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Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What are the core values of Occupational therapy?

A 
altruism
dignity
equality
freedom
justice
prudence
truth
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2
Q

What is ASD?

A

characterized by impairments in social interaction/communication with presence of repetitve or restrictive behaviors

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3
Q

What are some co-occuring conditions with ASD?

A

fine and gross motor impairment
food selectivity
sensory processing disorder
sleep disturbance

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4
Q

What is intellectual disability?

A

characterized by limitations in executive function and adaptive behavior
diagnosis before 18

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5
Q

What is intellectual functioning?

A

general mental capability of ind
IQ
more than 2 SD from the mean

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6
Q

What is adaptive behavior?

A

collection of skills learned to function in everyday lives
conceptual, social, practical
more than 2 SD from the mean

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7
Q

What are the levels of intellectual disability?

A

mild
moderate
severe
profound

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8
Q

Deficits in mild intellectual disability

A

conceptual and social skills

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9
Q

deficits in moderate intellectual disability

A

all areas
can learn basic skills but takes time
need some level of physical support

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10
Q

deficits in profound intellectual disability

A

a lot of physical support

little learning

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11
Q

What are the two most common causes of intellectual disability

A

Down Syndrome and Fragile X

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12
Q

deficits in severe intellectual disabilty

A

major delays in all skills
can’t live ind
communication deficits

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13
Q

What are some env factors of intellectual disability

A

prenatal (exposure to teratogens)
perinatal (mechanical injuries or hypoxia)
postnatal (trauma/infection)

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14
Q

What is the reality comprehension clock test?

A

intended for Dementia
baseline for cog functioning
show clock and have them recreate it with first and last name and date
can tell you about number and spatial awareness

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15
Q

Is there a biological basis for sensory processing disorder?

A

yes

difference in brain structure

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16
Q

What are some possible causes of sensory processing disorder?

A 
hereditary
env factors
prenatal
perinatal
low birthweight
prematurity
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17
Q

What effect does sensory processing disorder have on children?

A

reduces ability to engage in daily activities

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18
Q

What is sensory processing?

A

detection,modulation, integration, interpretation, and organization of sensory sensations

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19
Q

What is sensory processing disorder often interpreted as?

A

symptoms of another disorder

not diagnosed as own disorder

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20
Q

Jean Ayers

A

helped advance field of sensory integration

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21
Q

What are the categories in Dunn’s model of sensory processing?

A

low registration
sensory seeking
sensory sensitivity
sensory avoiding

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22
Q

Low registration

A

passive responding

high threshold

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23
Q

Sensory seeking

A 
active responding
high threshold
high pain tolerance
too rough
figidity
thrill seeker
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24
Q

Sensory sensitivity

A

passive responding

low threshold

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25
Q

Sensory avoiding

A

active responding
low threshold
don’t like touch
fearful of falling

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26
Q

Can you get rid of sensory processing disorder?

A

no it is lifelong

can learn to manage it with strategies for sensory regulation

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27
Q

what is a sensory profile?

A

assessment
various ones for different ages
can have multiple people take it
rate and get a score

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28
Q

What are symptoms of anxiety and what are they related to?

A

Abornomal HR
Dyspnea with no clear trigger
Dread

Apprehension
Restlessnes
Tension

response to unknown or vague threat

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29
Q

Panic disorder

A

short sudden attacks of fear, fear of losing control, or terror
includes recurring and unexpected panic attacks

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30
Q

Panic attack

A

intense fear and discomfort with four plus symptoms

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31
Q

Phobia

A

irrational fear that leads to avoidance of trigger

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32
Q

What are the 5 types of phobias

A 
Situational
Natural environment
Other types
Animals
Blood-injection injury
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33
Q

what is social anxiety

A

social phobia

fear of being in situation where others could scrutinize

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34
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder

A

excessive worry or anxiety for 6+ months with 3 or more of 6 symptoms (being on edge, fatigued easily, mind going blank, irritability, tension, difficulty with sleep)

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35
Q

Tx for panic disorder

A

relaxation training
progressive mm relaxation
visualization
autogenic training

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36
Q

Tx for phobias

A

therapist directed exposure

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37
Q

tx for social anxiety disorder

A 
exposure therapy
cognitive restructuring
expsosure and cognitive rest
social skills training
relaxation
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38
Q

tx for generalized anxiety disorder

A 
education and lifestyle alterations
addressing diet and med use
need for regular exercise
replacing negative self-statements
time management activities
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39
Q

