Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
What are the core values of Occupational therapy?
A
altruism dignity equality freedom justice prudence truth
2
Q
What is ASD?
A
characterized by impairments in social interaction/communication with presence of repetitve or restrictive behaviors
3
Q
What are some co-occuring conditions with ASD?
A
fine and gross motor impairment
food selectivity
sensory processing disorder
sleep disturbance
4
Q
What is intellectual disability?
A
characterized by limitations in executive function and adaptive behavior
diagnosis before 18
5
Q
What is intellectual functioning?
A
general mental capability of ind
IQ
more than 2 SD from the mean
6
Q
What is adaptive behavior?
A
collection of skills learned to function in everyday lives
conceptual, social, practical
more than 2 SD from the mean
7
Q
What are the levels of intellectual disability?
A
mild
moderate
severe
profound
8
Q
Deficits in mild intellectual disability
A
conceptual and social skills
9
Q
deficits in moderate intellectual disability
A
all areas
can learn basic skills but takes time
need some level of physical support
10
Q
deficits in profound intellectual disability
A
a lot of physical support
little learning
11
Q
What are the two most common causes of intellectual disability
A
Down Syndrome and Fragile X
12
Q
deficits in severe intellectual disabilty
A
major delays in all skills
can’t live ind
communication deficits
13
Q
What are some env factors of intellectual disability
A
prenatal (exposure to teratogens)
perinatal (mechanical injuries or hypoxia)
postnatal (trauma/infection)
14
Q
What is the reality comprehension clock test?
A
intended for Dementia
baseline for cog functioning
show clock and have them recreate it with first and last name and date
can tell you about number and spatial awareness
15
Q
Is there a biological basis for sensory processing disorder?
A
yes
difference in brain structure
16
Q
What are some possible causes of sensory processing disorder?
A
hereditary env factors prenatal perinatal low birthweight prematurity
17
Q
What effect does sensory processing disorder have on children?
A
reduces ability to engage in daily activities
18
Q
What is sensory processing?
A
detection,modulation, integration, interpretation, and organization of sensory sensations
19
Q
What is sensory processing disorder often interpreted as?
A
symptoms of another disorder
not diagnosed as own disorder
20
Q
Jean Ayers
A
helped advance field of sensory integration
21
Q
What are the categories in Dunn’s model of sensory processing?
A
low registration
sensory seeking
sensory sensitivity
sensory avoiding
22
Q
Low registration
A
passive responding
high threshold
23
Q
Sensory seeking
A
active responding high threshold high pain tolerance too rough figidity thrill seeker
24
Q
Sensory sensitivity
A
passive responding
low threshold
25
Sensory avoiding
active responding
low threshold
don't like touch
fearful of falling
26
Can you get rid of sensory processing disorder?
no it is lifelong
| can learn to manage it with strategies for sensory regulation
27
what is a sensory profile?
assessment
various ones for different ages
can have multiple people take it
rate and get a score
28
What are symptoms of anxiety and what are they related to?
Abornomal HR
Dyspnea with no clear trigger
Dread
Apprehension
Restlessnes
Tension
response to unknown or vague threat
29
Panic disorder
short sudden attacks of fear, fear of losing control, or terror
includes recurring and unexpected panic attacks
30
Panic attack
intense fear and discomfort with four plus symptoms
31
Phobia
irrational fear that leads to avoidance of trigger
32
What are the 5 types of phobias
```
Situational
Natural environment
Other types
Animals
Blood-injection injury
```
33
what is social anxiety
social phobia
| fear of being in situation where others could scrutinize
34
Generalized anxiety disorder
excessive worry or anxiety for 6+ months with 3 or more of 6 symptoms (being on edge, fatigued easily, mind going blank, irritability, tension, difficulty with sleep)
35
Tx for panic disorder
relaxation training
progressive mm relaxation
visualization
autogenic training
36
Tx for phobias
therapist directed exposure
37
tx for social anxiety disorder
```
exposure therapy
cognitive restructuring
expsosure and cognitive rest
social skills training
relaxation
```
38
tx for generalized anxiety disorder
```
education and lifestyle alterations
addressing diet and med use
need for regular exercise
replacing negative self-statements
time management activities
```
39
Somatic symptoms disorder
physical symptoms cannot be explained by meds, mental disorder, or general medical disorder
chronic pain without known cause
40
Somatic symptoms disorder signs/symptoms
```
excessive fixation or concern
may present with:
mm/jt pain
low back pain
tension headaches
chronic fatigue
non-cardiac related chest pain
palpitations
nonulcer dyspepsia
IBS
dizziness
insomnia
```
41
Illness anxiety disorder
preoccupation with fear of having serious disease based on misinterpretations of bodily symptoms
42
Conversion disorder
symptoms related to motor or sensory impairment when tests are normal
symptoms reported are inconsistent
43
Factitious disorders
falsification of illness for oneself or others
44
Tx of somatic symptoms disorder
treat symptoms
reduce health anxiety
modify or substitute maladaptive behaviors
CBT
45
Substance use disorder
irreversible brain circuit changes in severe disorders and repeated behavioral relapses, strong cravings
46
Withdrawal disorder
"flu on steroids"
| symptoms that occur immediately and for longer period after client who has been heavily using stops ingesting
47
Dopamine reward pathway
implicated in substance abuse
| dopamine levels are so high the brain is tricked into thinking it will die without the substance
48
tx of substance/addictive disorder
combo of meds and psychosocial support
49
Opiod use epidemic
opiates are extremely addictive
| many overdoses
50
Implications for OT in tx of substance/addictive disorders
holistic perspective
substance abuse becomes occupation
involvement with detox teams
provide healthy occupations that are meaningful
51
CRPS symptoms
persistant pain
sensory changes
signs at exam differ in appearance
no better alternative diagnosis
52
CRPS type 1
soft tissue injury
53
CRPS type 2
nn injury
54
CRPS tx and goal of tx
```
desensitization to stimuli
pain exposure therapy
contrast baths
early tx is key
restore function and reduce edema
```
55
Alzhemier's Disease neuroanatomy symptoms
cortical atrophy, widened sulci, ventricular enlargement
56
Alzheimer's Disease symptoms
range of cognitive functions
| progressive in nature until death
57
What are the 4 pillars of dementia care
1. care for patient
2. care for family/caregiver
3. disease tx
4. symptom tx
58
Types of stroke
Ischemic-caused by blockage
| hemorrhagic-caused by rupture in vessel
59
Thrombosis
blood clot that blocks aa at point of formation
60
Embolism
clot has formed and traveled to artery it is too small to pass through
61
What percentage is ischemic vs hemorrhagic stroke
ischemic is 85-87 percent
| hemorrhagic is 13-15 percent
62
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
gas exchange
acid base balance
defensive barrier
endocrine functions
63
Conducting zone functions
transport
warm
cleanse
64
Respiratory zone functions
gas exchange
65
COPD
airflow obstruction leading to troubles breathing
leading cause is cig smoking
progressive
66
COPD tx
pulmonary rehab
| energy conservation
67
Asthma
heterogenous disease
usually chronic airway inflammation
symptoms that vary in intensity and over time
variable expiratory airflow limitation
68
Type 1 diabetes definition and symptoms
complete insulin dependent
can be given diagnosis at any age but 10-12 is peak
autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
usually diagnosed before puberty
symptoms caused by hyperglycemia: polydipsia, polyuric, polyphagia, weight loss, blurred vision
DKA-abdominal pain, nausea, vomitting, SOB, AMS
69
Type 2 diabetes
mild hyperglycemia
risk factors include: genes, age, obesity, sedentary lifestyle
insulin is secreted but amount may be insufficient
mild presentation and can be undiagnosed
70
Gestational diabetes
50% chance of getting type 2 diabetes
| appears during pregnancy
71
What are other types of diabetes?
