Final Exam

Question 1

Which of the following characterize a water molecule?
A. It is nonpolar.
B. The electronegativity of the oxygen atom is significantly lower that the electronegativity of the hydrogen atoms.
C. It contains two hydrogen bonds.
D. Its oxygen atom has a partial negative charge.
E. Both C and D characterize a single water molecule

Answer 1

D. Its oxygen atom has a partial negative charge.

Question 2

What characteristic or characteristics do red blood cells (RBCs) have that led Evert Gorter to use them in his experiment?
A. RBCs are easy to count under a microscope.
B. RBCs are easy to obtain from animals.
C. A large quantity of RBCs can be obtained from an animal without harming it.
D. Within an individual organism all RBCs are the same size
E. All of the above

Answer 2

E. All of the above

Question 3

Which of the following are in physical contact with the plasma membrane of cells?
A. the extracellular matrix
B. the cytoskeleton
C. integral proteins
D. All of the above are in physical contact with the plasma membrane of cells.
E. A and B.

Answer 3

D. All of the above are in physical contact with the plasma membrane of cells.

Question 4

What is most likely true of phospholipids that will become part of a eukaryotic cell’s plasma membrane?
A. They are synthesized in the smooth ER and placed into the plasma membrane by endocytosis.
B. They are synthesized in the rough ER and sent placed into plasma membrane by endocytosis.
C. They are synthesized in the smooth ER and placed into the plasma membrane by exocytosis.
D. They are synthesized in the rough ER and placed into the plasma membrane by exocytosis.
E. More information is needed.

Answer 4

C. They are synthesized in the smooth ER and placed into the plasma membrane by exocytosis.

Question 5

Histones are proteins that bind to chromosomal DNA in the nucleus. Based on that knowledge, which of the following is true?
A. Histone proteins will be synthesized by ribosomes associated with the rough ER.
B. Histone proteins will be synthesized by ribosomes within the nucleus.
C. Histone proteins will be synthesized by ribosomes in the cytoplasm and not associated with the rough ER.
D. Histone proteins will be synthesized by ribosomes within the mitochondria.
E. More information is needed.

Answer 5

C. Histone proteins will be synthesized by ribosomes in the cytoplasm and not associated with the rough ER.

Question 6

Within the chloroplast there is a thick liquid substance called
A. the cytoplasm.
B. the nucleoplasm.
C. the stroma.
D. the matrix.
E. the lumen.

Answer 6

C. the stroma.

Question 7

All cells fall into one of two broad categories.  What are they? 
A. Eubacteria and Fungi
B. Eubacteria and Archaea 
C. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
D. Archaea and Eukaryotes

Answer 7

C. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Question 8

One unique characteristic of Eukaryotic cells is the presence of
A. DNA.
B. ribosomes.
C. RNA.
D. a membrane bound nucleus.
E. a cell wall.

Answer 8

D. a membrane bound nucleus.

Question 9

To be considered alive an organism MUST be able to
A. photosynthesize.
B. reproduce.
C. grow and metabolize.
D. A and C.
E. B and C.

Answer 9

E. B and C.

Question 10

The cell fusion experiment we discussed in class demonstrated
A. that plasma membranes are phospholipid bilayers.
B. that the nuclear envelope is a double lipid bilayer.
C. the fluid mosaic model of plasma membranes.
D. that cell membranes are made of phospholipids.
E. None of the above.

Answer 10

C. the fluid mosaic model of plasma membranes.

Question 11

Where precisely are ribosomes assembled in eukaryotic cells?
A. The Golgi
B. The rough ER
C. The nucleus
D. The nucleolus

Answer 11

D. The nucleolus

Question 12

What best describes the nature of the nuclear membrane?
A. A phospholipid monolayer
B. A phospholipid bilayer
C. A phospholipid trilayer
D. A double phospholipid bilayer

Answer 12

D. A double phospholipid bilayer

Question 13

12. Are plant cell walls chemically similar to prokaryotic cell walls? How are they the same or different?
    A. Yes, Plant and Bacterial cell walls are both composed of peptidoglycans.
    B. No, Plant cell walls are made of peptidoglycans and bacterial cell walls are made of cellulose.
    C. No, Plant cell walls are made of cellulose and bacterial cell walls are made of peptidoglycans.
    D. Yes, Plant and Bacterial cell walls are both composed of cellulose.

Answer 13

C. No, Plant cell walls are made of cellulose and bacterial cell walls are made of peptidoglycans.

Question 14

All prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have all of the following except
A. organelles.
B. a plasma membrane.
C. genetic material.
D. cytoplasm.
E. a cell wall.

Answer 14

E. a cell wall.

Question 15

Which of the following is true of secondary lysosomes?
A. They are released from the trans face of the Golgi.
B. They can fuse with endocytic vesicles.
C. They can fuse with defective organelles.
D. They contain enzymes that hydrolyze polymers.
E. All of the above are true.

Answer 15

D. They contain enzymes that hydrolyze polymers.

Question 16

ATPase is an enzyme complex made out of many individual proteins. ATPase generates ATP in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. Based on that knowledge, which of the following is true about the proteins that the ATPase enzyme is made out of?
A. Those proteins are synthesized by ribosomes associated with the rough ER.
B. Those proteins are synthesized by ribosomes within the nucleus.
C. Those proteins are synthesized by ribosomes in the cytoplasm and not associated with the rough ER.
D. More information is needed.

Answer 16

C. Those proteins are synthesized by ribosomes in the cytoplasm and not associated with the rough ER.

Question 17

Which of the following is true of cell membrane fluidity?
A. A cell membrane that is too solid will not perform its boundary function.
B. A cell membrane that is too fluid will block integral (transmembrane) proteins from being able to change their shape.
C. Fluidity can be regulated by varying the length and degree of saturation in the fatty acid chains of membrane phospholipids.
D. All of the above are true of membrane fluidity.
E. None of the above is true.

Answer 17

C. Fluidity can be regulated by varying the length and degree of saturation in the fatty acid chains of membrane phospholipids.

Question 18

The photo-bleaching experiments we discussed in class demonstrated
A. that plasma membranes are phospholipid bilayers.
B. that the nuclear envelope is a double lipid bilayer.
C. the fluid mosaic model of plasma membranes.
D. that cell membranes

Answer 18

C. the fluid mosaic model of plasma membranes.

Question 19

Animal cells that had been growing in an incubator at 37°C are suddenly cooled to 20°C. In response to being cooled, which of the following is most likely to happen?
A. Initially, the plasma membrane of the cells becomes more fluid.
B. Initially, the plasma membrane of the cells becomes less fluid.
C. The fluidity of the plasma membrane of the cells will not be affected.
D. More information is needed.

Answer 19

B. Initially, the plasma membrane of the cells becomes less fluid.

Question 20

Animal cells that had been growing in an incubator at 37°C are suddenly cooled to 20°C. In response to being cooled, which of the following is most likely to happen?
A. The cells will respond by generating plasma membrane phospholipids with shorter fatty acid chains.
B. The cells will respond by generating plasma membrane phospholipids with longer fatty acid chains.
C. Neither A nor B will occur.
D. More information is needed.

Answer 20

A. The cells will respond by generating plasma membrane phospholipids with shorter fatty acid chains.

Question 21

Animal cells that had been growing in an incubator at 37°C are suddenly cooled to 20°C. In response to being
cooled, which of the following is most likely to happen?
A. The cells will respond by generating plasma membrane phospholipids with fatty acid chains that have fewer
unsaturations.
B. The cells will respond by generating membrane phospholipids with fatty acid chains that have more
unsaturations.
C. Neither A nor B will occur.
D. More information is needed.

Answer 21

B. The cells will respond by generating membrane phospholipids with fatty acid chains that have more
unsaturations.

Question 22

As the radius of a spherical cell __#1____, its volume increases ___#2___ its surface area, and the ability of the cell to successfully support its metabolism __#3____.
A. #1 = increases, #2 = more slowly than, #3 = decreases
B. #1 = increases, #2 = more quickly than, #3 = decreases
C. #1 = decreases, #2 = at exactly the same rate as, #3 = decreases
D. #1 = increases, #2 = at exactly the same rate as, #3 = decreases
E. #1 = decreases, #2 =more slowly than, #3 = decreases

Answer 22

B. #1 = increases, #2 = more quickly than, #3 = decreases

Question 23

Lipid bilayer membranes (LBMs) are more permeable to some types of molecules than others. Which option below gives the correct order (from left to right) starting with of the types of molecules that LBMs are most permeable to and ending with the types of molecules that LBMs are least permeable to.
A. ions, small polar molecules, non-polar molecules
B. small polar molecules, ions, non-polar molecules
C. small polar molecules, non-polar molecules, ions
D. non-polar molecules, small polar molecules, ions

Answer 23

D. non-polar molecules, small polar molecules, ions

Question 24

What do simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion have in common?
A. Both require the use of integral membrane proteins.
B. Both require the expenditure of cellular energy.
C. Neither requires the expenditure of cellular energy.
D. Both require the use of a symporter.

Answer 24

C. Neither requires the expenditure of cellular energy.

Question 25

A symporter is a carrier protein that will A. transport a single type of molecular species. B. transport two different molecular species in the same direction at the same time. C. transport two different molecular species in opposite directions at the same time. D. All of the above are true of symporter proteins E. None of the above are true of symporter proteins.

Answer 25

B. transport two different molecular species in the same direction at the same time.

Question 26

When ψs is high, solute concentration is A. high. B. low. C. ψs is not affected by solute concentration. D. More information is needed. E. None of the above.

Answer 26

B. low.

Question 27

Once the blood-brain barrier is bypassed, how are substances able to enter the brain tissue? A. by endocytosis B. By moving through the gaps between capillary wall cells. C. by active transport D. by facilitated diffusion E. None of the above.

Answer 27

B. By moving through the gaps between capillary wall cells.

Question 28

Which of the following is true about osmosis? A. Osmosis refers to the movement of solutes across a semipermeable barrier. B. In the case of a cell, the direction of osmosis may be predicted if the ψs inside and outside of a cell is known. C. Osmosis refers to the movement of water molecules across a semi permeable barrier. D. Both A and B are true. E. Both B and C are true.

Answer 28

E. Both B and C are true.

Question 29

The hydrolysis of ATP into ADP + Pi is an example of a reaction in which A. The free energy of the products is equal to the free energy of the reactants. B. The free energy of the products is much greater than the free energy of the reactants. C. The free energy of the products is much less than the free energy of the reactants. D. None of the above.

Answer 29

C. The free energy of the products is much less than the free energy of the reactants.

Question 30

Which of the following is true of endergonic reactions? A. The free energy of the products is equal to the free energy of the reactants. B. The free energy of the products is much greater than the free energy of the reactants. C. The free energy of the products is much less than the free energy of the reactants. D. None of the above.

Answer 30

B. The free energy of the products is much greater than the free energy of the reactants.

Question 31

The second law of thermodynamics states that A. No energy transformation is 100% efficient. B. Usable energy in the universe is continuously decreasing. C. Unusable energy in the universe (entropy) is continuously increasing. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

Answer 31

D. All of the above.

Question 32

What best describes endergonic reactions. A. They are always spontaneous. B. They are never spontaneous. C. They can be spontaneous. D. Being endergonic does not determine if a reaction is spontaneous or not. E. More information is needed.

Answer 32

B. They are never spontaneous.

Question 33

The enthalpy of a molecule describes A. the amount of unusable energy that is contained in the molecule. B. the amount of energy available to do work that is contained in the molecule. C. the total amount of energy contained in the molecule. D. None of the above. E. More information is needed.

Answer 33

C. the total amount of energy contained in the molecule.

Question 34

Which of the following represent an example of kinetic energy? A. ATP B. glucose C. a stored concentration gradient of a molecule D. A and B E. None of the above.

Answer 34

E. None of the above.

Question 35

Lowering the activation energy of a reaction will A. decrease the rate of the reaction. B. increase the rate of the reaction. C. have no effect on the rate of the reaction. D. More information is needed.

Answer 35

B. increase the rate of the reaction.

Question 36

Catalysts such as enzymes A. decrease the rates at which reactions occur by lowering the activation energy of the reactions. B. decrease the rates at which reactions occur by raising the activation energy of the reactions. C. increase the rates at which reactions occur by lowering the activation energy of the reactions. D. increase the rates at which reactions occur by raising the activation energy of the reactions. E. None of the above.

Answer 36

C. increase the rates at which reactions occur by lowering the activation energy of the reactions.

Question 37

The hydrolysis of ATP into ADP + Pi is coupled to A. endergonic reactions. B. exergonic reactions. C. ATP hydrolysis is never coupled to another reaction. D. None of the above.

Answer 37

A. endergonic reactions.

Question 38

``` What best describes exergonic reactions. A. They are always spontaneous. B. They are never spontaneous. C. They can be spontaneous. D. More information is needed. ```

Answer 38

C. They can be spontaneous.

Question 39

``` What term below best describes an ATP molecule? A. an amino acid B. a carbohydrate C. a lipid D. a nucleotide E. a hydrocarbon chain ```

Answer 39

D. a nucleotide

Question 40

What is true of photoautotrophs? A. They get their carbon from CO2 and their energy from organic compounds. B. They get their carbon and their energy from organic compounds. C. They get their energy from light and their carbon from organic molecules. D. They get their energy from light and their carbon from CO2. E. None of the above.

Answer 40

D. They get their energy from light and their carbon from CO2.

Question 41

. What is true of chemoheterotrophs? A. They get their carbon from CO2 and their energy from organic molecules. B. They get their carbon and their energy from organic molecules. C. They get their energy from light and their carbon from organic molecules. D. They get their energy from light and their carbon from CO2. E. None of the above.

Answer 41

B. They get their carbon and their energy from organic molecules.

Question 42

``` The efficiency of energy transfer between trophic levels is about A. 1% B. 10% C. 50% D. 100% ```

Answer 42

B. 10%

Question 43

``` Which of the following are components of an ecosystem? A. water B. producers C. light D. All of the above. E. None of the above. ```

Answer 43

D. All of the above.

Question 44

``` Producers always occupy which trophic level of an ecosystem? A. the first trophic level B. the second trophic level C. the third trophic level D. the fourth trophic level E. the fifth trophic level ```

Answer 44

A. the first trophic level

Question 45

``` Because of inefficient energy transfer from trophic level to trophic level, what is the maximum number of trophic levels an ecosystem can have? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5 ```

Answer 45

D. 4

Question 46

``` The most significant source of nitrogen for living things is which of the following? A. the atmosphere B. nitrogen fixation by bacteria. C. nitrogen recycling D. denitrification E. None of the above. ```

Answer 46

C. nitrogen recycling

Question 47

``` Which of the following element/s can be found in every type of macromolecule (nucleic acids, lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates)? A. carbon B. phosphorous C. oxygen D. all the above E. A and C. ```

Answer 47

E. A and C.

Question 48

``` The primary reservoir for hydrogen and oxygen is A. the atmosphere. B. water. C. soil. D. ocean beds. E. All of the above. ```

Answer 48

B. water.

Question 49

What is true about the first electron carrier (EC) in an electron transport chain (ETC)? A. It will have the same affinity for electrons as all the other ECs in the ETC. B. It will have more affinity for electrons than any of the other ECs in the ETC. C. It will have less affinity for electrons than any of the other ECs in the ETC. D. None of the above.

Answer 49

C. It will have less affinity for electrons than any of the other ECs in the ETC.

Question 50

What is true about reduction and oxidation reactions? A. Reduced molecules lose an electron, oxidized molecules gain an electron, and reduction/oxidation reactions are always coupled together. B. Reduced molecules gain an electron, oxidized molecules lose an electron, and reduction/oxidation reactions are always coupled together. C. Reduced molecules lose an electron, oxidized molecules gain an electron, and reduction/oxidation reactions are never coupled together. D. Reduced molecules gain an electron, oxidized molecules lose an electron, and reduction/oxidation reactions are never coupled together. E. None of the above.

Answer 50

B. Reduced molecules gain an electron, oxidized molecules lose an electron, and reduction/oxidation reactions are always coupled together.

Question 51

Which of the following is true concerning the light reactions of photosynthesis? A. Glucose is produced. B. ATP and NADPH are produced. C. They occur in the stroma of chloroplasts. D. ADP, Pi, and NADP+ are produced. E. B and C.

Answer 51

B. ATP and NADPH are produced.

Question 52

``` Which of the following is true concerning the dark reactions of photosynthesis? A. ATP and NADPH are produced. B. Water molecules are oxidized. C. Glucose is produced. D. Oxygen gas is produced. E. B and C ```

Answer 52

C. Glucose is produced.

Question 53

Which of the following is true concerning the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis? A. The light and dark reactions occur at the thylakoid membrane. B. The light and dark reactions occur in the stroma. C. The light reactions occur in the stroma and the dark reactions occur at the thylakoid membrane. D. The light reactions occur at the thylakoid membrane and the dark reactions occur in the stroma. E. None of the above.

Answer 53

D. The light reactions occur at the thylakoid membrane and the dark reactions occur in the stroma.