative result does not have the disease
61
what affect on positive predictive value does a low prevalence have
it makes the ppv low and specificity has a higher impact on PPV
62
what affect on npv does prevalence have
not very much
63
PPV is highest for ___ diseases
common
64
ways to measure post-test probability
predictive values, likelihood ratios, diagnostic criteria
65
what is a likelihood ratio
the likelihood of a given test result in a person with the disease compared with the likelihood of the same result in a person without the disease
66
likelihood ratio formula
sick people with given test result/well people with given test result
67
how to calculate positive likelihood ratio
sick people who tested positive/well people who tested positive
68
how to calculate negative likelihood ratio
sick people who tested negative/well people who tested negative
69
how to calculate positive likelihood ratio in sensitivity
sensitivity/(1-specificity)
70
how to calculate negative likelihood ratio in specificity
(1-sensitivity)/specificity
71
what likelihood ratio value is helpful in ruling in a disease because it largely increases post-test probability
>10
72
what likelihood ratio value is helpful in ruling out a disease because it largely decreases post-test probability
<0.1
73
benefits of using likelihood ratio
not dependent on prevalence, can be used for non-dichotomous tests, less exaggeration of benefits of test compared with sensitivity and specificity
74
what is key to establishing pre-test probability
good history and physical
75
at what pre-test probability are tests most useful
around 50%
76
in sequential testing, the post test probability becomes
the pretest probaility of the next test
77
what is the null hypothesis
the initial assumption that the results in the study are no different than the results that would have occurred by chance alone
78
what does it mean when the null hypothesis is rejected
the observed differences between the groups are not due to chance
79
what does it mean when the null hypothesis is not rejected
there is no way to tell whether the differences are from chance or not
80
what does the p value measure
the likelihood that the result is due to chance alone (the probability that the null hypothesis is true)
81
what is the range for p values
0-1
82
the smaller the p value
the less likely the result was due to chance
83
if p value is <0.05
the results are statistically significant, the null hypothesis is rejected, and the results are likely not due to chance
84
if p value is >0.05
the results are statistically significant, the null hypothesis is not rejected, and it is unknown whether the results are due to chance
85
what do confidence intervals measure
precision
86
what do overlapping confidence intervals mean
that no likely difference would occur when treatments are administered to larger population
87
what does it mean if CI crosses 0
no statistically significant difference between groups being compared
88
what does a wide CI mean
results were imprecise, uncertain quality of data
89
what does it mean if CI does not cross 0
statistically significant difference between groups being compared
90
what is number needed to treat
measurement of the impact of a therapy
91
what is the ideal number needed to treat
1
92
what causes nnt to become larger
cointerventions that alter outcome
93
what nnt is considered acceptable for a symptomatic condition
usually 5 or under
94
what is number needed to harm
measure of harm caused by intervention when compared to control group
95
the larger the number needed to harm
the lower the likelihood of adverse effects

FRM (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions