Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

(48 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the 4 main tissue types?

A
  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Nervous
  • Muscular
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 3 types of proteins in skeletal muscles?

A
  1. Regulatory
  2. Contractile
  3. Structural
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two types of contractile proteins in muscles?

A

Actin - THIN filaments

Myocin - THICK filaments w/ head and tail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the Regulatory proteins in skeletal muscles?

A

Tropomyocin - Covers the myocin binding sites

Troponin - Holds the tropmyocin in place, this is where Ca+ bonds to change the shape and start the contraction cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the layers and roles of connective tissues in muscles?

A

From SUPERFICIAL TO DEEP:

Epimysium - forms the OUTER layer (not present in cardiac)

Perimysisum - Groups the 10-100 muscle fibers into fascicles

Endomysium - Separates the individual msucles fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 3 structural classifications for joints?

A

Fibrous Joints - collagen fibers

Cartilagenous Joints

Synovial joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 3 FUNCTIONAL types of joint classifications?

A

Synarthrosis - Immovable joint

Amphiarthrosis - Slightly moveable

Diarthrosis - freely movable (Synovial)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

3 Types of Fibrous Joints:

A

Interosseous Membrane - Long bones

Sutures - Synarthroses

Syndesmoses - Gomphosis/Teeth

ISS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

3 types of cartilagenous joints

A

Synchrondoses - b/t first rib/manubrium, amphi to syn

Symphyses - Pubic bone, cartilage

Ephiphyseal Cartilages - Growth plate

ESS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the three types of ATP production within muscle cells, which is unique to muscle fibers?

A
  1. Creatine Phosphate **Unique**
  2. Anaerobic Glycolysis
  3. Aerobic Respiration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which type of ATP production do we do FIRST?

Which is the most efficient?

A

First: Creatinine Phopshate

Most Efficicient: Aerobic Respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the sequence of events in the contraction of a muscle?

A
    1. Sacroplasmic Reticulum releases Ca++ into sarcoplasm (Ca shows up to the party
    1. Ca++ bonds to the Troponin (bribes the security guard)
    1. Troponin moves tropomyosin away from the myosin-binding site on actin (security card walks away from the door)
    1. Contraction cycle can begin (Woo party!)
      * ATP Hydrolysis (But first we need energy!)
      * Attachment of Myosin to Actin (Get together)
      * Power Stroke (Dance!)
      * Detachment of myocin from actin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What determines the strength of a muscle contraction?

A

The size of the MOTOR UNITS (smaller - precision, larger - power)

And the number of units activated at any given time. (force)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the different types of muscle contraction (think exercise)

A

IsoTONIC - Tone is the same, tension constant, but muscle changes length

  • Concentric - Shorting
  • Eccentric - Lengthening

IsoMETRIC - tension without changing muscle length (posture)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the two types of glands in the epithelium and what is the difference?

A

Endocrine : secrete hormones into the blood stream and have far reaching impact

Exocrine : secrete hormones into a duct, have a more local and limited impact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the healing sequence in deep wounds?

A
  • Inflammation - Prep for repair
  • Migration - Network
  • Proliferation - Fill in the gaps
  • Maturation - reorganizing

I Might Puke Monday

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In epidermal wound healing, what is the main type of cell involved?

A

Basal Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the order of the skin layers, which layer only exists in thick skin / hairless skin?

A

BattleStar Gallactica Love Child

Stratum Basale

Stratum Spinosum

Stratum Granulosum

Stratum Lucidum (clear, only in thick)

Stratum Corneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the two types of epithelial tissue arrangements?

A

Shape:

  • Cuboidal
  • Columnar
  • Squamous - flat

Arrangement:

  • Simple
  • Pseudostratified
  • Stratified
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How does a NERVE action potential become a MUSCLE action potential?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • 1. Release of ACh caused by voltage gated Ca+ channels, Ach flows from the Button into the synaptic cleft where it diffuses between the motor neuron and the motor end plate
  • 2. Activation of ACh receptors on the motor end plate (junctional folds), which open ion channels and Na+ flows across the membrane
  • 3. Production of Muscle Action Potential - Release of Na+ results in positive charge and triggers the release ov Ca++ into the Sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • 4. Close the ACh channels
21
Q

Which types of muscles are voluntary vs. involuntary

Study These Flashcards
A

Skeletal muscles are voluntary (Somatic Nervous System)

Cardiac and Smooth muscle are involuntary (Autonomic Nervous System)

22
Q

What are the components and functions of a Neuron?

Study These Flashcards
A

Neurons convert stimuli into electric signals called nerve action potentials

Axon - Relays output to another neuron/tissue

Dendrite - Receives input, branches

Cell Body - Nucleus and organelles

23
Q

What is metabolism? What are the two main types?

Study These Flashcards
A

The sum of all the chemical reactions in the body

Catabolic Reactions - Breaks things down (lysis, etc)

Anabolic Reactions - Builds things up

24
Q

What are the different types of bodily fluid?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Intracellular Fluid - within the cells, cytosol etc.
  • Extracellular Fluid - outside the cells - specialized depending on location (Plasma, Lymph, Synovial)
  • Interstitial Fluid - special type of ECF that fills narrow spaces between cells and tissue
25
What is acetylcholine and what is its function in the body?
Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter that is released at the Neuromuscular junction and forms the bridge between a nerve action potential and triggers a muscle action potential
26
What is the Neuromuscular Junction
The synapse between a Motor Neuron and skeletal muscle fiber — consists of: * Nerve Side: * Axon Terminal - Synaptic Bouton, Synaptic Vesicle * Synaptic Cleft - Between the Two * Muscle Side: * Motor End Plate with Junctional Folds and ACh receptors
27
What is the effect of Calcium concentration in the Sarcoplasm – what happens when there is an increase or decrease ?
When calcium ions are released into the Sarcoplasm, it results in muscle contraction
28
Which neurons are we able to consciously control, which are we not able to control?
**Somatic Nervous System** / Somatic Motor Neurons - Stimulate the skeletal muscle fibers, voluntarily control **The Autonomuc Nervous System** / Neurons - Involuntary, and include the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systmes
29
What are the parts of a long bone?
* **Epiphyses -** Proximal and Distal ENDS of the bone * **Metaphyses** - regions between Dia and Epi - contain the epiphyseal growth plate during growth * **Diaphysis -** Shaft/Body of the bone * **Articular Cartilage –** thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering part of epiphyses that articulates with another bone * **Periosteum – t**ough connective tissue sheath and associated blood supply * Attached to bone via perforating fibers / “Sharpey’s fibers” (like anchors) * Outer Fibrous Layer – dense irregular connective tissue * Inner Osteogenic layer – consisting of cells (allow bone to grow in thickness, not length) * **Medullary Cavity** (“marrow cavity” only in long bones) * **Endosteum** – thin membrane lining interior of medullary cavity
30
What are the 4 different types of bone cells and their specific function?
* **Osteoprogenitor** - Precursor/unspecialized * **Osteoblasts** - Build bone * **Osteocytes** - Day to day, mature, maintain * **Osteoclasts** - Break down, resorption
31
What are the differences between trabecular/spongy/cancellous bone vs. compact bone?
**Compact Bone - (Yang, Exterior)** * Contains Osteons / Haversian systems * Strongest form - provides protestion and support, resists stress * Found under periosteium of ALL bones * 80% of skeleton **Spongy Bone - (Yin, Interior)** * NO OSTEONS - lammellae arranged in irregular thin columns called trabeculae * Always found in INTERIOR and protected by compact bone * Contains bone marrow * 20% of skeleton
32
Which part of the bone is rich in sensory nerves and arteries, making it very sensitive to pain and bleeding?
Periosteum
33
How do bones grow in thickness vs. in length?
Thickness - Via **APPOSITIONAL** growth. Appositional growth is the increase in the diameter of bones by the addition of bony tissue at the surface of bones Length - Via the addition of bone material on the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate by I**NTERSTITIAL GROWTH**
34
What is the sequence for bone fracture healing, and approximately how long and when does each occur? x2
* 1) **Reactive Phase** - 6-8 hours after inury, fracture hematoma, swelling & inflammation (HOURS) * 2**) Reparative Phase** * a. **Fibrocartilaginous** Callous Formation - takes about 3 weeks (WEEKS) * b. **Bony** Callus formation, - 3-4 months (MONTHS) * 3) Bone **Remodeling** Phase (WHO KNOW?!)
35
What is the difference between the following bone disorders? osteopenia, osteoporeosis, rickets, osteomalacia?