Somatic symptoms disorder

A

physical symptoms cannot be explained by meds, mental disorder, or general medical disorder
chronic pain without known cause

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40
Q

Somatic symptoms disorder signs/symptoms

A 
excessive fixation or concern
may present with:
mm/jt pain
low back pain
tension headaches
chronic fatigue
non-cardiac related chest pain
palpitations
nonulcer dyspepsia
IBS
dizziness
insomnia
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41
Q

Illness anxiety disorder

A

preoccupation with fear of having serious disease based on misinterpretations of bodily symptoms

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42
Q

Conversion disorder

A

symptoms related to motor or sensory impairment when tests are normal
symptoms reported are inconsistent

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43
Q

Factitious disorders

A

falsification of illness for oneself or others

44
Q

Tx of somatic symptoms disorder

A

treat symptoms
reduce health anxiety
modify or substitute maladaptive behaviors
CBT

45
Q

Substance use disorder

A

irreversible brain circuit changes in severe disorders and repeated behavioral relapses, strong cravings

46
Q

Withdrawal disorder

A

“flu on steroids”

symptoms that occur immediately and for longer period after client who has been heavily using stops ingesting

47
Q

Dopamine reward pathway

A

implicated in substance abuse

dopamine levels are so high the brain is tricked into thinking it will die without the substance

48
Q

tx of substance/addictive disorder

A

combo of meds and psychosocial support

49
Q

Opiod use epidemic

A

opiates are extremely addictive

many overdoses

50
Q

Implications for OT in tx of substance/addictive disorders

A

holistic perspective
substance abuse becomes occupation
involvement with detox teams
provide healthy occupations that are meaningful

51
Q

CRPS symptoms

A

persistant pain
sensory changes
signs at exam differ in appearance
no better alternative diagnosis

52
Q

CRPS type 1

A

soft tissue injury

53
Q

CRPS type 2

A

nn injury

54
Q

CRPS tx and goal of tx

A 
desensitization to stimuli
pain exposure therapy
contrast baths
early tx is key
restore function and reduce edema
55
Q

Alzhemier’s Disease neuroanatomy symptoms

A

cortical atrophy, widened sulci, ventricular enlargement

56
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease symptoms

A

range of cognitive functions

progressive in nature until death

57
Q

What are the 4 pillars of dementia care

A
  1. care for patient
  2. care for family/caregiver
  3. disease tx
  4. symptom tx
58
Q

Types of stroke

A

Ischemic-caused by blockage

hemorrhagic-caused by rupture in vessel

59
Q

Thrombosis

A

blood clot that blocks aa at point of formation

60
Q

Embolism

A

clot has formed and traveled to artery it is too small to pass through

61
Q

What percentage is ischemic vs hemorrhagic stroke

A

ischemic is 85-87 percent

hemorrhagic is 13-15 percent

62
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A

gas exchange
acid base balance
defensive barrier
endocrine functions

63
Q

Conducting zone functions

A

transport
warm
cleanse

64
Q

Respiratory zone functions

A

gas exchange

65
Q

COPD

A

airflow obstruction leading to troubles breathing
leading cause is cig smoking
progressive

66
Q

COPD tx

A

pulmonary rehab

energy conservation

67
Q

Asthma

A

heterogenous disease
usually chronic airway inflammation
symptoms that vary in intensity and over time
variable expiratory airflow limitation

68
Q

Type 1 diabetes definition and symptoms

A

complete insulin dependent
can be given diagnosis at any age but 10-12 is peak
autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
usually diagnosed before puberty
symptoms caused by hyperglycemia: polydipsia, polyuric, polyphagia, weight loss, blurred vision
DKA-abdominal pain, nausea, vomitting, SOB, AMS

69
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

mild hyperglycemia
risk factors include: genes, age, obesity, sedentary lifestyle
insulin is secreted but amount may be insufficient
mild presentation and can be undiagnosed

70
Q

Gestational diabetes

A

50% chance of getting type 2 diabetes

appears during pregnancy

71
Q

What are other types of diabetes?

A

MODY and neonatal

72
Q

Prediabetes

A

intermediate zone between normal blood glucose levels and diabetes

73
Q

Macrovascular complications of diabetes

A

hypertension
cardiovascular disease
peripheral artery disease
stroke

74
Q

Microvascular complications of diabetes

A

retinopathy

nephropathy

75
Q

Type 1 diabetes management

A

long acting and fast acting insulin replacement

monitor glucose level

76
Q

Type 2 diabetes management

A

supporting lifestyle changes

self-monitoring blood glucose levels

77
Q

Idiopathic type 1 diabetes

A

kind of rare
intermittent insulin need
risk for frequent episodes of DKA

78
Q

What is cancer?

A

cells divide without control and invade other tissues

79
Q

Types of tumors

A

Benign: don’t spread but can acquire it
In situ: cancerous cells that haven’t spread
Malignant: invades and spreads

80
Q

Cancer etiology

A

genetics
env carcinogens
infectious agents
age

81
Q

Cancer signs and symptoms

A 
unexplained weight loss
lingering fatigue
coughing blood
chronic pain
persistant low-grade fever
skin changes
82
Q

Medical management of cancer

A

remove as much of tumor as possible

precent recurrence or spread

83
Q

Glasgow coma scale

A

state of consciousness
mild 13 or more
moderate 9-12
severe 8 or less

84
Q

GOAT

A

track recovery of orientation and memory for TBI pt emerging from coma
76-100 normal
66-75 borderline
66 or less impaired

85
Q

Post-traumatic amnesia

A

can’t retain new info upon waking up from coma
if lasts less than 2 weeks associated with good recovery
confabulation
PTA lasts roughly 3x length of coma
length=TBI severity

86
Q

Signs and symptoms of TBI

A 
posttraumatic hydrocephalus
dysautonomia
decerebrate rigidity
decorticate rigidity
heterotopic ossification
tremor
ataxia
amnesia
attention concentration memory comprehension reasoning self-monitoring impulse control deficits
impulsivity
perseveration
poor control of temper
aggression
apathy
disinhibition
87
Q

MS

A

immune system attacks myelin sheath around brain, SC and optic nn

88
Q

What are the four types of MS

A

benign
relapse-remitting nonprogressive
relapse-remitting progressive
primary progressive

89
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

death of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta with Lewy Bodies
many may be undiagnosed because they don’t present with tremor
hypokinetic
tremor dominant or non tremor dominant
resting tremor, mm rigidity, bradykinesia (asym)

90
Q

Parkinson’s Disease risk factors

A

pesticides

herbicides

91
Q

What are most neurodegenerative diseases associated with?

A

specific set of proteins that aggregate in area and cause cell death

92
Q

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

A

degenerative motor neuron disease where scars form on UMN

93
Q

Essential Familiar tremor

A 
hyperkinetic
postural/kinetic
tx usually GABA enhancing
deep brain simulation
misdiagnosed as PD
94
Q

Huntington’s Chorea

A

hyperkinetic

nonstop movement

95
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A 
gradual onset
MCP and PIPs most affected
Swan neck and Boutinniere deformities common
symmetrical
autoimmune
inflamed synovium
combo of genes and env
96
Q

Osteoarthritis

A 
DIPs and PIPs most affected
asymmetrical
degenerative/progressive
cartilage loss
tx=inflammation reduction
97
Q

Tx of RA

A 
pain relief (NSAIDS)
preserve normal jt function
minimize side effects
maintain ADL ind
98
Q

What is orthopedics?

A

injury or disease of bone, joints, ligaments, tendons, and mm

99
Q

Fracture (cause and symptoms)

A

caused by trauma or disease

symptoms: localized pain, deformity, edema, ecchymosis

100
Q

Where are the most common places for fx?

A 
ankle
forearm
hand
hip
pelvis
spine
upper arm
101
Q

Types of fractures and their definitions

A

open=broken skin
closed=intact skin
comminuted= 2+ fragments
displaced= segments separate or shift
greenstick=one side breaks the other bends
complete=break in full continuity of bone
incomplete= partial disruption
transverse= line at right angle to long. axis
oblique= diagonal or slanted line
spiral= twisting line

102
Q

fracture treatment

A

immediate vascularization and immobility

103
Q

Fracture healing stages

A
  1. hematome forms; osteoclasts
  2. formation of scar tissue
  3. callus formation
  4. ossification and bony union
  5. remodeling
104
Q

Biceps tendonitis

A

anterior shoulder pain; impingement
usually occur with other problems
tx= cut tendon or tenodesis

105
Q

Biceps tendon rupture

A

proximal or distal head
proximal is popeye and don’t tx; min loss of function
distal must be repaired (surgery); weak supination and flexion

106
Q

Biceps subluxation

A

tendon gets out of groove, usually because of subscap tear

conservative tx, tenodesis

107
Q

SLAP tear

A

lesion of superior labrum
common in throwing athletes
decrease pain evident with pressure when in supination

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