MODY and neonatal
72
Prediabetes
intermediate zone between normal blood glucose levels and diabetes
73
Macrovascular complications of diabetes
hypertension
cardiovascular disease
peripheral artery disease
stroke
74
Microvascular complications of diabetes
retinopathy
| nephropathy
75
Type 1 diabetes management
long acting and fast acting insulin replacement
| monitor glucose level
76
Type 2 diabetes management
supporting lifestyle changes
| self-monitoring blood glucose levels
77
Idiopathic type 1 diabetes
kind of rare
intermittent insulin need
risk for frequent episodes of DKA
78
What is cancer?
cells divide without control and invade other tissues
79
Types of tumors
Benign: don't spread but can acquire it
In situ: cancerous cells that haven't spread
Malignant: invades and spreads
80
Cancer etiology
genetics
env carcinogens
infectious agents
age
81
Cancer signs and symptoms
```
unexplained weight loss
lingering fatigue
coughing blood
chronic pain
persistant low-grade fever
skin changes
```
82
Medical management of cancer
remove as much of tumor as possible
| precent recurrence or spread
83
Glasgow coma scale
state of consciousness
mild 13 or more
moderate 9-12
severe 8 or less
84
GOAT
track recovery of orientation and memory for TBI pt emerging from coma
76-100 normal
66-75 borderline
66 or less impaired
85
Post-traumatic amnesia
can't retain new info upon waking up from coma
if lasts less than 2 weeks associated with good recovery
confabulation
PTA lasts roughly 3x length of coma
length=TBI severity
86
Signs and symptoms of TBI
```
posttraumatic hydrocephalus
dysautonomia
decerebrate rigidity
decorticate rigidity
heterotopic ossification
tremor
ataxia
amnesia
attention concentration memory comprehension reasoning self-monitoring impulse control deficits
impulsivity
perseveration
poor control of temper
aggression
apathy
disinhibition
```
87
MS
immune system attacks myelin sheath around brain, SC and optic nn
88
What are the four types of MS
benign
relapse-remitting nonprogressive
relapse-remitting progressive
primary progressive
89
Parkinson's Disease
death of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta with Lewy Bodies
many may be undiagnosed because they don't present with tremor
hypokinetic
tremor dominant or non tremor dominant
resting tremor, mm rigidity, bradykinesia (asym)
90
Parkinson's Disease risk factors
pesticides
| herbicides
91
What are most neurodegenerative diseases associated with?
specific set of proteins that aggregate in area and cause cell death
92
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
degenerative motor neuron disease where scars form on UMN
93
Essential Familiar tremor
```
hyperkinetic
postural/kinetic
tx usually GABA enhancing
deep brain simulation
misdiagnosed as PD
```
94
Huntington's Chorea
hyperkinetic
| nonstop movement
95
Rheumatoid arthritis
```
gradual onset
MCP and PIPs most affected
Swan neck and Boutinniere deformities common
symmetrical
autoimmune
inflamed synovium
combo of genes and env
```
96
Osteoarthritis
```
DIPs and PIPs most affected
asymmetrical
degenerative/progressive
cartilage loss
tx=inflammation reduction
```
97
Tx of RA
```
pain relief (NSAIDS)
preserve normal jt function
minimize side effects
maintain ADL ind
```
98
What is orthopedics?
injury or disease of bone, joints, ligaments, tendons, and mm
99
Fracture (cause and symptoms)
caused by trauma or disease
| symptoms: localized pain, deformity, edema, ecchymosis
100
Where are the most common places for fx?
```
ankle
forearm
hand
hip
pelvis
spine
upper arm
```
101
Types of fractures and their definitions
open=broken skin
closed=intact skin
comminuted= 2+ fragments
displaced= segments separate or shift
greenstick=one side breaks the other bends
complete=break in full continuity of bone
incomplete= partial disruption
transverse= line at right angle to long. axis
oblique= diagonal or slanted line
spiral= twisting line
102
fracture treatment
immediate vascularization and immobility
103
Fracture healing stages
1. hematome forms; osteoclasts
2. formation of scar tissue
3. callus formation
4. ossification and bony union
5. remodeling
104
Biceps tendonitis
anterior shoulder pain; impingement
usually occur with other problems
tx= cut tendon or tenodesis
105
Biceps tendon rupture
proximal or distal head
proximal is popeye and don't tx; min loss of function
distal must be repaired (surgery); weak supination and flexion
106
Biceps subluxation
tendon gets out of groove, usually because of subscap tear
| conservative tx, tenodesis
107
SLAP tear
lesion of superior labrum
common in throwing athletes
decrease pain evident with pressure when in supination