**Osteopenia / Osteoporeosis** - both have low bone mass due to bone resorption/breakdown occuring at a greater rate than bone deposition/formation. Osteopenia is the precursor to Osteoporosis. **Rickets / Osteomalacia**: Decreased calcification due to vitamin D deficiency. Bones are rubbery/soft and easily deformed. Rickets occurs in children, Osteomalacia during adulthood/remodeling
36
What are the impacts of aging on bone tissue?
Loss of bone mass - Demineralization - loss of calcium / other minerals Brittleness - decreased rate of protein synthesis, collagen
37
Two main hormones that control blood calcium levels and bone deposition of calcium – which one does which.
**Parathryoid Hormone (PTH)** - **increases** blood Ca2 levels (osteoclasts, bone resorption, absorb more from food, etc) **Calcitonin (CT) decreases** blood Ca2 levels (inhibits osteoclasts, increase bone uptake)
38
What are the 5 common fractures that we studied and their differences?
1. **Closed** / Simple - Doesn't break skin 2. **Open** / Compound - Breaks the skin 3. **Communiated** - Splintered 4. **Stress -** Surface of bone, not through, due to pulling of muscle 5. **Flail Chest** - contiguous rib fractures, can result in lung damage and respiratory distress
39
What is the muscle that unlocks the knee?
**Popliteus** * A: Medially rotate the flexed knee (tibiofemoral joint), Knee flexion * O: Lateral femoral epicondyle * I: Proximal, posterior aspect of the tibia * N: Tibial Nerve
40
Muscle that does inversion of the foot, dorsiflexion of ankle (know based on the O/I for this muscle)
**Tibialis Anterior - Tibia Origin** * A: Invert the foot, Dorsiflex the ankle * O: Lateral surface of TIBIA and interosseous membrane * I: Medial Cuneiform, base of first metatarsal * N: Deep Peroneal Nerve OR **Extensor Hallucis Longus - Fibula Origin** * A: Extend the first toe, Invert the foot, dorsiflex the ankle * O: FIBULA and interosseous membrane * I: Distal phalange of First Toe * N: Deep Peroneal Nerve
41
What is the muscle that flexes and extends in he hands and feet to make an L shape
Lumbricals!
42
What are the four main muscles of mastication and their Origins/Insertions?
ALL MUSCLE OF MASTICATION INSERT SOMEWHERE ON THE **MANDIBLE** AND ARE INNERVATED BY THE MANDIBULAR NERVE **Masseter:** * A: Elevate the mandible * O: ZYGOMATIC ARCH * I: Angle and Ramus of MANDIBLE **Temporalis:** * A: Elevate the mandible, Retract the mandible * O: Temporal fossa and fascia * I: Coronoid process of MANDIBLE **Medial Pterygoid** * A: Unilaterally - laterally deviate mandible to opposite side, Elevate the mandible, protract the mandible * O: SPHENOID bone and Tuberosity of the MAXILLA * I: Medial surface of Ramus of MANDIBLE **Lateral Pterygoid** * A: Unilaterally - laterally deviate mandible to opposite side, Protract the mandible * O: *Superior head* - Infratemporation surface/crest of greater wing of SPHENOID, *Inferior Head* - lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate of SPHENOID * I: Articular disk and capsule of temporomandibular joint, neck of MANDIBLE
43
Which muscle is Lats little helper, aka a complete synergist sharing all of the same actions.
**Teres Major** * A_: Extend the Shoulder, Adduct the shoulder, Medially Rotate the Shoulder_ * I: Lateral side/lower half of lateral border of SCAPULA * O: Crest of LESSER tubercle of Humerus * N: Thoracodorsal Nerve
44
Pec Major and Pec Minor – Origins and Insertions (WHICH SPECIFIC PART OF A SPECIFIC BONE)
**Pectoralis Major** * A: All - Shoulder ADDuction, Medial Rotation. Upper - Shoulder FLEXION, Horizontal Adduction. Lower - Shoulder Extension from flexed position * O: Medial half of clavicle, sternum, and cartilages of **Ribs 1-6** * I: _Crest of Greater tubercle of Humerus_ * N: Medial and Lateral Pectoral Nerve **Pectoralis Minor** * A: Scapular Depression, ABDuction, Anterior Tilt, Asist in forced inhalation * O: **Ribs 3-5** * I: _CORACOID process of Scapula_ * N: Medial Pectoral Nerve
45
Innervations of: Triceps, Brachioradialis, Brachialis, Biceps
**Radial Nerve** * Triceps * Brachioradialis **Musculocutaneous Nerve** * Coracobrachialis * Biceps Brachi * Brachialis
46
Name of the muscle that does wrist flexion with wrist adduction
**Flexor Carpi Ulnaris** * A: Flex the wrist, Adduct the wrist, Assist to flex the elbow * O: Humeral Head: Common Flexor Tendon, Ulnar head: Posterior surface of ulna * I: Pisiform (hook of hamate) * N: Ulnar
47
What is the difference between a Condyle and and Epicondyle (bonus to help me remember)
condyle forms an articulation with another bone. whereas epicondyle provides sites for the attachment of muscles.
48

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions