Final Exam Flashcards
(85 cards)
1
Q
amu
A
mass of an atom. =grams when you have 1 mole
2
Q
amu
A
mass of an atom. =grams when you have 1 mole
3
Q
atoms
A
smallest fraction of an element that can exist and show the characteristics of an element.
4
Q
element
A
substance that cannot be separated into a simpler substance by chemical means. can be diatomic (Br I N Cl H O F). examples also include O2, carbon, nitrogen
5
Q
molecule
A
2 or more atoms that are chemically joined together. smallest unit that retains physical and chemical properties of the substance. ex) H2O, O2, H2, N2. oxygen as it exists in the environment is a molecule
6
Q
compounds
A
molecule that contains at least 2 different elements ex) H2O, C3H5OH
7
Q
physical change
A
simple change in a state of matter from solid to liquid to gas
8
Q
latent heat of vaporization
A
amount of energy s substance absorbs to overcome attractive forces between molecules ex) liquid to gas
9
Q
chemical change
A
change in the composition of matter.
10
Q
hydrogen is _____ (loss of electron)
A
oxidized
11
Q
oxygen is _____ (gain of electron)
A
reduced. gets more negative, reduces polarity
12
Q
mass
A
how much space you occupy, it is a constant
13
Q
weight
A
gravitational force acting on matter. experienced by a mass on earths surface. can change relative to position ex) on the moon
14
Q
gravity
A
force acting on matter on earth.
15
Q
cohesion
A
intermolecular forces between LIKE molecules. greatest in solids, less in liquids, least in gases. decrease cohesion by application of energy
16
Q
adhesion
A
interaction between UNLIKE molecules. ex) methanol versus water on a table top. water beads and methanol spreads
17
Q
atomic mass
A
=protons plus neutrons
18
Q
isotopes
A
any several different forms of an element each having a same number of protons but a different number of neutrons
19
Q
fission
A
nucleus breaks and lots of energy is released (ex seltzer in water)
20
Q
fusion
A
2 nuclei come together to create a new element. more energy than fission
21
Q
chemical properties of water that make it a good solvent for polar compounds
A
- when water freezes it becomes less dense, therefore ice floats
- dipolar nature of water makes the water a universal solvent
- attractive and repulsive forces among water molecules- produces space between water molecules for gas molecules
- water has a high latent heat (storage of charges), stores more heat per unit volume than most other substances and releases heat slowly.
- water has a high latent heat of vaporization. large amount of heat required to break hydrogen bonds and the heat is carried off as water vapor
- water is cohesive, molecules tend to stick together
- wate is adhesive- tends to stick fo surfaces with polar groups
- water dissociates into H+ and OH-, contributes to acid/base balance
22
Q
nonpolar covalent electronegativity
A
23
Q
polar covalent electronegativity
A
> .4-
24
Q
ionic bond electronegativity
A
NaCl. >1.8
25
intermolecular forces
dipole-dipole, momentary dipolar, H bonding
26
van der waals
weak, short range electrostatic attractive forces between uncharged molecules, arising from interaction of permanent or transient electric dipole moments
27
hydrogen bonding
hydrogen bound covalently to another atom with unequal sharing of electrons. hydrogen atom will form a weaker bond with another atom that is negatively charged
28
acid
any substance capable of donating a proton
29
base
any substance capable of accepting a proton
30
ac current
alternating current. the electron flow reverses direction at regular intervals (oscillates). is measured in cycles per second or Hz, current continues to flow even when cycle is not completed. ex)AC, electric company, hydroelectric dam, power plant
31
ac current
alternating current. the electron flow reverses direction at regular intervals (oscillates). is measured in cycles per second or Hz, current continues to flow even when cycle is not completed. ex)AC, electric company, hydroelectric dam, power plant
32
atoms
smallest fraction of an element that can exist and show the characteristics of an element.
33
element
substance that cannot be separated into a simpler substance by chemical means. can be diatomic (Br I N Cl H O F). examples also include O2, carbon, nitrogen
34
molecule
2 or more atoms that are chemically joined together. smallest unit that retains physical and chemical properties of the substance. ex) H2O, O2, H2, N2. oxygen as it exists in the environment is a molecule
35
compounds
molecule that contains at least 2 different elements ex) H2O, C3H5OH
36
physical change
simple change in a state of matter from solid to liquid to gas
37
latent heat of vaporization
amount of energy s substance absorbs to overcome attractive forces between molecules ex) liquid to gas
38
chemical change
change in the composition of matter.
39
hydrogen is _____ (loss of electron)
oxidized
40
oxygen is _____ (gain of electron)
reduced. gets more negative, reduces polarity
41
mass
how much space you occupy, it is a constant
42
weight
gravitational force acting on matter. experienced by a mass on earths surface. can change relative to position ex) on the moon
43
gravity
force acting on matter on earth.
44
cohesion
intermolecular forces between LIKE molecules. greatest in solids, less in liquids, least in gases. decrease cohesion by application of energy
45
adhesion
interaction between UNLIKE molecules. ex) methanol versus water on a table top. water beads and methanol spreads
46
atomic mass
=protons plus neutrons
47
isotopes
any several different forms of an element each having a same number of protons but a different number of neutrons
48
fission
nucleus breaks and lots of energy is released (ex seltzer in water)
49
fusion
2 nuclei come together to create a new element. more energy than fission
50
chemical properties of water that make it a good solvent for polar compounds
1. when water freezes it becomes less dense, therefore ice floats
2. dipolar nature of water makes the water a universal solvent
3. attractive and repulsive forces among water molecules- produces space between water molecules for gas molecules
4. water has a high latent heat (storage of charges), stores more heat per unit volume than most other substances and releases heat slowly.
5. water has a high latent heat of vaporization. large amount of heat required to break hydrogen bonds and the heat is carried off as water vapor
6. water is cohesive, molecules tend to stick together
7. wate is adhesive- tends to stick fo surfaces with polar groups
8. water dissociates into H+ and OH-, contributes to acid/base balance
51
nonpolar covalent electronegativity
52
polar covalent electronegativity
>.4-
53
ionic bond electronegativity
NaCl. >1.8
54
intermolecular forces
dipole-dipole, momentary dipolar, H bonding
55
van der waals
weak, short range electrostatic attractive forces between uncharged molecules, arising from interaction of permanent or transient electric dipole moments
56
hydrogen bonding
hydrogen bound covalently to another atom with unequal sharing of electrons. hydrogen atom will form a weaker bond with another atom that is negatively charged
57
acid
any substance capable of donating a proton
58
base
any substance capable of accepting a proton
59
understand how ionized and unionized forms of local anesthetic are involved in process of producing conduction block
(B)unprotonated, uncharged base diffuses more easily through nerve sheath, is required for diffusion into neuron, reflected clinically as onset of anesthesia.
(BH+) protonated, charged, conjugate acid binds to receptor site on inside of cell membrane, responsible for suppression of action potential (VgNa channels), reflected clinically by the profoundness of the block
60
ac current
alternating current. the electron flow reverses direction at regular intervals (oscillates). is measured in cycles per second or Hz, current continues to flow even when cycle is not completed. ex)AC, electric company, hydroelectric dam, power plant
61
dc current
electron flow is always same direction (negative to positive). capacitor plates are charged by a battery and the flow of current is only momentary.
62
macroshock
large amount of current flow through a person ex) 1 milliampere
63
microshock
small amount of current flow through a person ex) defibrillator 100microamperes or .1milliamperes
64
unipolar bovi
current returns to unit via dispersive pad
65
bipolar bovi
two electrodes that look like forceps. active electrode, collecting electrode. less energy than unipolar.
66
dispersive plate
must cover large area so current density is below a level that will cause burns
67
ESU and interference
use of unipolar ESU can cause electrical interference that may be interpreted as an arrhythmia and trigger a defibrillation. defibrillation pulse would likely cause tvtach or vfib. AICD should be disables prior to surgery by placing a magnet over it. external defibrillator and non invasive pacer should be in the OR. radio frequency waves interfere with everything from ECG signal pulse and cerebral oximeters, CO computers, implanted pacers
68
electromagnetic:
expresses dual natural of electricity and magnetism. where there is electric current there are also magnetic waves. where there are changing magnetic waves there is an electric current
69
electromagnetic current as a particle
(bundle of pure energy with no mass). Quanta are packets of energy known as photons. Characterized by energy of the photon. Energy greater for photons of higher frequency.
70
Wave Particle Duality Theory
EMR travels as photons of energy and can be thought of as a particle and a wave depending on how it is observed and measured.
71
wave frequency
more frequent means more energy. the longer the wavelength, the shorter the frequency, the less strong the energy, the more safe it is. wavelength=1/frequency
72
inverse square law
1/d^2 where the energy propagation is inversely proportional to the distance.
73
ionizing radiation
beta, gamma, xrays- can cause changes in biological molecules. can cause birth defects and cancer.
74
nuclear decay
produces radiation. when atom has too many or too few neutrons in nucleus, it will have tendency to spontaneously rearrange itself into a new combination which is more stable
75
beta wave
still ionizing but less energy than alpha and gamma. travels a few meters before being absorbed, can go through hand. shield with radiation absorbing material
76
alpha
when 2 protons and 2 neutrons are ejected as 1 particle. heavy and slow, travels only a few centimeters before expansion. for this reason, does not travel to hand. just make sure you're >6.5ft away
77
gamma
when nucleus is in excited state it can emit a photon (packet of energy). Number of protons and neutrons are not altered but nucleus moves from higher energy to lowest energy state. Protect yourself with a shield. wear lead, can travel long distances and penetrate 1 meter of concrete
78
3 factors of radiation safety
distance from the source
barriers (shielding)
exposure time
79
LASER distinctions
energy of laser photons is insufficient for the production of ions
- cannot produce genetic mutations
- increasing power density of laser energy produces more heat but does not ionize water and poses no threat to cellular DNA
80
Ionizing Radiation
- sufficient energy for separation of water molecules into positive and negative ions.
- greater quantity of xrays of gamma rays=greater ionization produced
- presence of ions and free radicals they produce in cells can cause genetic mutation of DNA within cell nucleus
- as bundle of photon increases, so does penetration of radiation
81
3 properties of lasers
monochromatic (one wavelength, emits one color), coherent (synchronous), and collimated (focused into a narrow beam)
82
lasers are used for
coagulation, cutting, vaporization
83
photochemical damage of lasers
UV (<400) and visible wavelengths (<500nm): photon absorption excites molecules, which may react to form unwanted chemical products, causing erythema and vesiculation (ex sunburn). Causes energy and heat
84
thermal damage of lasers
occurs at all wavelengths, tissue is heated by absorption of llaser energy, thermal effects depend on rate of energy absorption to dissipation
85
patient risks with lasers
- airway fire
- bleeding
- pneumothorax
- misdirected laser reflection from ETT surface
- cuff failure from laser penetration
